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This study aims to examine the biblical foundation in the learning of Bible-based preschool children with a contextual learning approach. The research method used is topical research, which focuses on developing education and learning that is relevant to daily life so that children more easily absorb material according to learning goals. The learning process starts from simple things to more complex things, according to the stage of early childhood development. The results of the study show that Bible-based preschool learning includes various activities, including: educating children with a biblical foundation, introducing the Bible through number ordering, arranging the biblical alphabet, combining letters into words, arranging words into biblical phrases, reading Bible texts, memorizing short golden verses, and learning activities such as coloring and listening to Bible stories. These findings confirm that Bible-based learning with a contextual approach can be an effective strategy in shaping the spiritual, cognitive, and character foundations of preschoolers, while instilling faith values from an early age.

Ecclesiology and the church's calling amidst the development of the times marked by increasingly dynamic social, cultural, technological, and lifestyle changes. The background of the problem in this paper departs from the fact that the church often faces challenges in maintaining its theological identity while responding to the demands of the modern era, so that a contextual and relevant understanding of ecclesiology is needed. The research method used is a qualitative method with a library research approach, namely reviewing and analyzing various library sources such as the Bible, theological books, scientific journals, and church documents related to ecclesiology and the role of the church. The purpose of writing this article is to re-examine the nature of the church from a theological perspective and formulate the church's calling to remain faithful to God's mission amidst the changing times. The benefits of this paper are expected to provide theoretical contributions to the development of church theology studies and become material for practical reflection for the church in carrying out its duties of fellowship, service, witness, and diakonia in a relevant, contextual, and responsible manner in modern society.

The study describes the implementation of the Christian Religious Education teaching module with the theme Allah Creates Man to Manage in grade VI students of SD Negeri 1 Kereng Bangkirai. The qualitative descriptive approach applied direct observation, documentation of activities, and assessment of learning outcomes in the affective, cognitive, and psychomotor domains to the 11 students who attended. The teaching module is aligned with the Learning Outcomes of Phase C of the Independent Curriculum providing a directed learning structure from Genesis 2:8-15. The opening activities include greetings, prayers, praise, Bible readings, as well as students' experiential questions about nature to build a relationship between the material and everyday reality. Core activities utilize explanations, group discussions, presentations, and clipping projects with the theme of loving God's created nature that increase active participation, cooperation, and creativity of students. Assessments showed good results in all three learning domains despite constraints such as the discomfort of cross-gender discussions and the introverted nature of students; The role of teachers in creating a safe atmosphere strengthens the effectiveness of the process. Reflection confirms meaningful learning that shapes an attitude of gratitude, environmental concern, and Christian responsibility.

This paper discusses the role of education in shaping students' ability to recognize and appreciate religious diversity within Indonesia's pluralistic society. Indonesia, as a pluralistic nation, boasts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures, and religions, which demands the instilling of tolerance from an early age, particularly through educational institutions. Students are understood as individuals developing intellectually, morally, socially, and spiritually, requiring systematic guidance to understand differences as a gift from God. Recognizing and appreciating religious diversity is not merely about passive tolerance but also encompasses the ability to respect others' beliefs, engage in dialogue, and coexist peacefully without losing one's faith identity. Through education, particularly Christian Religious Education and Pancasila Education, values ​​of tolerance can be instilled through curriculum integration, teacher role models, an inclusive school environment, and practices such as opportunities to worship according to one's religion, interfaith cooperation, and social activities. Teachers play a strategic role as facilitators and role models in fostering empathy and appreciation for differences. Various strategies such as integrating multicultural values, providing worship spaces, strengthening cooperation, and cultivating mutual respect have proven effective in developing tolerant character in students. Research results indicate that education that emphasizes the value of tolerance aligns with the spirit of Pancasila and the teachings of Christ's love in the Bible. Therefore, developing students who value religious diversity is a long-term investment in creating a peaceful, just, and civilized society. Education that prioritizes inclusivity provides a crucial foundation for a generation capable of becoming agents of peace amidst the nation's diversity.

