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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of the artificial intelligence-based application (AI-Based Application) Duolingo in improving vocabulary mastery of EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students in Indonesia. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach with a single-group pre-test and post-test design involving 20 students of class VII C of SMP Negeri 1 Mappakasunggu. Data were collected through vocabulary tests, questionnaires, and classroom observations. The results showed a significant increase in students' vocabulary mastery, marked by an increase in the average score from 61 (fair category) in the pre-test to 78 (good category) in the post-test. Most students gave a positive perception of the use of Duolingo, especially regarding the gamification features, instant feedback, and simple and attractive display, which can increase motivation and learning engagement. The results of the observation also showed that students were more active and enthusiastic in using this application compared to traditional learning methods. Thus, Duolingo can be said to be effective as an AI-based learning medium to improve vocabulary mastery of junior high school students in Indonesia.  

The aim of this study is to analyze verbal and non-verbal communication in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom by using the Sinclair and Coulthard (1975) model of classroom discourse. Although many studies have examined verbal interaction in EFL classrooms, few have discussed how verbal and non-verbal communication work together to support effective learning. To fill this gap, this research focuses on identifying the types and frequency of verbal and non-verbal communication used by the teacher and students during classroom interaction. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from an 80-minute video recording of an eleventh-grade English class at MAS Darul Quran. The recording was transcribed and analyzed based on Sinclair and Coulthard’s framework, which includes three main levels: Exchange (Informing, Directive, Question–Answer), Move (Initiation, Response, Feedback), and Act (Questioning, Explaining, Agreeing, Refusing, Revising, Appraising). The findings show that the classroom interaction was mainly teacher-centered. The teacher dominated the talk through Initiation moves, mostly in the form of questions, explanations, and instructions, while students gave short and simple responses. Feedback was used less often and mostly as short praise or confirmation. The teacher also used various non-verbal behaviors such as gestures, eye contact, movement, and changes in voice tone to direct attention and motivate students. The results suggest that combining verbal and non-verbal strategies can create a more interactive and engaging classroom atmosphere that supports student participation and understanding.

This study examines and critically analyzes speaking tasks in Netzwerk Neu A1.1 (Chapters 1–6) by evaluating their alignment with principles of German as a Foreign Language (DaF), Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Using qualitative content analysis, 26 speaking tasks were identified, coded, and categorized based on task type, CEFR communicative activity (spoken interaction or spoken production), interaction mode, and levels of learner output. The findings show that template-based tasks dominate the textbook, accounting for 69.2% of activities, while guided and free production tasks are relatively limited. Spoken interaction is the most prevalent communicative activity (76.9%), reflecting an emphasis on dialogic formats such as short exchanges and role plays. Although this design provides appropriate structural support for beginner learners, the limited use of open-ended and autonomous tasks may restrict the development of fluency, communicative flexibility, and strategic competence. Interviews with seven learners and two instructors reveal that while tasks are generally perceived as accessible and confidence-building, they are also considered repetitive and insufficiently authentic. The study underscores the need to balance structured support with opportunities for spontaneous language use in beginner DaF textbooks.

This study analyzes the sociolinguistic phenomena of code-switching and code-mixing in the academic context of students in Pekalongan, Central Java. As a region with diverse backgrounds dominated by the Pekalongan dialect (Ngapak Javanese), interactions between students create space for complex language dynamics. This study aims to identify variations, roles, and factors that cause code-switching and code-mixing in student interactions. The method applied is descriptive qualitative with data collection through inactive participant observation, recording, and in-depth interviews at various universities in Pekalongan. Data analysis is carried out through the steps of data reduction, data presentation, and verification using triangulation techniques. The results show that the application of language codes is divided into two categories: an internal category that includes Indonesian and regional languages (Javanese), and an external category that includes foreign languages (English or Arabic). Code-mixing can be found at the word, phrase, and clause levels. The main factors that drive this phenomenon include participants, conversation themes, situational circumstances, and the purpose of communication in building solidarity among group members (ingroup).  The Pekalongan dialect plays a crucial role as a means of communication to build closeness and demonstrate local identity, amidst the need to use formal language on campus. This research concludes that code-switching and code-mixing are not merely linguistic phenomena, but also ways in which students adapt socially to balance their cultural identity with academic demands.  

