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This research aims to find out conceptual errors in simple airplane material in elementary schools. Understanding concepts is the most important aspect in learning simple airplanes. This is to avoid students' learning misconceptions and is one of the conditions for achieving success in learning simple airplanes. This research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data collection procedure carried out in this research is a literature study. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The research results show that the factors causing students to experience conceptual errors include students' lack of knowledge, wrong or incomplete intuition, teachers' lack of mastery of the material, teachers' use of textbooks, and monotonous teaching methods.

In the context of debate, another issue that occurs is the limited skills of students in identifying and formulating appropriate illocutionary speech acts. In a debate, it is important to communicate arguments clearly and convincingly. However, learners who do not understand the pragmatic aspects of language may have difficulty in formulating strong arguments. This study was conducted to determine the illocutionary speech acts contained in the debate text of Indonesian language book class X curriculum 2013. The purpose of this research is to examine the application of illocutionary speech acts in debate texts. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative analysis, pragmatics theoretical approach, and data collection techniques with observational studies on Indonesian language book documents grade X curriculum 2013. The analysis technique used in the research uses agic analyzing technique. This research makes a significant contribution to understanding and improving the application of illocutionary speech acts in debate texts. The results of this research, there is some data that covers the aspects of illocutionary speech acts in debate texts. The data contains expressive, directive, assertive, declarative, and commissive illocutionary speech act categories totaling 34 data. It is concluded that the application of illocutionary speech acts can be identified and classified in speech acts that are adjusted to the category. The benefit of this research is as a source of knowledge to deepen the science of pragmatics in illocutionary speech acts.

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of speech. One of the pragmatic materials is analyzed in this research, namely elocutionary speech acts. Locutionary speech acts themselves are speech acts with the intention of completing something. The thing that underlies this research is the researcher's curiosity about the application of illocutionary speech acts in a speech. This research aims to determine and describe the form of illocutionary speech acts in a news text learning video on Revi Nurmeyani's YouTube channel. The approach used to research this research is to use a theoretical and methodological approach, the theoretical approach used is a pragmatic approach while the methodological approach used is a qualitative descriptive approach. The data source used is speech in Revi Nurmeyani's news text learning video. Data collection was carried out using the matching and sharing method. The results of the analysis are presented using informal methods. The research results found locutionary speech acts in the parts of inviting, informing, explaining, asking and reminding with a total of 76 data taken from the data source, namely Revi Nurmeyani's YouTube channel, discussing news text material. This research can be used as reference material for understanding locutionary speech act material in pragmatics, besides that it can also be used as supporting material or examples for further research related to pragmatic material, especially regarding locutionary speech acts.

Every day, humans are involved in communication using language. During the communication process, everyone in language is always related to factors that affect the smoothness of communication. Communication can never be separated from the name of speech acts, and to state something is called locutionary speech acts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the various locutionary speech acts contained in the narrative excerpts of historical novels contained in Indonesian language textbooks intended for Class XII Curriculum 2013. The research method used is a descriptive approach with qualitative analysis. The data used are narrative excerpts of historical novels from Indonesian language textbooks intended for grade XII students. Among the identified locutionary speech acts, statement speech acts are the most frequently used, with command speech acts and question speech acts also present. Through this research, a deeper understanding of the use of locutionary speech acts in narrative excerpts of historical novels contained in Indonesian language textbooks for class XII of the 2013 curriculum is obtained. This study are expected to serve as a guideline for developing Indonesian teaching materials that are more effective and relevant.