Implementation of the Youth and Youth Service Section (SPRP) Worship Program at the GKE Barimba Congregation in the context of developing the character of Christian teenagers and young people. Using descriptive qualitative methods, data was collected through in-depth interviews with youth and youth leaders who play an active role in development activities at the church. The results of the study revealed various challenges faced by teenagers and young people, such as peer pressure that affects worship motivation, a less engaging atmosphere of togetherness in worship, and differences in age and maturity levels between teenagers and young people that cause emotional distance. Their spiritual needs include relational aspects, a contextual understanding of faith, real spiritual experiences, and the formation of strong moral character to face the challenges of the modern era. Effective development strategies involve the active role of families in spiritual development at home, Christian educators as guides and motivators, the use of interactive learning methods such as Bible-based games and digital media that are relevant to the character of the younger generation, and the implementation of dynamic and creative worship services to increase engagement. The implementation of this program aims to form a strong Christian character and prepare teenagers and young people to become faithful, responsible individuals who are able to serve actively in the church and society. Close synergy between family, church, and education is a key factor in the success of spiritual development of the younger generation amidst rapid social and technological change.

This study looks at how the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model is used in Christian Religious Education (CRE) and checks how it helps students develop their critical thinking abilities. In today’s education system, students are not just expected to remember Bible stories, but also to understand what they mean, think about the moral lessons, and use Christian values wisely in their everyday lives. However, past observations show that CRE classes often use a lot of lectures and memorization, which doesn’t give students much chance to think deeply or link what they learn to real-life situations. The CTL model provides a better way for learning by using seven key parts: constructivism, inquiry, questioning, learning community, modeling, reflection, and real-world assessmen. A descriptive qualitative design was employed involving CRE teachers and students selected purposively from classes that have integrated CTL in online and face-to-face settings. Data were collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and instructional documents. The analysis followed Miles and Huberman’s stages of data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing, supported by triangulation to strengthen credibility. The findings reveal that CTL enhances student engagement, promotes higher-order reasoning, and supports the internalization of Christian values in real-life contexts. Supporting factors include a positive school climate, parental involvement, and teacher readiness, whereas obstacles emerge from limited facilities, large class sizes, and insufficient teacher understanding of CTL. The study underscores the need for context-based and character-oriented instructional designs in CRE.

Cross-cultural ministry is a tangible manifestation of the Great Commission of Christ, which calls the church to reach all nations without geographical or cultural boundaries. This article describes the experience of spiritual ministry among the diaspora Christian community in the Middle East conducted by a team from the Kerusso Theological Seminary of Indonesia. The activity not only aimed to strengthen the faith of the congregation living under cultural and social pressures but also served as a means of nurturing contextual Christian spirituality and character. Through revival services, Bible teaching, and pastoral accompaniment, the congregation experienced a genuine transformation of faith—from weakness to steadfastness and hope. This study affirms that cross-cultural ministry is not merely a mission activity but a concrete expression of transformative and participatory Christian education. It demonstrates that when ministry is carried out with contextual understanding and empathy, profound spiritual change can occur even amid intercultural challenges.

Modern education has produced various learning theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, constructivism, and postmodernism, each contributing significantly to the understanding of learning processes, motivation, and knowledge formation. However, these theories are rooted in secular philosophical foundations that place humanity at the center of truth while neglecting the spiritual dimension revealed in Scripture. This condition creates tension for Christian education, which upholds the Bible as the epistemological basis and ultimate purpose of learning. This study aims to critically examine the secular assumptions embedded within modern learning theories, identify pedagogical elements that can be integrated into Christian education, and formulate strategies for Christian educators to utilize secular theories without compromising their theological foundation. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method through a literature review of books, journals, and relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that although modern learning theories offer valuable pedagogical insights, they contain naturalistic, rationalistic, humanistic, and relativistic assumptions that must be filtered through biblical theology. Christian educators are not required to reject secular theories entirely; rather, they bear an apologetic responsibility to discern useful methods, reject conflicting philosophical assumptions, and direct the entire learning process toward glorifying God. Thus, modern learning theories can function as effective tools within Christian education when positioned correctly as pedagogical instruments under the authority of Scripture.