This study analyzes the sociolinguistic phenomena of code-switching and code-mixing in the academic context of students in Pekalongan, Central Java. As a region with diverse backgrounds dominated by the Pekalongan dialect (Ngapak Javanese), interactions between students create space for complex language dynamics. This study aims to identify variations, roles, and factors that cause code-switching and code-mixing in student interactions. The method applied is descriptive qualitative with data collection through inactive participant observation, recording, and in-depth interviews at various universities in Pekalongan. Data analysis is carried out through the steps of data reduction, data presentation, and verification using triangulation techniques. The results show that the application of language codes is divided into two categories: an internal category that includes Indonesian and regional languages (Javanese), and an external category that includes foreign languages (English or Arabic). Code-mixing can be found at the word, phrase, and clause levels. The main factors that drive this phenomenon include participants, conversation themes, situational circumstances, and the purpose of communication in building solidarity among group members (ingroup).  The Pekalongan dialect plays a crucial role as a means of communication to build closeness and demonstrate local identity, amidst the need to use formal language on campus. This research concludes that code-switching and code-mixing are not merely linguistic phenomena, but also ways in which students adapt socially to balance their cultural identity with academic demands.  

This study is a scholarly work by a student of the Early Childhood Education Teacher Education Program, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, supervised by Dra. Rapi Us. Djuko as the first advisor and Mr. Nunung Suryana Jamin, SE, M.Si as the second advisor. The objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of foreign language development achievements among early childhood learners in Group B at TK Nurul Ilmih. The study adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation as data collection methods. A total of 22 children participated as the primary subjects and were actively involved throughout the observation process. The research focused on several linguistic aspects, including language comprehension, verbal expression, basic vocabulary usage, pronunciation ability, and children's responses to bilingual instructions (in both Indonesian and English). The findings indicate that the children’s foreign language development falls within the "developing as expected" category, although it has not yet reached an optimal level. Some children still encounter difficulties in pronouncing English vocabulary, constructing simple sentences, and understanding verbal commands. Several factors influence the progress of their language development, including family background, parenting style, the intensity of teacher-provided stimulation, and habitual exposure to foreign languages in daily school activities. The study concludes that consistent, engaging, and developmentally appropriate stimulation from both teachers and parents plays a crucial role in fostering bilingual proficiency in early childhood.

This study aims to describe strategies for Indonesian language development through the use of Instagram, particularly the Story feature, as a medium for introducing Indonesian lexical equivalents. The study is grounded in the increasing use of foreign terms and code-mixing on social media, highlighting the need for language cultivation efforts that align with digital communication habits. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, with data collected from polls, question box responses, and user interaction metrics from the Instagram account @katasetara_. The findings indicate that respondents’ understanding of Indonesian lexical equivalents remains relatively low, as shown by the high percentage of incorrect answers for terms such as caption (57%), typo (56%), and headset (52%). By providing explanations in feed posts, the @katasetara_ account serves as an informative and engaging medium for language cultivation. This study concludes that Instagram holds strong potential as an effective platform for linguistic education when combined with interactive strategies and adherence to standard Indonesian language norms.

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the role of Indonesian language education in strengthening national identity and culture amid the increasingly complex dynamics of globalization. Indonesian holds a strategic position as both the national and state language, functioning not only as a means of communication but also as a symbol of national unity, a marker of collective identity, and a medium for transmitting national cultural values. However, globalization—characterized by the dominance of foreign languages, particularly English, rapid digital transformation, and changing language attitudes among younger generations—poses serious challenges to the ideological and cultural functions of Indonesian, especially within formal education. This research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with teachers and students, classroom observations of Indonesian language learning practices, and document analysis of curricula and instructional materials at secondary and higher education levels. The data were analyzed thematically through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, supported by source and technique triangulation to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings. The results indicate that Indonesian language education that integrates national values, literary texts, and cultural elements plays a significant role in fostering students’ awareness of national identity and positive attitudes toward the Indonesian language. Moreover, Indonesian language learning functions as a form of cultural practice that contributes to the preservation of national cultural values. Nevertheless, the study reveals challenges related to students’ pragmatic orientation toward global languages and the dominance of foreign languages in digital spaces. Therefore, strengthening Indonesian language education through integrative, contextual, and adaptive curricula and pedagogical practices is essential to address global challenges while sustaining Indonesia’s national identity and cultural continuity.

