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This study aims to describe and analyze the natural landscape of Banyuwangi as experienced on the journey to Ijen Crater. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study records the physical, ecological, social, and emotional transformation of the landscape through direct observation, visual documentation, and reflective narratives. Ijen Crater as a natural tourism destination not only presents geological phenomena such as blue fire and acid lakes, but also represents a mosaic of landscapes that include agricultural zones, montane forests, community activities, and tourism dynamics. The findings show that the journey to Ijen Crater shows the complexity of landscape elements, the involvement of local communities in managing the space, and the appreciation of tourists that form personal and spiritual meanings. The conclusion of this study is that the journey is not just a physical movement, but a means to understand the relationship between humans and living nature. The implications of this study underline the importance of participatory and sustainable landscape-based ecotourism management.

  This research is motivated by the importance of disaster education from an early age, particularly in disaster-prone areas such as Indonesia, and the need for innovative learning media to enhance students' preparedness. Therefore, the researcher chose documentary films as a learning medium, as they present objects, concepts, or processes in a concrete and realistic manner. Consequently, documentary films serve not only as a learning resource but also as a means for students to understand appropriate actions for disaster mitigation and adaptation.The objectives of this study are to determine the effect of documentary film as a learning medium on students' cognitive abilities, to examine the effect on students' psychomotor skills, and to assess the extent to which cognitive abilities influence psychomotor skills.The research method used is quantitative with an experimental approach. The subjects of this study were students of class XI-H at SMAN 1 Karangan, Trenggalek. The instruments used included cognitive ability tests, psychomotor project assessments, and reports. Data analysis techniques involved the use of t-tests and regression analysis, calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The results showed that the use of documentary film as a learning medium had a positive effect on students' psychomotor abilities. This is supported by the results of a simple linear regression test, which produced a significance value (Sig. 2-tailed) of 0.015 < 0.05, indicating that H₀ is rejected and H₁ is accepted.

Geologically, Indonesia is an archipelagic country that is prone to natural disasters, this is due to Indonesia's geographical location which is surrounded by three earth plates, namely the Eurasian plate, the Indo-Australian plate, and the Pacific plate. As a result of the meeting of the three global plates, Indonesia is located on the path of the fire mountains or what is known as the Ring of Fire which makes Indonesia prone to natural disasters in the form of volcanic eruptions, natural disasters, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, floods, droughts, and others. Every region is vulnerable to natural disasters, both those directly influenced by nature and those influenced by humans. Natural disasters can have negative impacts in the form of economic losses, building damage, and loss of life. One effort to anticipate the negative impacts of natural disasters is through disaster mitigation. The purpose of this PKM Activity is to Teach the Community about Community-Based Disaster Management Through the Alert Village in Pagertoyo. Because emergencies can happen anytime and anywhere without exception, the method of implementing the activity consists of the preparation stage by providing socialization, implementation by providing training, assistance and evaluation. The results of the activity showed that most participants understood the material on Community-Based Disaster Management Through the Alert Village. The community is able to demonstrate disaster simulations for evacuating disaster victims and is able to demonstrate resuscitation on victims with respiratory arrest. With this PKM, it is hoped that the community will be able to carry out disaster mitigation to help disaster victims by evacuating victims and can help provide assistance to victims who have experienced respiratory arrest.

Durability is defined as a measure of a rock's resistance to weathering and disintegration when the rock undergoes weathering processes over a short period of time. The susceptibility of rocks to disintegration is related to their low durability. Rock durability is often measured using the slake durability test. The slake durability test is widely used to assess physical changes resulting from wetting-drying processes (Franklin and Chandra, 1972). Therefore, slake durability testing is conducted to understand the weathering of rocks caused by heat and water, particularly clay stones which are one of the constituent rocks on a slope. The sampling location is around Sanga-sanga and Muara Badak. Sampling was conducted with coordinate points and the Balikpapan and Kampungbaru formations. The claystone samples taken were then brought to the Mineral and Coal Technology Laboratory of the Engineering Faculty of Mulawarman University for Slake Durability tests. In this study, the lowest index value obtained was 45.7% and the highest value was 93%, indicating high to very high durability. The difference in the durability index values of claystone at the research locations indicates the presence of variables that can affect the slake durability index values of the claystone in the Balikpapan and Kampungbaru formations, including grain size and mineral content as well as geological conditions at the research site. Based on the results of the claystone durability tests, the durability index value (Id2) was obtained, indicating that the sandstone at the research location falls into the classification of high to low.

