Publication Search

73,319 articles from 712 journals · 2,111 citations tracked

Showing 21-40 of 107

Analytics

Dwi Wahyuni; Cahyo Tri Atmojo; Fahimul Amri

International Journal of Management 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The role of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is very significant for the growth of Indonesia’s economy, accounting for 99% of all business units. The development of MSMEs in Blitar Regency has experienced significant growth in terms of both the number of entrepreneurs and revenue. The objectives of this research are (1) to identify and analyze the potential of the creative economy in the development of MSMEs in Blitar Regency, (2) to formulate appropriate strategies to enhance the competitiveness and growth of MSMEs in the creative economy sector in Blitar Regency. The approach used in this research is a phenomenological qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation and structured interviews conducted with key informants of this study, such as MSMEs actors, local government officials from the Department of Industry and Trade, and the Cooperative Office. The data analysis technique was conducted using data triangulation with the following steps: data collection, data analysis, conclusion, and data validation. The research results show that the creative economy model used by the local government in developing MSMEs in Blitar Regency includes the utilization of ideas and creativity, strengthening MSMEs through digitalization, business mentoring, development of superior products, and connection with the people's economy. The challenges in the development of MSMEs include increasingly tight market competition both online and offline; limited access to capital; limited access to digital technology; lack of understanding of business management; limited product innovation; ineffective marketing; and business legality. The strategies implemented include enhancing digital marketing, improving product and service quality, strengthening business capital, increasing capacity and skills, utilizing technology, promoting and marketing products, and strengthening institutions and governance.

Ulil Albab; Mawardi Mawardi; Elita Fatimatus Salwa

International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

MUI Fatwa No. 83, which prohibits Israeli goods, might have a substantial impact on Indonesia's Islamic economy, influencing consumption, trade, investment decisions, and halal certification. If adhered to, demand for Israeli goods may fall, while the boycott effort may have an impact on investment decisions and worldwide trade. This can also help Muslims achieve greater unity and ethical consciousness. The author employs literature review methodologies to examine literature relevant to the research issue. The methodology includes a study of Islamic economics based on both bibliographic and secondary data. To get new ideas and information, the method used is analysis approaches such as interpretation, coherence, and heuristics. MUI Fatwa No.83 of 2023 requires legal assistance for the Palestinian fight against Israeli aggression, including the distribution of zakat, infaq, and alms. The fatwa's economic impact is determined by Muslim involvement and business reaction, which may have an impact on halal certification and Sharia banking. MUI Decree Number 83 of 2023 encourages a boycott of Israeli goods, which benefits the Muslim economy while cutting demand

Elida Gultom; Nova Syafrina; Jeli Nata Liyas

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Jurnal Aksi Sosial 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Vocational education is an education that prepares students to enter the workforce, equipping students with specific and applicable skills and knowledge, so they can immediately work in relevant fields. Entrepreneurial skills are one of the skills that can connect theory with industrial practice to create graduates who are innovative, collaborative, and ready to take advantage of existing business opportunities. This Community Service (PKM) activity was carried out at SMK Bina Profesi Pekanbaru with the Theme of Empowering Vocational Competence: Training on Creating Home Products with Economic Value at SMK Bina Profesi Pekanbaru. The purpose of this service is to increase the knowledge and understanding of SMK Bina Profesi Pekanbaru students in the field of product design and packaging so as to increase students' enthusiasm and creative ideas in managing businesses and obtaining additional family income. The service activity methods used are lecture and practice methods. The results of this service activity are expected to increase the creativity and enthusiasm of SMK Bina Profesi Pekanbaru students so that they are able to create products with economic value and have an impact on the family economy.

