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This research explores the dynamics of public administration in Indonesia by comparing the roles and interactions of the formal and informal sectors in service delivery. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the study examines how these two sectors function independently and collaboratively within the broader context of governance. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with stakeholders from both sectors, including government officials, community leaders, and informal service providers. The findings reveal that while the formal sector is essential for providing structured public services and ensuring accountability, it often faces challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies and limited responsiveness to local needs. In contrast, the informal sector plays a critical role in addressing gaps left by formal institutions, offering agile and community-driven solutions, particularly in underserved areas. However, the informal sector also encounters significant challenges, including a lack of recognition and resources, which can hinder its effectiveness. The study highlights the importance of fostering collaboration between the formal and informal sectors to enhance public service delivery. By integrating the strengths of both sectors, it is possible to create a more responsive and effective public administration system. The research emphasizes that recognizing and supporting the informal sector as a complement to the formal sector is crucial for improving governance outcomes in Indonesia. The study provides actionable recommendations for policymakers to promote synergy between these sectors, ultimately leading to better public services that meet the diverse needs of the Indonesian population.

Decision Support System for Selecting Contraceptives for Women Using the Weighted Product (WP) Method to determine the best alternative results. In this method, there are 5 (five) criteria and 5 alternative contraceptives for women. To test the results, a comparison is made of the results given by the midwife with the results from the system. After that, ranking is carried out according to the highest value from the calculation results for selecting contraceptives for women.

This study aims to determine the ratio of the concentration of the processing industry, labor absorption, and the value expenditure on labor in the province of bali. The data analysis method used in this analysis is the CR4 concentration analysis method. The data used is the analysis data on the number of large and medium processing industries, labor, and expenditure on labor in 2018 – 2021 obtained from the Central Statistic Agency (BPS) in the province of Bali. The result of this study indicate that : (1) In terms of CR4 analysis calculations, the concentration of the processing industry in the province Bali in 2018 – 2021 has a role in labor absorption. (2) In terms of CR4 analysis calculation, the concentration of the processing industry in province Bali in 2018 – 2021 has a role in the amound of expenditure given to labor. (3) In terms of CR4 analysis calculation, the concentration of the processing industry in the province Bali in 2021  has a role contributing to the PDRB in the province of Bali, as well as a comparison of the CR4 ratio in the province of Bali from 2018 – 2021.

Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata L.) propagation through conventional methods requires a considerable amount of time. Tissue culture techniques offer a more efficient alternative, enabling the production of plantlets with superior quality and quantity in a shorter period. The application of Zn nanoparticles has been shown to reduce media contamination and act as a biostimulant, enhancing propagation efficiency in tissue culture. Auxins, such as Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), facilitate cell development and root induction, while cytokinins, including 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP), are effective in stimulating cell division, morphogenesis, and shoot formation with improved stability and resistance to oxidation. This study was conducted from February to June 2023 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur. The research utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: the concentration of Zn nanoparticles and the ratio of ZPT concentrations. The results indicated that the best treatment for multiplication was obtained with 50 ppm Zn nanoparticles, resulting in the fastest shoot emergence at 24,63 days and the highest number of shoots per plantlet at 2,58 shoots. Furthermore, the treatment with a ZPT concentration ratio of NAA + BAP (0:0) produced the highest average number of plantlet leaves, with 5,78 leaves per plantlet.

This study discusses the importance of integrating Guidance and Counseling (BK) in the Strengthening of Pancasila Student Profile (P5) Project at SMKN 1 Cilegon, as well as the factors that hinder the involvement of BK in this activity. P5 aims to internalize the values of Pancasila in students through a project-based approach, with a focus on character development and soft skills. However, the implementation of P5 at SMKN 1 Cilegon has not optimally involved BK. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach to analyze the factors that cause BK's lack of participation in P5, its impact on students' social-emotional development, and a comparison with practices at other schools that have successfully integrated BK into P5. The results of the study show that administrative barriers, a lack of understanding of the role of BK, and limited communication between teachers and school management are the main obstacles. The impact of BK's non-involvement includes a reduction in the effectiveness of P5 in supporting character education and diminishing students' ability to face social-emotional challenges. This study recommends enhancing administrative support, providing training for teachers and counselors, and improving coordination among school stakeholders so that BK can optimally contribute to achieving the goals of P5. Effective integration of BK is expected to support the holistic development of students in line with the values of Pancasila.

Business ethics here does not only talk about human behavior towards nature but talks about the relationship between all the life of the universe, between humans and humans who have an impact on nature, and between humans and other creatures or with nature as a whole, including political and economic policies that relate or have a direct impact or not with nature. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative because it tries to explain without making comparisons or connecting with other variables. It was found that business ethics is a pillar that is not only important for sustainability but also for growth and competitiveness. Consistently applied ethical principles can create long-term value and strengthen the company's relationship with all related parties.    

