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Background: Glass Reinforced Concrete (GRC) is an innovative construction material that combines glass fiber with concrete, providing high strength and durability. However, the influence of GRC mixture composition on flexural strength values has not been studied in depth. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of GRC mixture composition variables, such as the ratio between glass fiber and concrete binder, on flexural strength. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide deeper insight into the use of GRC in construction and help develop more efficient and durable construction materials. Results: From the results of the discussion regarding the effect of differences in fiberglass composition on flexural strength, it was found that the addition of 2% fiber resulted in an average flexural strength of 23.01 kgf/cm2, with an increase of up to 49.77 kgf/cm2 at 1% fiberglass. However, with a fiber composition of 0.8%, the highest flexural strength was obtained at 56.84 kgf/cm2. The addition of fibers that exceed the maximum limit can reduce the density of GRC concrete so that its ability to distribute bending strength forces is reduced. Meanwhile, the effect of fly ash substitution on flexural strength shows that replacing some of the cement with fly ash by 20% can increase the flexural strength value of GRC, because the silica and alumina compounds in fly ash can speed up the hydration process. However, of the five specimens tested, none met the SNI 8299:2017 standard which requires a minimum average flexural strength of 100 kgf/cm2

PLTU produces coal-burning residues in the form of fly ash waste, which is constantly increasing. Fly ash is an industrial waste that is hazardous to the environment and human health but can be exploited because it has the characteristics of pozzolan. We conducted research on the use of fly ash as a cement substitute in the making of paving blocks. The aim of the research was to find out the strong pressure paving block method in British Standard 6717 with SNI 03-0691-1996 against the use of fly ash and how much of the fly ash is used against the strength of the optimum pressure. The research used an experimental method, with a comparison of 1 cement with 4 sand and variations in the use of air ash at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Tests were conducted when paving the block through the process of curing for 28 days. This study resulted in a strong average pressure paving block (PB) using the British Standard fly ash method 6717, with PB beam variations of 10%, 20%, and 30% in succession of 14.23 MPa, 13.49 MPa, and 11.14 MPa. While the SNI method 03-0691 1996 is PB cube variation at 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively, of 12.27 MPa, 10.63 MPa, and 8.67 MPa. The strong result of pushing PB beams using the optimum fly ash is found at a 10% variation of 14.23 MPa and a 10% cubic variation PB of 12.27 MPa.

This study explores the development of low-carbon concrete by integrating industrial waste materials and CO₂-absorbing minerals to reduce carbon emissions in the construction industry. The research investigates various mix ratios involving fly ash, slag, and CO₂-absorbing minerals, aiming to optimize both performance and sustainability. Experimental methods included compressive strength testing, carbon emission measurement, and durability evaluation. The results indicate that low-carbon concrete formulations achieve up to 45% reduction in carbon emissions compared to conventional concrete, which uses Portland cement. Despite a slight decrease in compressive strength, the optimal mix reached 34 MPa, which is sufficient for structural applications. Durability testing revealed that concrete with CO₂-absorbing minerals showed improved long-term performance compared to other formulations. The findings highlight the potential of using industrial waste materials and carbon capture technologies to create more environmentally sustainable concrete while maintaining necessary structural properties. This study contributes to the growing demand for eco-friendly construction materials and supports the implementation of low-carbon concrete in large-scale industrial applications. Further optimization of mix ratios and long-term performance studies are recommended for broader adoption in the construction industry.

Roads are a means of transportation for supports various development sector and is a means of regional development of areas along the road the. By Because That, system transportation road kingdom is activity mover economy Which important beside Also become means activity resident Which involve problems economy, social And culture. Development road intended For make it easier connection from something regions to other regions, as well as to develop the economic potential that exists in area the. Objective from study this is For Plan Thick Construction Pavement Rigid With Manual Methods of Pavement Design Road 2017 and Methods Pd T- 14-2003 and compare both methods the. The thickness of the concrete slab obtained from the 2017 Road Pavement Manual method is of 28.5 cm with a thin concrete layer of 10 cm and a drainage layer with a thickness of 15 cm. The thickness of the concrete slab obtained from the Pd T-14-2003 method which is 18 cm. Based on the reinforcement calculation As Min > As Required then obtained reinforcement Which efficient For thick plate concrete 180 mmm is reinforcement 10 mm in diameter with a distance of 300 transverse and longitudinal reinforcement mm, transverse connection (Dowel) is required Ø 28 mm, with a length (L) of 450 mm and the distance (s) between dowels is 300 mm, while the longitudinal connection (Tie Bar) that is with Ø 16 mmm with long 700 mmm And distance 60 mmm. As well as Based on the calculation of reinforcement As Min > As Required, the reinforcement obtained is efficient for a concrete plate thickness of 265 mm is reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm with distance between transverse reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement 300 mm, transverse connection (Dowel) required Ø 32 mm, with a length (L) of 450 mm and a distance (s) between dowel 300 mmm, while the longitudinal connection (Tie Bar) is with Ø 16 mm with a length of 700 mm and a distance of 60 mm. Based on the comparison description calculation of rigid pavement thickness using the Manual Design Method Pavement Road (Revision 2017) with thick pavement rigid (rigid pavement) with Method Build Clan Pd T-14-2003 For use method MDPJ 2017 show will more thick compared to method PD Q 14 Year 2003.