This study discusses the phenomenon of language interference on the Instagram account of public figure Cinta Laura Kiehl. Language interference is a language phenomenon characterized by the entry of elements from one language into another language commonly used by bilingual or multilingual speakers. In this context, the interference of Indonesian and English on Cinta Laura's Instagram account is interesting to study because of its consistent and striking use in various uploads and digital interactions. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a content analysis method on data in the form of image captions uploaded by Cinta Laura at a certain time. The results of the study show that the interference that appears can be classified into several linguistic levels, namely lexical, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels. Lexical interference appears in the use of English vocabulary in Indonesian sentences. Meanwhile, morphological interference is seen from the structure of mixed word formation that does not comply with the rules in Indonesian. Syntactic interference appears in the form of sentence structures that follow the structure of English. Factors that cause interference include the speaker's bilingual background, the habit of using foreign languages ​​in everyday life, the influence of an international social environment, and expressive and modern communication styles on social media. This study shows that interference in the context of social media is not merely a form of language deviation, but can also be seen as part of the construction of self-identity and digital communication strategies. These findings are expected to contribute to contemporary sociolinguistic studies and enrich understanding of the dynamics of language use in digital public spaces.

The internationalization of the Indonesian language and culture has become a crucial strategy in strengthening cultural diplomacy in the Southeast Asian region, particularly through the Indonesian Language for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) program. As a strategic partner country, Thailand hosts several universities that offer BIPA programs, including Chiang Mai University. However, a key challenge in implementing BIPA instruction abroad is the limited availability of contextual teaching materials that specifically reflect the richness of Indonesian culture. This study aims to examine the process and outcomes of a training program on the development of BIPA teaching materials based on Solo Batik for students at Chiang Mai University as a concrete form of Indonesia’s language and cultural internationalization. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through participatory observation during the training sessions, semi-structured interviews with facilitators and participants, and document analysis of the teaching materials developed. The findings reveal that the training not only enhanced students’ understanding of the structure and functions of the Indonesian language but also fostered their appreciation of the cultural values embedded in the motifs, philosophy, and production process of Solo Batik. The students successfully produced creative, contextual, and learner-oriented teaching material prototypes, such as visual modules, interactive dialogues, and culture-based worksheets. These findings highlight the importance of integrating local culture into the development of BIPA teaching materials as an effective strategy for expanding the global reach of the Indonesian language. Consequently, this training serves as a collaborative model that can be replicated in other countries to support the sustainable internationalization of Indonesia’s language and cultural policies.

This community service (PKM) aims to improve the English language competency of students of SMK Negeri 3 Palangka Raya specifically English For Specific Purpose (ESP). The increasingly global needs of the fashion and textile industry, both for export and import and interaction with foreign clients, require graduates to have English communication skills that are not only general, but also specific according to the terminology of design, production, and marketing of fashion products. The methods used are interactive training, and Role-Play simulations, and direct practical assistance with a focus on design presentations, negotiations with clients or suppliers, and technical terminology for sewing patterns in English. The results of the PKM show an average increase in specific vocabulary mastery of 25% as well as a significant increase in student self-confidence in using English for work scenarios, as well as a better understanding of professional terms in the field of Fashion Design. This activity is recommended to be continued as a regular school program to bridge the gap between the general English curriculum and the demands of actual work competencies in the fashion industry

In facing the challenges of the dichotomy of knowledge in the modern era, madrasas as Islamic educational institutions need to adjust the curriculum design that is relevant to the changing times, one form of development is by implementing an international standard madrasa curriculum. The purpose of this study is to reveal the strategies, challenges, obstacles and implications in implementing the development of a madrasa curriculum with international standards at MTs Tahfidz Yanbu'ul Qur'an Menawan Kudus. This study applies a Qualitative approach that is a case study, with data collection carried out through interviews, observations, and related documents. The findings of this study indicate that the method of implementing the curriculum at MTs Tahfidz Yanbu'ul Qur'an Menawan Kudus is formed from the integration of the Foundation curriculum, the Ministry of Religion, and the Innovative Curriculum which is then accumulated into intracurricular and extracurricular activities. The challenges and obstacles are caused by limited human resources, both teachers and student abilities. The implications for students are that it is able to produce students who have memorized the Qur'an and excel in the fields of foreign languages, research, science and technology, as shown by increased achievements in olympiads, science and robotics competitions.  