A landslide that occurred on May 24, 2024, in Pekon Datarajan, Ulubelu District, Tanggamus, Lampung, caused significant disruption to provincial road access and resulted in material losses. This study aims to assess the post-failure slope stability through field geotechnical investigation and numerical analysis using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), and to propose immediate countermeasures. The slope materials consist of MH (inorganic silt) and ML (elastic silt) with high moisture content and moderate to high swelling potential. The lithology is dominated by montmorillonite clay, which has hygroscopic characteristics, making it highly vulnerable to water infiltration that reduces shear strength and increases the risk of slope failure. Stability analysis indicates a post-failure factor of safety (FoS) of 1.36 (static loading) and 1.03 (dynamic loading), which decreases to 1.07 beneath raised groundwater conditions. Recommended immediate mitigation includes surface runoff control, the construction of impermeable drainage systems, the sealing of cracks using impermeable materials, and the installation of temporary slope reinforcements such as sheet piles. The implementation of these measures increased the FoS to 1.61 (static loading) and 1.16 (dynamic loading). This study provides a technical basis for the rapid and effective mitigation of landslides in areas with similar geological and hydrological conditions.

Disposal area is an area at an open pit mine that is used as a place to store or dispose of worthless materials. Disposal must also follow the specified safety factor standards, if the disposal design is not safe after being analyzed by a geotechnical engineer, the design must be redesigned to achieve the desired safety factor value. One way to increase the fk value is to make a Counterweight plan in making disposal. Where Counterweight is a fill material that is made with special treatment so that the soil bearing capacity increases which functions to withstand the load on it. Landslides on disposal slopes are one of the serious problems faced in mining activities, especially in areas with vulnerable geological and topographic conditions. PT Jembayan Muarabara, which operates in Marangkayu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, is no exception to this challenge. The A–A’ cross section shows a safety factor value of 1.118 in saturated conditions, which indicates that the slope is at a stable limit and needs to be improved through engineering such as adding counterweights. The B–B’ cross-section has a safety factor value of 2.332, which is included in the safe category and has met the provisions of the ESDM Ministerial Decree No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018. The C-C’ cross-section has a safety factor value of 1.511, which is included in the safe category and has met the provisions of the ESDM Ministerial Decree No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018.

Amethyst crystal is one type of rock that is widely studied in the field of geology, especially because of its beauty and interesting formation process. Amethyst is a variety of quartz mineral (SiO2) that is purple in color due to the presence of oxidized iron ions. As a mineral that is often used in jewelry, amethyst also has high economic value. The Geological Museum often displays amethyst crystals to provide more insight into the geological processes that occur beneath the earth's surface and the importance of recognizing various types of minerals and rocks. The purpose of exhibiting Amethyst Crystals at the Geological Museum is to provide information and knowledge to the public about the geological properties of Amethyst Crystals and their role in the world of geology and their formation process. The implications of Amethyst Crystals provide deeper insight into the geological and mineralogical processes to the public, thereby increasing understanding of the earth and nature.

West Sumatra, situated at the convergence of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates, experiences frequent earthquakes and aftershocks due to the complex geological setting. This study utilizes the Omori-Utsu method, a modified version of Omori’s law by seismologist Tokiji Utsu, to estimate aftershock duration. Data on aftershocks from significant earthquakes (magnitude ≥5.5M) between 2021 and 2023 were accessed through the BMKG earthquake catalog. The study finds that aftershock durations vary significantly depending on the earthquake's tectonic origin. The longest recorded aftershock duration occurred after the West Pasaman earthquake on February 22, 2022, lasting 21 days, while the shortest was one day following the Mentawai earthquake on September 11, 2022. These variations highlight the influence of tectonic structures on aftershock activity, with subduction zones exhibiting shorter decay times. This research provides critical insights into earthquake behavior, aiding in disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies for the West Sumatra region.    

Egon mountain possesses significant potential as an ecotourism destination due to its breathtaking landscapes, unique geological formations, and rich biodiversity. This study examines key aspects influencing its tourism development, including accessibility, facilities, and attractions. Findings indicate that while Egon mountain offers a remarkable adventure experience, challenges such as limited infrastructure, inadequate sanitation, and minimal safety measures hinder its growth as a sustainable tourist site. Visitors often rely on self-preparation and local guides to navigate the trails safely. However, the presence of an active volcanic crater, natural hot springs, diverse flora and fauna, and cultural significance make it an attractive destination. To enhance its tourism appeal, strategic management efforts focusing on infrastructure improvements, environmental sustainability, and local community engagement are essential. By addressing these challenges, Egon mountain can develop into a sustainable ecotourism site that balances conservation with enriching visitor experiences.