Spiritual needs during adolescence are very important because this time in life helps shape who a person is, how they feel, and their beliefs. This study looks at the spiritual needs of teenagers and young people at GKE Betang Kahanjak Palangkaraya, and explores ways that Christian Religious Education (PAK) can help them grow spiritually. By looking at existing research and observing the local context, the study finds that young people need support in their personal spirituality, their Christian identity, building relationships, getting guidance, becoming stronger in tough situations, and making good moral choices. Good PAK approaches include mentoring that focuses on relationships, studying the Bible in a way that fits their situation, using digital tools for spiritual growth, combining service with learning, and guidance that builds strong character. Churches need to keep up with how young people are changing and create new ways of ministry that really help teenagers and young adults grow spiritually.

The implementation of Christian Religious Education (PAK) plays an important role in strengthening the spiritual growth of the congregation through Sunday worship as a means of continuous faith formation. This research and community service (PKM) activity was conducted at the GKSI Kampung Rama Church with the aim of understanding how PAK is implemented in Sunday worship and its impact on the spiritual life of the congregation. The method used was a qualitative-descriptive approach that included observation, field questionnaires, and literature study. The results of the study show that the church implements PAK through various elements of worship such as sermons, Bible readings, liturgy, praise, and special programs such as catechism, Sunday school, and cell groups. All of these elements complement each other to guide the congregation towards maturity in faith and a comprehensive understanding of God's word. However, there are several challenges in implementing PAK, such as limited teaching staff, lack of facilities, the influence of culture and globalization, and lack of support from families and congregations in spiritual guidance. To overcome these challenges, the Church has made several improvements, such as improving the quality of teaching the Word, developing participatory worship, utilizing technology to train ministers, and forming communities for spiritual guidance after worship. Through these efforts, the spiritual growth of the congregation has shown positive and more focused changes. Thus, the implementation of PAK through Sunday worship has proven to be effective in helping the congregation grow spiritually and strengthen their faith in their daily lives.

The Protestant Reformation, pioneered by Martin Luther in the 16th century, was an important moment in Christian history. This movement emerged as a critique of Catholic Church practices, particularly the sale of indulgences and the abuse of power by clergy, which were considered to deviate from the teachings of the Bible. In response, the Catholic Church convened the Council of Trent. This council not only reaffirmed the teachings of the faith but also tightened spiritual discipline and reformed the internal structure to maintain the unity of the Church. In addition, the Council of Trent also encouraged pastoral renewal supported by religious orders, especially the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which played a major role in education, missions, and social services. This study analyzes the roots of the Reformation, examines the Council of Trent as the official response of the Catholic Church, and explores the forms of pastoral renewal that emerged afterwards. The results show that although the Protestant Reformation was a major challenge, the Catholic Church's response through the Council of Trent and the pastoral renewal movement succeeded in strengthening Catholic identity and left an important legacy that has influenced the development of the Church to this day.

This community service activity aims to strengthen the leadership capacity of youth and congregations at the Faithful Christian Church of Indonesia (GKSI) Ampadi, West Kalimantan, through empowerment programs and training based on spiritual values. The church as a faith community has a strategic responsibility in creating leadership regeneration, but the reality on the ground shows that youth involvement in ministry is still limited. This service activity was carried out with a participatory and qualitative descriptive approach, through stages of observation, literature study, spiritual leadership training, cross-generational mentoring, and direct assistance to participants. The results of the activity showed that the low participation of youth in GKSI Ampadi was caused by a lack of structural development, the dominance of the senior generation, and the absence of a clear cadre system. Through a Bible-based leadership training program, the formation of an inclusive ministry team, and ongoing mentoring, there was a significant increase in youth involvement and synergy between congregations. In addition, this activity produced a leadership cadre roadmap as a strategic guide for the church in developing human resources for ministry. This service activity not only had an impact on improving the quality of service and congregational activity, but also strengthened the process of sustainable leadership regeneration within the local church environment. It is hoped that this empowerment model can be applied contextually by other churches to build dynamic, inclusive, and contemporary service communities.