Elida Gultom; Nova Syafrina; Jeli Nata Liyas

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Jurnal Aksi Sosial 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Vocational education is an education that prepares students to enter the workforce, equipping students with specific and applicable skills and knowledge, so they can immediately work in relevant fields. Entrepreneurial skills are one of the skills that can connect theory with industrial practice to create graduates who are innovative, collaborative, and ready to take advantage of existing business opportunities. This Community Service (PKM) activity was carried out at SMK Bina Profesi Pekanbaru with the Theme of Empowering Vocational Competence: Training on Creating Home Products with Economic Value at SMK Bina Profesi Pekanbaru. The purpose of this service is to increase the knowledge and understanding of SMK Bina Profesi Pekanbaru students in the field of product design and packaging so as to increase students' enthusiasm and creative ideas in managing businesses and obtaining additional family income. The service activity methods used are lecture and practice methods. The results of this service activity are expected to increase the creativity and enthusiasm of SMK Bina Profesi Pekanbaru students so that they are able to create products with economic value and have an impact on the family economy.

Puspita Lianti Putri; Riska Nadiya Salsebela

ARDHI : Jurnal Pengabdian Dalam Negri 2025 Asosiasi Riset Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

This community service activity aimed to introduce and strengthen the understanding of sociopreneurship among students of SMA Islam Andalusia Kebasen through an experiential learning approach. The initiative responded to the need for youth empowerment programs that combine entrepreneurial skills with social responsibility, particularly those grounded in Islamic values. The one-day training was designed to be interactive and engaging, incorporating inspirational dialogues with practitioners, interactive simulations, role-plays, and value reflections. These methods were intended to create an immersive learning experience, enabling students to connect theory with real-world application. A total of 50 students participated in the program. The training focused on three main objectives: (1) developing the ability to identify and analyze social issues in their community, (2) designing solutions through the creation of social enterprises, and (3) integrating Islamic values into business practices to ensure ethical and sustainable entrepreneurship. Evaluation was conducted using pre- and post-training assessments, observation, and participant feedback. The results indicated that 70% of participants demonstrated a strong understanding of the concept of sociopreneurship after the training. Additionally, 76% successfully integrated Islamic values into their proposed business ideas, while over 60% were able to design simple but feasible social enterprise concepts addressing real social problems. Participants also reported increased awareness, empathy, creativity, and leadership skills as outcomes of the activity. The findings highlight that experiential learning-based sociopreneurship training is an effective method for cultivating youth’s capacity to initiate social change through entrepreneurial action. This program not only enhanced students’ knowledge and skills but also inspired them to become agents of positive transformation in their communities. It is recommended that schools establish follow-up initiatives, such as sociopreneur clubs, mentoring schemes, and project incubation programs, to ensure the sustainability and further development of students’ social enterprise ideas.

M. Masrukhan

Kegiatan Positif : Jurnal Hasil Karya Pengabdian Masyarakat 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Entrepreneurship training is a key strategy for empowering village economies, especially among youth from Karang Taruna and PKK members. In Kaladawa Village, local potential such as agriculture and handicrafts has not been fully utilized due to limited entrepreneurial knowledge and exposure. This program aims to enhance participants' entrepreneurial competencies through practical-based training methods, including interactive lectures, group discussions, and business simulations. A participatory approach was implemented to help participants identify local potentials, develop business ideas, and formulate digital-based marketing strategies. The results of the training indicate a significant improvement in participants’ understanding of entrepreneurship, as reflected in the emergence of innovative business plans focused on local and digital products. Pre- and post-training evaluations showed increased motivation, creativity, and readiness among participants to initiate independent ventures. The training also fostered a sustainable entrepreneurial spirit by covering essential topics such as financial management, digital transformation, and business networking. Participants acknowledged that direct experiences and intensive mentoring during the sessions played a crucial role in building their confidence and competitiveness. However, for long-term success, continuous mentoring and institutional support are required, along with strategic collaboration between stakeholders such as village governments, local MSMEs, and higher education institutions. Thus, this program not only contributes to improving technical and entrepreneurial skills but also plays a pivotal role in developing a self-reliant and sustainable rural entrepreneurial ecosystem. The integration of similar training into broader community empowerment programs is recommended to ensure lasting impact, inclusive access, resilience, innovation, adaptability, creativity, empowerment, collaboration, leadership, and meaningful local economic development.