Afghanistan, often called a "geological treasure trove," is richly endowed with vast mineral deposits worth over $3 trillion. The minerals, including copper, lithium, iron, gold, and rare earths, can be used to resurrect the nation's economy, reduce dependence on foreign aid, and bring about political stability. However, three decades of conflict, political turmoil, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure have been a hindrance to the effective exploitation of the resources. This paper examines the role of mining in Afghanistan's economic and political development, distilling the opportunities and challenges in the industry. Drawing on comparative case studies from resource-rich countries like Botswana and Chile, the study highlights the importance of open government, robust regulatory institutions, and strategic foreign partnerships. The evidence suggests that an efficiently operated mining sector would be a driver of sustainable development, provided that Afghanistan addresses deep-seated systemic evils in the form of corruption, insecurity, and environmental degradation. The research concludes with policy imperatives aimed at maximizing the contribution of the sector to national development.

Mining with an open pit system is carried out by excavating and removing the overburden to obtain coal. However, before mining, it is important to obtain geotechnical data information. As well as the lithology of the rocks below the surface, it is necessary to carry out geotechnical drilling (full coring). This study can determine the value of slope geometry safety factors and plan safe slope geometry, both individual slopes and overall slopes. Therefore, this was done to determine the influence of GSI geotechnical parameters on the value of static and dynamic slope safety factors. The method used in determining the safety factor and the probability of an avalanche is the Morgenstern-Price boundary equilibrium method with the Generalized Hoek-Brown collapse criterion in static and dynamic slope conditions. The input parameters used in the analysis were natural density, compressive strength value (UCS), geological srength index (GSI), disturbance factor (D), intact rock constant (mi), as well as seismic load factor, and groundwater level. The optimal geometry on the Highwall slope is the configuration of the Highwall slope with a height of 74 m and an angle of 23°, supported by a single slope of 5-10 meters, a berm of 7 meters with an angle of 40°. Seam D Claystone lithology with GSI 50, Siltstone with GSI 70, Sandstone with GSI 70, and Seam E Claystone lithology with GSI 50, Siltstone with GSI 40, Sandstone with GSI 75.Can be applied within a safe limit where FK Static 1.7 PK Static 0% and FK Dynamic 1.4 PK Dynamic 6%.

Bedingin area located in Todanan District, Blora Regency, Center Java Province. Fisiography is included in Rembang Zone (Bemmelen, 1949) which is a structural area. The purpose of this reasearch is to determine the distribution of lithology, geomorphology condition, and geology structures to provide geological information in this area. The research method used is a field survey with a mapping area of 5 x 5 Km2, there are 4 samples taken and analyzed with petrographic. As a results of the field survey, geomorphological, lithological types, and geological structure conditions in this area. The geomorphological of the research location is divided into Structurally Dense and Structurally Dense Hills. Lithologic types found from old to young are Quartz Sandstone of Ngrayong Formation, Mudstone of Bulu Formation, Claystone of Ledok Formation, and Packestone of Wonocolo Formation. The geological structures were found are Thrust Fault N176°E/20°, Strike-slip Fault N20°E/80°, and some indications of anticlines and synclines.

Evolution is characterized by changes over time with one or more inherited traits that we often find in populations of organisms. Fossils themselves can be said to be traces/remains/marks of a life of an organism (animal/plant) that can be directly or indirectly preserved with the earth's crust, naturally occurring and usually solid/hard with a geological age of more than 11,000 years. Horse evolution is one of the interesting adaptations, with morphological changes related to environmental changes. The purpose of this study was to determine the evolution of horses from the fossils found and, to find out how to adapt and the changes that occur from the environment and factors of natural selection. The method used in this study is a literature review from several reference sources. Horse evolution shows how species can adapt to the environment through significant morphological changes, such as a reduction in the number of fingers and an increase in body size. and the role of natural selection in forming physical characteristics that support survival.

This article discusses the socialization activities of geological mapping, regional drainage, and groundwater basins (CAT) in Sadeng Village aimed at increasing public understanding of the conditions of their area in order to prevent landslides. This socialization involved various parties, including local agencies, academics, and community leaders, with a focus on geological conditions, drainage systems, and potential groundwater basins in the area. The methods used included field surveys, participatory mapping, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) to identify geological conditions and major problems in the drainage system and groundwater management. The results of this activity showed that the community began to understand the conditions of the area, realized the importance of protecting the environment and was actively involved in improving the drainage system and groundwater management. The recommendations prepared included construction solutions according to the results of geological mapping, and improvements to drainage infrastructure. This socialization is expected to be a model for implementation in other areas with similar environmental characteristics.