This paper focuses on a critical reflection on the text of Psalm 1:1-6, specifically introducing two opposing paths between "the way of the righteous" and "the way of the wicked." A critical approach to this text is carried out by considering interpretive and contextual aspects, and finding the meanings contained therein by connecting the experiences of modern-millennial humans. This writing uses qualitative methods and a library research approach, to the Bible, and the book of Psalms 1-72, as well as the book Traces of God's Salvation Work: An Introduction and the Ins and Outs of the Old Testament Scriptures. This writing involves critical reflection on the structure of the text, key words, and moral messages hidden in Psalm 1:1-6. In addition, this paper also explores the social and spiritual implications of understanding "the way of the righteous" and "the way of the wicked" in the context of modern-millennial society. The main finding in this writing is to provide deeper insight into how the concepts expressed in the Book of Psalms 1:1-6 can be applied in the lives of modern-millennial humans, as well as how the moral messages from the text can be relevant in guiding individuals in choosing the right path in life.

This article aims to explore the leadership management of Timothy, a young leader in the Bible, by examining his values, principles, challenges, and the relevance of his leadership for contemporary Christian students. The study employs a qualitative literature review method by analyzing the books of 1 and 2 Timothy, supported by relevant management and theological literature. The findings reveal that Timothy’s leadership is characterized by faithfulness, exemplary living, humility, courage, spiritual discipline, and a strong commitment to maintaining the purity of Christ’s teachings. In facing challenges such as false doctrines, social pressures, and limited congregational support, Timothy demonstrated managerial skills grounded in faith and obedience to the guidance of the Apostle Paul. The study highlights that Timothy’s leadership principles remain highly relevant for Christian students today in developing integrity, resilience, and service-oriented leadership. Furthermore, his example provides valuable insights into integrating spiritual management within academic and organizational contexts. This article contributes to a deeper theological understanding of leadership management that unites faith-based values, moral responsibility, and practical competence to respond wisely and ethically to the challenges of modern life.

Leadership is a very important aspect in various organizations, including church organizations. There are many leadership characteristics in the Bible that can serve as models for leadership in the church. This article is a literature review using a qualitative approach to the text of 1 Timothy 4:12, focusing on the leadership of a young person. Its purpose is to encourage students to understand and apply the leadership model mentioned in 1 Timothy 4:12. The method used is descriptive analysis of the text of 1 Timothy 4:12, in order to provide a clear picture and understanding of the principles of young leadership. In addition, the descriptive method is also used to assess students’ understanding of leadership principles based on the text, as well as the level of their application in life and ministry. In conclusion, students understand the leadership principles in 1 Timothy 4:12, especially the importance of being an example, where the quality of a young person’s character is not merely theoretical, but students are able to live it out.

This research examines the role of family quality time in dealing with children with special needs (ABK) from the perspective of John 9:2-3. Based on analysis of the text, this research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with library study methods to collect and analyze data from various relevant sources. The results of the discussion show that children with special needs are God's initial creation, and there is a need for a deep understanding of human diversity and rejection of stigmatization related to children's conditions. In this context, the role of the family is very important in supporting, protecting and treating children with special needs with appropriate love and respect. The perspective of John 9:2-3 shows that the physical or mental condition of children with special needs is not the result of sin, but is an opportunity to demonstrate God's power and demonstrate God's love and deep concern for children. Therefore, implementing the role of family quality time involves several approaches, including giving full attention when together, involving children in family activities, and reading and meditating on the Bible together. So, this approach has great potential to promote the well-being and development of children with special needs, as well as strengthen healthy and inclusive intrafamilial relationships. Thus, the role of family quality time in dealing with children with special needs is important morally and spiritually, as well as in forming a strong foundation for children's growth and happiness in the family context.