Muhammad Tafsir; Yana Fajriah; Sufiati Sufiati; Andi Dahrul; Dharmawaty Djaharuddin +2 more

Jurnal Kemitraan Masyarakat 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This community service aims to improve the role of Karang Taruna as a village development agent in Sanrobone Village, Takalar Regency. The problems faced by Karang Taruna in this village include low organizational capacity, minimal entrepreneurial skills, and lack of use of digital technology in promoting village potential. This activity was carried out through several stages, namely identification of needs, leadership and organizational management training, entrepreneurship workshops, digital marketing training, and implementation of real actions in the form of arranging mangrove tourism areas. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in participants' understanding of organizational management, preparation of work programs, development of business ideas based on local potential, and use of social media for promotion. In addition, participants succeeded in carrying out environmental conservation activities as part of efforts to develop village tourism. This activity is expected to be a model for empowering village youth based on Karang Taruna which can be replicated in other villages to encourage sustainable village development.

Herman Sjahruddin; Muh. Irfai Sohilaw; Hardiani Hardiani; Zulkarnain Basir; Andi Sulfati +3 more

Jurnal Pengabdian Sosial dan Kemanusiaan 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This community service aims to foster and develop an entrepreneurial spirit among teenagers in Sanrobone Village, Takalar, through the optimization of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) based on local potential. Teenagers are identified as strategic assets that need to be empowered for economic independence and job creation. The method of implementing this activity adopts a participatory and educational-practical approach, including the preparation stage, implementation of training and mentoring, and monitoring and evaluation. A total of 35 teenagers from Sanrobone Village were actively involved in a series of basic entrepreneurship training, identification of local business opportunities, technical production skills workshops, and simple digital marketing. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in teenagers' understanding of the concept of entrepreneurship from just selling to creating value. They succeeded in identifying 15 potential business ideas from local resources and 20 teenagers were able to produce product prototypes from these ideas. In addition, the initiative to form five micro-business groups initiated by teenagers is clear evidence of the growth of motivation and collaboration. In conclusion, this program is effective in laying a strong foundation for the development of a youth entrepreneurship ecosystem in Sanrobone Village, which is supported by the potential of natural resources and the enthusiasm of the participants. It is recommended that there be ongoing mentoring, facilitation of access to micro-capital, strengthening of networks, and integration of entrepreneurship curriculum in schools to ensure the sustainability and long-term impact of the program.

Iluh Nadila Rahma; Alvazaki Ikbar Maulana; Muhammad Yasin

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This assignment is compiled to fulfill the Entrepreneurship Application course which aims to equip students with basic skills in designing, developing, and implementing innovative and sustainable business ideas. In compiling this assignment, the author identifies business opportunities, designs business models, and analyzes the marketing, financial, and operational aspects of the chosen business idea. Through an applicative approach, this assignment also integrates entrepreneurship theory with field practice, so that it can improve students' understanding of the challenges and strategies in building a competitive business. The results of this assignment are expected to be the basis for students to develop a more structured and realistic startup business.

Keysi Rahmawati, Keysi Rahmawati; Erwin Permana

Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi Syariah, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

Marketing is the backbone of a business’s existence. Various ideas, creativity, and innovations in marketing continue to evolve in different forms. To attract a large number of consumers, some businesses engage in overclaim marketing. While this strategy may bring positive outcomes for some companies, it can also have negative consequences for others. One brand that has practiced overclaim marketing is Daviena Skincare. This study aims to analyze the impact of overclaim marketing on consumer trust in Daviena Skincare products. The research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach, with data obtained through digital tracing and observation. The findings indicate that overclaim marketing in the skincare industry, as practiced by Daviena Skincare, has negatively affected consumer trust. The overclaims identified include promises of instant results, false claims about premium ingredients, and unverified testimonials. An investigation by Doctor Detective revealed significant discrepancies between marketing claims and the actual product composition, such as Niacinamide, which was advertised at 10% but was not detected in laboratory tests. These findings contradict the marketed product benefits, leading to consumer disappointment and decreased brand loyalty. This phenomenon underscores the urgency for brands to be more transparent and ethical in their marketing strategies. Therefore, overclaim marketing practices must be eliminated to maintain the integrity of the industry and protect consumers’ rights to accurate information and products that align with their claims.