The purpose of this writing is to find out the procedure for cultivating Black Soldier Flies (BSF) maggot eggs on a household scale as fish feed. The stages of activities carried out are: 1) Consultation to mentors, 2) In-depth research, 3) Collection of materials. Maggot is a kind of natural food rich in protein. Maggot contains 41-42% crude protein, 31-35% ether extract, 14-15% ash, 4.8-5.1% calcium, and 0.6-0.63% phosphorus in dry form. To maintain BSF larvae, a suitable and quality substrate is needed. Optimal temperature and humidity affect the productivity of females in producing quality eggs. The mating process of BSF flies is strongly influenced by environmental factors and the behavior of adult insects

Stabilisasi tanah didefinisikan sebagai usaha untuk memperbaiki karakteristik tanah dengan menambahkan bahan aditif untuk meningkatkan kekuatan tanah. Banyak bahan yang bisa digunakan sebagai bahan stabilisasi diantaranya yaitu, semen, kapur, bottom ash dan fly ash. Penelitian ini hanya menggunakan satu jenis bahan aditif yaitu kapur. Metode yang digunakan berupa pengujian labolatorium dengan uji tekan bebas/unconfined compression test (UCT) dengan kombinasi campuran kapur 0%,5%,7%,10% dan 12%. Berdasarkan pengujian sifat fisis, tanah asli di Kecamatan Gunungpati Kabupaten Semarang dikategorikan sebagai tanah lempung organik dengan nilai berat jenis tanah rata-rata (Gs) 2,44 dan berat volme tanah basah (γb) 1,594gr/cm³. Berdasarkan pengujian UCT tanah asli memiliki nilai kuat tekan bebas (qu) 0,345 kg/cm2 dan kohesi undrianed (Cu) 0,249 kg/cm2 termasuk kategori lempung lunak. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai qu dan Cu semakin meningkat sesuai dengan penambahan prosentase kapur, dengan nilai qu dan Cu maksimum pada campuran kapur sebesar 12%. Pada penelitian ini dihasilkan persamaan linier y=0,041x + 0,3288 R² = 0,9868, persamaan tersebut merupakan persamaan antara penambahan prosentase kapur dengan nilai qu maksimum pada prosentase kapur 0% 5%,7%,10% dan 12%.

Beton mutu tinggi membutuhkan fas yang rendah dan semen lebih banyak. Namun diperlukan suatu alternatif untuk menggantikan semen karena keterbatasan semen dan harga semen yang semakin tinggi, salah satunya dengan penggunaan fly ash. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh fly ash terhadap kuat tekan beton mutu tinggi menggunakan admixture high range water reducer dan mengetahui campuran ideal yang memberi nilai ekonomis. Komposisi variasi penggunaan fly ash sebanyak 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40% dari berat semen. Digunakan bahan tambah admixture Tipe F High Range Water Reducer untuk mendapatkan fas rendah dan kemudahan dalam pelaksanaan. Benda uji yang digunakan berbentuk silinder (diameter 15 cm dan tinggi 30 cm) sebanyak 30 sampel yang terdiri dari 5 variasi, mutu beton rencana fc’ 50 MPa dan diuji pada umur 7 hari dan 28 hari. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan umur 7 hari mengalami penurunan seiring bertambahnya kadar fly ash. Sedangkan kuat tekan umur 28 hari mengalami peningkatan dengan adanya kadar fly ash. Kuat tekan beton umur 28 hari tertinggi pada kadar fly ash 30% dengan nilai 63,32 MPa. Harga beton mengalami penurunan seiring bertambahnya kadar fly ash yang digunakan. Beton dengan kadar fly ash 40% memiliki harga paling murah yaitu sebesar Rp 909.729,-. Campuran beton yang memiliki kuat tekan tertinggi (optimum) dan harga yang murah (ekonomis) terdapat pada campuran beton dengan kadar fly ash 30%.