This Community Service (PKM) activity aims to improve the English language skills of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) operating in the tourism sector in the Whale Shark area of ​​Sumbawa. This training program is designed with a focus on mastering vocabulary and practical expressions commonly used in the context of tourism services, especially for interacting with foreign tourists. The material provided includes English for Tourism with a participatory, contextual, and applicable approach. The training method includes role-play activities, conversation simulations, and various practical exercises adapted to real-life situations in tourism activities in the Whale Shark area. During the implementation, participants were actively involved in the learning process through direct practice and group discussions. Based on the results of the evaluation, this activity showed a significant increase in the participants' self-confidence and English communication skills. Thus, this training has proven effective in helping MSMEs in tourism to be better prepared to face the global market and provide higher-quality services to foreign tourists, while also supporting the development of local tourism destinations based on foreign language competency.

In German language courses at universities, students must learn four skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. To master these four skills, students must have a good command of vocabulary, as this is the foundation needed to master the German language. This software does not require programming code, so users can easily add graphics and sounds to the game. Without vocabulary, skills such as reading, writing, speaking, and listening cannot be performed. This study aims to create a Construct 2 application that can be used by college students to increase their A1 level German vocabulary. The data for this study is A1 level German vocabulary with the theme “Guten Appetit,” and another source of data is the book “Netzwerk neu A1 Kursbuch” published by Ernst Klett Sprachen GmbH in 2019. This research will be conducted in the foreign language laboratory at UNIMED. The application will be tested by subject matter experts and learning media experts. This research will be published in a nationally indexed journal.

This research explores the dual impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the academic writing experiences of English Literature students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). AI tools like ChatGPT, Grammarly, and QuillBot are commonly used for grammar correction and sentence construction. These tools are integrated into students' writing processes, providing valuable assistance in refining their written work. However, their psychological effects, particularly in terms of emotional and ethical implications, have not been sufficiently explored in previous research. This study employed a qualitative phenomenological approach, utilizing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), to examine the experiences of ten final-year EFL students who actively use AI tools for academic writing. Through semi-structured interviews, the research identified three major themes: reduced technical stress, heightened dependency on AI tools, and ethical concerns about authorship. The findings suggest that while AI tools act as cognitive scaffolds, aiding students by improving fluency and reducing the burden of technical writing tasks, they also introduce psychological challenges. These challenges include increased dependency on the tools and concerns about the authenticity of their work, raising questions about academic integrity and self-efficacy. This study sheds light on the complex relationship between AI as an assistive technology and its potential to cause writing anxiety and dependency. By emphasizing both the positive and negative psychological impacts of AI, the study contributes to the growing body of literature on AI in education. It calls for the development of pedagogical frameworks that balance AI literacy, emotional resilience, and ethical considerations to ensure responsible and effective use of AI in academic contexts.

This study examines youth slang (Jugendsprache) in the film Into the Beat (2020) through semantic and morphological approaches. The background of the research is based on the phenomenon of youth language development, which is dynamic, creative, and rich in socio-cultural meaning, yet often difficult for foreign speakers to understand. Youth language is chosen as the object of study because it reflects identity, group solidarity, and the communicative creativity of young people, and frequently appears in media, particularly films. The theoretical framework refers to experts’ perspectives on the characteristics of youth language, including the use of Anglicisms, abbreviations, metaphorization, and the formation of neologisms. The research method applied is descriptive qualitative, with data sources taken from the dialogues and subtitles of the film Into the Beat. The analysis is carried out based on Helmut Henne’s theory of youth language characteristics. The results reveal that youth slang in the film functions not only as a means of communication but also as a medium of emotional expression, lifestyle, and identity construction among German adolescents. Vocabulary such as alter, bro, krass, cool, and scheiße demonstrates creativity in morphological processes, including abbreviation, prefixation, and borrowing from foreign languages. The study concludes that youth slang plays an essential role in shaping characters, inter-character relationships, and the authenticity of the storyline. Furthermore, youth language reflects the evolving cultural and social dynamics of adolescents. This research is expected to contribute to linguistic studies, particularly semantics, and to serve as a valuable resource in German language learning by expanding vocabulary and fostering an understanding of authentic communication patterns among German teenagers.