Victor Diwantara; Muhammad Ali Umardhani Panggabean; Sissah Sissah

Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi Syariah, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to reveal Financial Behavior and Financial Attitude influence the development of micro, small and medium enterprises in Jambi City. This thesis uses a quantitative approach using multiple regression statistical analysis methods partially and simultaneously with a sample of 60 MSMEs. The results of the study indicate that Financial Behavior has a significant influence on the development of MSMEs in Jambi City. Financial attitude has a significant influence on the development of MSMEs in Jambi City. Financial Behavior and Financial Attitude together or simultaneously have a significant influence on the development of MSMEs in Jambi City. In business development, good knowledge is needed to help MSMEs to be innovative and produce new ideas to develop their businesses and knowledge management can help companies to develop a healthy and positive work culture.  

Nadiatul Khaira; Era Sonita

Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi Syariah, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This research is motivated by the limited workforce at Risse Convection, where this convection has not been able to increase income significantly due to limited production capacity caused by a lack of qualified workforce. The aim of this research is to provide concrete recommendations for Risse Convection in developing an effective human resource development strategy to deal with workforce limitations and meet demand for sharia clothing products. The following is the essence of the research based on the problem formulation for copra entrepreneurs in Nagari Lansek Kadok: the majority of copra entrepreneurs in Nagari Lansek Kadok, South Rao District, Pasaman Regency, prioritize excellent service to customers and analyze the growth of their business to increase people's income. Because most of the residents of Nagari Lansek Kadok have lower middle class incomes, the community still views the purchase price given by the seller (copra entrepreneur) as reasonable. The business strategies of Nagari Lansek Kadok copra entrepreneurs, the factors that hinder these entrepreneurs, and the development strategies carried out by traders in this area are things that need to be improved if the residents of Nagari Lansek Kadok, South Rao District, Pasaman Regency can make improvements. to see an increase in their income. The reason behind this is that they continuously incorporate new ideas into the development of their company. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the human resource development strategy to overcome the limited workforce in Risse Convection Sungai Pua, Agam Regency is: 1. Lack of workforce at Risse Konveksi resulted in reduced production of sharia clothing on the market, workforce competency occurred due to the lack of special training for employees, resulting in the work being completed more slowly or not on time. To overcome this problem, Risse Convection implements an annual reward system, and employee training is carried out personally. For new employees, Risse Convection uses its convection advantages in innovative sharia clothing designs to be able to recruit employees from the surrounding area or outside the village/nagari as well as the use of social media to promote new design innovations to reach a wider audience and increase brand visibility. 2. By using the SO (Strength-Opportunity) strategy method, namely optimizing existing strengths by taking advantage of existing opportunities. The SO (Strength-Opportunity) strategy that can be applied in increasing employment at Risse Convection is: utilizing excellence in innovative sharia clothing design to recruit employees from the surrounding area or outside the village/nagari and maintaining an annual reward system for employees who work hard to improve motivation and productivity.

Afandi Rachman; Moh. Tahang; Budi Prajogo

Jurnal Visi Manajemen 2025 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Pariwisata Indonesia Semarang

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of collaborative learning in enhancing business communication skills among management students. The research involved 60 undergraduate management students at STIE Ganesha, enrolled in Business Introduction and Business English courses. Conducted over four months (February–May 2025), the study employed a mixed-method approach, including quantitative and qualitative data collection. Data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and thematic coding were used to analyze the data. The results show that 78% of students gained greater confidence in presenting ideas, 65% improved their use of business terminology, and 70% became more active listeners. Regression analysis confirmed a significant influence of collaborative learning on communication skills (p < 0.05). Qualitative findings emphasized the importance of lecturers’ facilitation in managing group dynamics and addressing dominance issues among students. The study suggests that the integration of collaborative learning methods into the management curriculum is crucial for enhancing students' soft skills, preparing them for future professional challenges. Additionally, it advocates for the development of structured collaborative activities to promote effective teamwork, active engagement, and better communication outcomes in academic settings, ultimately contributing to students' overall personal and professional growth.