This research aims to evaluate the governance of the Breksi Cliff Tourism destination in Yogyakarta based on the Sapta Pesona indicators. Breksi Cliff, which was originally a mining site, has developed into an attractive geological tourism destination thanks to the creative efforts of the local community. This research used a survey method by distributing questionnaires to 170 tourists who visited Tebing Breksi. The analysis was carried out using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) to identify gaps between the level of importance and performance of Sapta Pesona indicators consisting of security, order, cleanliness, coolness, beauty, friendliness and memories. The results of the analysis show that most of the indicators are in quadrants I and II, which means they are considered important by tourists but their performance varies. Indicators such as staff knowledge, cleanliness of toilets and environmental planning are considered important and have good performance, while road access and prompt service require improvement. Based on these results, it is recommended to maintain good performance and improve aspects that have not met tourist expectations in order to improve the quality of tourism and the competitiveness of Tebing Breksi as a geological tourism destination.

This paper assesses the capacity-building program for tour guides in Pokdarwis KWIK Berkah Mandiri at Adiluhur Tourism Village, aimed at supporting Kebumen Regency’s bid for UNESCO Global Geopark status by 2024. The program utilizes a participatory approach with intensive training and workshops to enhance knowledge, communication skills, and storytelling related to local geological and cultural heritage. English language training is also included to improve interactions with international tourists. Featured on Asterdewi.id, the new "Go English Geopark" program contributes to better service quality, enhanced tourist experiences, and increased local engagement in geopark promotion and conservation. The program plays a significant role in Kebumen’s goal of achieving UNESCO Global Geopark status.

Groundwater is dynamic and influenced by a number of natural factors. Geology and geomorphology greatly determine the condition of the soil in an area. The geological structure influences the direction of groundwater movement, the type and thickness of the aquifer. The Karubaga District in Tolikara Regency is an area with a morphology of mountains, hills and valleys so it has the potential for rivers and streams that can be used as a source of raw water. Identification of the depth of the groundwater level in the Karubaga District is carried out using tools in the form of the AIDU Golden Rod (AGR), which is a special geophysical study instrument that provides a detailed vertical picture 300 m into the ground surface to read the resistivity values of rocks and aquifers by measuring the natural electric field

The natural disaster is one of the phenomena that can occur at any time, anywhere and anytime. The most common disasters are floods, landslides, tornadoes and earthquakes, which can cause damage, loss of life and even loss of life. The conditions of Tabaroge Village and its surroundings are prone to flooding geographically, geologically, hydrologically and demographically. The condition of the East Luwu Regency area is at the confluence of several earth tectonic plates. Therefore, most of the potential disaster threats are in the Tabaroge Village area and its surroundings. Based on the occurrence of natural disasters in East Luwu Regency in recent years, which occurred in several villages. Judging from the characteristics of the Tabaroge Village area, Efforts to Reduce Disaster Risk in Rural Areas by Utilising Remote Sensing Imagery aims to provide information on locations that have disaster risk. This research uses the analysis methods of Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) for data exploration using Arcmap (GIS). In future development, it is expected to be able to implement disaster risk reduction by utilising remote sensing imagery in Tabaroge Village, East Luwu Regency.

The bearing capacity of the soil is the support of the foundation, where the foundation transmits the loads derived from the weight of the building itself and the loads acting on the building to the surrounding soil. The purpose of this paper is to determine the handling of seepage and soil reinforcement needed in the case study of the Margatiga Dam Project, East Lampung. Based on the results of geological investigations, the Margatiga Dam is composed of a quarter-aged rock layer with a fragment composition of fine sand - gravel, with a soft - hard hardness level and the need for foundation repair. Based on the lithological conditions of the Margatiga Dam Extraction Gate foundation and the Spillway building which are composed of relatively deep and quite porous alluvial sand deposits, this causes the curtain grouting results to be ineffective, therefore it is necessary to change the seepage control design from the Grouting Curtain to the boundary wall. Based on the simulation check in Plaxis Software for Seepage and Excavation Staging, processing was carried out using Secant Pile and Soldier Pile with a depth of 30 meters with a stretch of 140 m and overlapping with Curtain Grouting of Embankment Dam on the left side and 5 m right side. Field PMT results showed that the maximum stress of the rock layer under the spillway foundation was 0.016 MPa and 0.630 MPa.    

Geologically, Indonesia is located along the Ring of Fire, a volcanic line that surrounds the Pacific Ocean, making Indonesia a vulnerable country and has the potential to experience natural disasters. This is not proportional to the ability and readiness of the community in dealing with natural disasters. This community service socialization and disaster mitigation simulation was carried out to Kemala Bhayangkari 9 Waru Junior High School Students which aims to provide education to be alert when facing natural disasters, especially earthquakes. This socialization and simulation is very effective as seen from the students practicing the simulations that we demonstrate, so it can also be assessed that students really understand and are ready if there is a natural disaster