This study aims to analyze the role of trainees in supporting the quality of concierge services at Lorin Solo Hotel. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method, collecting data through observation, interviews, and literature review, with participants consisting of concierge trainees, bellcaptains, and the trainee coordinator. The findings reveal that trainees play a crucial role in daily concierge operations, such as welcoming guests, assisting with luggage, providing basic information, and supporting light administrative tasks. Their presence helps speed up service delivery, reduce the workload of permanent staff, and strengthen guest interaction, particularly during high season periods. However, several challenges were identified, including limited experience and practical skills, insufficient knowledge of hotel products and local destinations, lack of active supervision, and short internship durations. These factors impact certain service dimensions, such as assurance and reliability. The study recommends comprehensive pre-placement training, the development of specific SOPs for concierge trainees, improvement in foreign language skills, and regular mentoring from senior staff. These measures are expected to enhance trainee professionalism and overall concierge service quality.

Consumer protection is a fundamental aspect in ensuring social justice and legal certainty for all individuals involved in the market, including citizens (WN) and non-citizens (NWN). This study aims to analyze the differences in legal protection for WN and NWN consumers in Indonesia by examining the legal status as well as the practice of its implementation. The research applies a normative juridical approach with descriptive-qualitative analysis based on the Consumer Protection Law, its derivative regulations, and case studies of court decisions related to consumer disputes. The results show that, normatively, Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection does not differentiate between citizens and non-citizens. However, in practice, there are significant challenges such as administrative barriers, limited access to information, and language difficulties faced by non-citizen consumers. These findings indicate a gap between universal legal norms and the implementation that remains biased toward citizenship status.The study concludes that although Indonesian regulations guarantee equality in consumer rights, there is a need to strengthen implementation mechanisms that are more inclusive, particularly for foreign consumers. This research contributes to the discourse on consumer protection by emphasizing the importance of harmonizing non-discrimination principles with the effectiveness of law enforcement.

The North Sumatra Provincial Museum, as one of Indonesia’s leading cultural tourism destinations, encounters challenges in facilitating effective communication for international visitors. Despite housing extensive collections of Batak, Malay, and Nias artifacts that attract thousands of tourists annually, the limited use of English often constrains intercultural interaction. This study aims to examine the role of English as a medium of communication in enhancing foreign visitors’ experiences, identify linguistic barriers, and propose improvement strategies. Employing a descriptive qualitative case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation involving 50 international tourists (aged 18–65) from Europe, the Americas, and Asia who visited between January and March 2023. Data were analyzed thematically using NVivo software, supported by museum documents such as brochures and the website. Findings revealed that English proficiency among staff and the availability of English-language materials increased visitor satisfaction by 75%. However, communication barriers included the strong local accent (reported by 40% of respondents) and the lack of English-language audiovisual guides, which limited engagement. Recommendations include intensive English training focused on tourism vocabulary and phonetics, development of multilingual digital content, and collaboration with universities for volunteer interpreters. This research contributes theoretically to applied linguistics in tourism and practically to museum management enhancement.

This study analyzes the quality of content and the ineffectiveness of sentences in opinion texts found on the "Liputan6.com" website in February 2025 as reading material and sources of information for students. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods and a syntactic approach. Qualitative research and syntactic approaches are used to analyze the quality of content and effective sentences. The research data is the result of identifying ineffective sentences used in opinion texts on the "Liputan6.com" website, February 2025 Edition as reading material and a source of information for students. The data collection technique in this study uses a syntactic approach in the form of listening and note-taking techniques. In this study, data presentation was carried out using informal methods. The data is presented in a table containing several ineffective sentences and their corrections. The results of the analysis of opinion texts found on the February 2025 edition of the "Liputan6.com" website found 263 structured sentences, consisting of 140 effective sentences and 133 ineffective sentences. From this study, ineffective sentences are classified into 5 categories, namely 14 ineffective sentences due to excessive use of words, 19 due to inappropriate word choice, 12 due to use of foreign languages, 5 due to inappropriate use of conjunctions, 9 due to illogical sentences, 6 due to incorrect use of punctuation, 3 due to use of sentences that are too simple. This study can help writers pay attention to how they write opinion texts that are in accordance with linguistic rules and are useful as a guideline for writing effective sentences.