Dafa Rafif Pratama; Rr Erlina; Nurul Husna

International Journal of Management Science and Business 2025 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The relationship between entrepreneurship programs, individual entrepreneurial orien-tation, and entrepreneurial intention can be strengthened by entrepreneurial motivation, which acts as an internal drive encouraging individuals to take action toward starting a business. Motivated individuals tend to explore ideas and identify market opportunities to build inde-pendent ventures. Universities play a crucial role by organizing programs that inspire students to pursue self-reliance through entrepreneurship, while also equipping them with relevant knowledge and practical experience to enhance their skills and risk-taking ability. At Univer-sitas Lampung (UNILA), these efforts are facilitated by the Center for Career and Entre-preneurship Development (CCED), which supports various entrepreneurship initiatives aimed at increasing students' motivation and providing hands-on experiences. These experiences strengthen students’ drive to start a business, as entrepreneurial intention is influenced by internal factors such as motivation, reinforced through direct program involvement. Hence, motivation can serve as a mediating variable that links entrepreneurship programs and indi-vidual entrepreneurial orientation with entrepreneurial intention.

Fahrina Yustiasari Liriwati; Kafrawi Kafrawi; Mulyadi Mulyadi; Abdul Syahid; M. Ilyas

Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Nian Tana 2025 Fakultas Ekonomi & Bisnis, Universitas Nusa Nipa

The edupreneurship program is an innovative solution to address the economic challenges in rural areas caused by limited access to entrepreneurship education and training. This article highlights the role of lecturers in supporting the development of local economic potential through training and mentoring in Junjangan Village, Batang Tuaka District, Riau Province. Lecturers not only provide training materials but also actively act as mentors in guiding the community to develop relevant and sustainable business ideas. The program has successfully enhanced entrepreneurial skills, created new businesses, and promoted overall rural economic growth.

Guruh Larasti; Anggit Dyah Kusumastuti

Indonesia Bergerak : Jurnal Hasil Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Teknik Indonesia

Creativity and innovation are essential elements in developing student competencies, especially in the Business Administration study program. This community service activity aims to enhance students’ creativity through training in producing an innovative product, namely gantungan kunci foto akriliks, which serve as a medium for self-expression and possess economic value. The activity was conducted for the 2023 cohort of Business Administration students at Universitas Sahid Surakarta using methods including counseling, technical training, and hands-on practice. The results show that students were able to create creative and unique designs while understanding the concept of market value through personalized products. In addition to improving design and production skills, this activity also fosters entrepreneurial spirit and awareness of business potential based on creativity. This training is expected to equip students to continuously develop innovative ideas that can be implemented in the business world

Nindytha Salsabila; Astri Ghina

International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

Technological advancements and digital transformation have significantly impacted business management, including the consulting sector. PQM Consultants faces challenges in managing inquiries, which are still manually handled using Microsoft Excel. This manual process results in fragmented data, delays in accessing information, input errors, and difficulties in real-time monitoring of inquiry statuses. These issues affect operational efficiency, data transparency, and timely decision-making.   This research focuses on developing a web-based inquiry management platform through the Design Thinking methodology, aiming to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of inquiry handling at PQM Consultants. Adopting a qualitative case study approach, the study gathers insights through in-depth interviews, direct observations, and document reviews involving consultants and support team members who are directly engaged in the inquiry process. Research participants consist of consultants and support team members directly involved in inquiry management. The study uses a Design Thinking approach, which focuses on solving problems through repeated refinement and actively involving users throughout the development process. This framework supports the development of creative solutions by deeply understanding user needs, defining key challenges, and continuously refining ideas through prototyping and testing (Costich 2021). The Empathize stage focuses on understanding user needs and challenges. The Define stage formulates the core problems specifically. The Ideate stage generates creative ideas as potential solutions. The Prototype stage develops an initial design of the platform, which is then tested during the Test stage to gather feedback for further refinement. The results indicate that the web-based inquiry management platform effectively addresses various challenges in managing inquiry data, such as access delays, input errors, and data fragmentation. The platform enables consultants to monitor inquiry statuses in real-time, access data transparently, and make faster and more accurate decisions.