The aim of this research is to find out how to surviveTemptation According to James 1:12-15 and to know Reflection on surviving trials according to the letter James 1:12-15 towards the Sangga Beru GKPPD Congregation". The research method used used in writing this scientific work is a qualitative method, namely the approach exegesis by Gordon D. Fee. The interpretation method used is of course by using terms and steps for interpreting the Bible, the steps used by the author are: including text, analyzing text, translating text, comparing translations, criticizing apparatus, grammatical and syntactic analysis, data and analysis of historical situations (cultural historical background), results of exegesis, application. The results of the study stated that everyone was able to survive then he will stand the test, and when he has stood the test he will receive the crown of life God promises to whoever loves Him. And when someone experiences temptation, let no one say this is a trial comes from God because God Himself cannot be tempted by evil and God Himself does not tempt anyone, and on the other hand, temptation comes when someone tests himself because has been enticed by evil so that desire has been fertilized and will give birth to sin and sin will bring death in his life, temptation also brings holy life when someone is able to withstand trials and persevere in life. It's the same with the GKPPD Sangga congregation Beru, who was able to withstand trials and persevere, was patient for years when he experienced trials from the outside in the form of a large-scale demolition of the church so that until now it doesn't have one a proper house of worship. Even so, the Sangga Beru GKPPD congregation continued to implement it duties and responsibilities as a Christian congregation that grows and perseveres in fellowship.

Christian religioun education regarding values ​​and ethics must be able to guide and  develop the  character and ethical values ​​according to what is taught in the Bible, for students at school have the right foundation from an early age. The method used is an analytical method that analyzes problems using qualitative methods with a study approach. This research relates to data or written material that is appropriate to the topic of discussion. Christ's character education method given to children is not just theoretical, but as parents directly and automatically become teachers who must teach noble values ​​in the family and provide and share role models for children to emulate. Character education is a system of instilling and developing character values ​​in children which includes knowledge, awareness or will, and actions to implement these values, both towards God, oneself, others, the environment and nationality so that they become virtuous human beings.

The spirituality of today’s church youth encounters multidimensional challenges, particularly the pervasive influence of digital culture, the gradual decline in interest toward spiritual disciplines, and the weakening of involvement in ecclesial ministry. Such dynamics often create a gap between theological knowledge and lived faith experiences. This Community Service (PkM) initiative was designed to respond to these issues by implementing an interactive model aimed at enhancing the spiritual understanding of the youth at GKSI Trimorejo Congregation. The model emphasizes participatory learning processes, in which youth are not merely passive recipients of teaching but active contributors to collective faith formation. The methodological framework consisted of three main stages: initial observation to identify needs and spiritual conditions; preparation of training modules contextualized with the congregation’s realities; and the implementation of interactive activities such as group discussions, thematic Bible studies, role-play, and collective reflection. Evaluation strategies integrated both quantitative and qualitative approaches, including pre-tests and post-tests to measure cognitive growth, alongside participatory interviews to capture experiential insights. The findings reveal a notable increase in youth comprehension of biblical principles, heightened enthusiasm and participation in church programs, and the establishment of a more cohesive spiritual learning community. Furthermore, the process encouraged a deeper sense of belonging and responsibility among the participants toward their ecclesial environment. In conclusion, the interactive model demonstrates significant effectiveness in fostering youth spirituality and may serve as a viable alternative strategy for churches encountering similar challenges within contemporary contexts of ministry.

This study discusses child adoption in the context of Christian theology, focusing on the opinions of the congregation of HKBP Kana Resort Kana Duri. Child adoption is an effort to provide affection and protection to children who do not have biological parents or who have been abandoned, in accordance with the values of love and acceptance taught in the Bible. In the Christian view, adoption is not only seen as a social solution, but also has a deep theological dimension, reflecting the relationship between God and His people as Father and His children. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to explore the congregation's views on child adoption and the challenges they face in implementing this practice. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies, which were then analyzed to understand the theological meaning of child adoption and the congregation's opinions on adoption. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the problems that exist are in the personal and social readiness of the congregation, lack of education, and the absence of special assistance from the church as an institution of faith that should be a protector and director in making ethical and moral decisions for its congregation.