Jauzaa Maylia Suhendro; Ni Wayan Nanik Suaryani Taro Putri

Nusantara: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2025 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The era of digital transformation demands that the younger generation acquire technology-based entrepreneurship skills, or technopreneurship. However, in the context of Vocational High Schools (SMK), many students still lack understanding and skills in developing structured and applicable business models. This Community Service Program (PKM) was carried out to address this challenge, particularly at SMK Negeri 1 Mengwi, Badung, Bali, by leveraging local potential such as tourism and traditional culinary products. The training program focused on the use of the Business Model Canvas (BMC) as a visual tool for business planning, alongside the introduction of trending technologies such as digital marketing. The activities were implemented in four stages: pre-test, socialization, intensive training, business idea presentation, and post-test evaluation and reflection. A total of 36 students participated in this program. The results of the pre-test and post-test showed an increase in understanding of 53.85% in the aspect of technopreneurship and 58.33% in understanding the elements of the BMC. These findings indicate that practical and visual-based approaches are effective in fostering students’ strategic thinking, collaboration, and creativity in developing business ideas based on local potential and technology. This program also made a measurable and impactful contribution to strengthening vocational students' technopreneurship competencies

Bogy Febriatmoko; Erisa Aprilia Wicaksari; Widya Prananta; Angga Pandu Wijaya

Nusantara: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2025 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Selo Village in Boyolali Regency is a center for dairy cattle farming and is also developing as a tourist village. However, most local residents still sell raw milk to middlemen without applying marketing strategies or product innovation. This community service activity aimed to provide education on the importance of dairy product marketing and to introduce innovative ideas based on local potential. The methods used included preliminary observation, open interviews, focus group discussions, interactive counseling, and evaluation through questionnaires and reflection. The activity involved 15 participants, including dairy farmers, homestay operators, café owners, and local youth. The results showed increased participant understanding of marketing strategies, tourism market opportunities, and the potential for milk processing. Most participants expressed interest in further training and began formulating product ideas such as yogurt, ice cream, and pasteurized milk. This program not only improved marketing literacy but also built motivation and collective awareness to develop independent businesses based on the village’s potential. Thus, the activity served as an initial step in promoting sustainable rural economic development.

Mohamad Bagas Alghafiqi; Oktaviana Purnamasari

Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 2025 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Social networks seem to strengthen the position of the internet as a new communication medium, where distances seem to no longer be visible, information and messages can be conveyed globally in a short time. Various companies are trying to use social media marketing to develop their business, one of which is the Official Enormous Tutoring. The aim of this research is to analyze the Social Media Marketing Strategy in Forming Brand Awareness of Enormous Official Tutoring. The theory used is Quesenberry's social media strategy, namely analyzing business objectives, target audience, social analysis; big ideas and storytelling on social media and inspirational stories; Integration of social media with marketing, advertising and public relations. The approach used is qualitative with descriptive methods. Informant selection techniques were purposive and data collection techniques were interviews and literature studies. Data analysis techniques with Miles and Huberman are data reduction, data presentation, data verification and description. The findings or results of this research are that the ENS social media marketing strategy uses 3 elements, namely, firstly laying the basic framework for conversation, secondly making improvements and starting conversations, thirdly integrating marketing, advertising and public relations with social media. However, the third element is not integrated with public relations.