This research aims to analyze the factors that affect the political participation of novice voters from generation Z in the 2024 General Election. The main focus of the research is to understand the motivation, perceptions, and challenges faced by novice voters in exercising their voting rights for the first time. The research method used is a qualitative approach to phenomenology. The research category includes 4 novice voters who have just participated and become the same experience because of the first time. Data is collected through direct interviews and analyzed using analysis from several predetermined categories. Research results show that there is a comparison of the participation of new voters of generation Z through the use of social media between twitter and non-twitter users supported by the lack of political literacy which has the most significant positive influence on the level of participation.

This study aims to examine the theological significance of King David's removal of the Ark of the Covenant in 1 Chronicles 13:1-14, highlighting the critical nature of keeping God's commandments during worship. The research involved an examination of the text and its context, along with a comparison with the related narrative found in 2 Samuel. the research revealed that the failure of David and the people of Israel to follow God's instructions in moving the Ark according to God's instructions resulted in the death of Uzzah, which illustrates the consequences of ignoring God's holiness. The three-month stay of the Ark in Obed-Edom's house resulted in blessings, which reinforces the idea that God's presence is experienced when His laws are honored and obeyed. The results of this study underscore the importance of obedience to God's commandments.

This study compares weather data from conventional and digital measurement tools at Raja Haji Abdullah-Karimun Meteorological Station and evaluates the correlation value between the two. Descriptive quantitative methods were used to analyze weather data from January 2022 to December 2023. Results showed significant differences between weather data from conventional and digital tools. The Mann-Whitney statistical test showed a probability value (sig) less than the set significance level (0.000 < 0.05), indicating a significant difference. This finding highlights the importance of calibrating measurement tools to ensure accuracy and consistency in observations. On temperature and humidity measurements, the Mann-Whitney test showed sufficient statistical evidence to reject the null hypothesis (H0) and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1), stating a significant difference between digital and conventional measurements. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of continuous validation of weather measurement methods as well as the need for adjustment and improvement of measurement tools to ensure reliable results. This research makes an important contribution to the understanding of the comparison of conventional and digital weather measurement tools, which can serve as a basis for the development of future weather observation technologies.

Halal products are increasingly in demand by many people, not only in the national market but also in the international market. Indonesia has experienced an increase in the consumption rank of halal products from year to year. One of the indicators is the implementation of halal certificates. Halal certificates cannot be issued just like that without procedures and checks from the authorities. However, looking at the dynamics, halal certificates have experienced developments from time to time. These changes can be seen after the existence of Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee. The formulation of this problem is how is the comparison between the regulation of halal certificates by MUI and BPJPH? The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of halal certificate regulations by MUI and BPJPH, namely before and after the issuance of the JPH Law. This research uses the Library study method with various sources that support the object of research. The primary data source of this research is Law No.33 of 2014, MUI Fatwa, and its official website. Secondary data sources are from journals, theses, and related theses. The result of this research is that there are similarities and differences between the regulation of halal certificates by MUI and BPJPH. The difference is not only in the content of the regulation, but also in the halal logo issued. This logo is not just a picture, but more than that, it has a deep philosophy.   Keywords: BPJPH, Halal, Certificate, MUI Halal products are increasingly in demand by many people, not only in the national market but also in the international market. Indonesia has experienced an increase in the consumption rank of halal products from year to year. One of the indicators is the implementation of halal certificates. Halal certificates cannot be issued just like that without procedures and checks from the authorities. However, looking at the dynamics, halal certificates have experienced developments from time to time. These changes can be seen after the existence of Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee. The formulation of this problem is how is the comparison between the regulation of halal certificates by MUI and BPJPH? The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of halal certificate regulations by MUI and BPJPH, namely before and after the issuance of the JPH Law. This research uses the Library study method with various sources that support the object of research. The primary data source of this research is Law No.33 of 2014, MUI Fatwa, and its official website. Secondary data sources are from journals, theses, and related theses. The result of this research is that there are similarities and differences between the regulation of halal certificates by MUI and BPJPH. The difference is not only in the content of the regulation, but also in the halal logo issued. This logo is not just a picture, but more than that, it has a deep philosophy.

The purpose of this author's research is to see the comparison of students' PAI learning outcomes using the Rotating Trio Exchange (RTE) and Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning models at SMP Negeri 1 Banuhampu in class VII students and compare PAI learning outcomes with the two learning models. The type of research used is experimental with a quantitative approach. The population was all seventh grade students consisting of 9 classes and a total of 275 students. The sample in this study used random techniques, obtained 2 classes that became samples with details of 58 students. The classes taken were VII.1 and VII.2. Data were collected through the scores of students' PAI learning outcomes obtained through the PAI learning outcomes test in the form of multiple choice. The results of the research that has been done, the results show that there are learning outcomes of students who use the RTE learning model have been above the KKM value of 76. And the learning outcomes of students who use the NHT learning model have been above the KKM score of 76. And there is also a significant difference in the PAI learning outcomes of students in the RTE learning model with the method of Shapiro Wilk at sig 0.05, as well as the NHT learning model.

Education is an important foundation for individual and societal development. Education systems in various countries have unique characteristics that reflect their values, history and socio-economic needs. In a global context, the education systems in the United States and Germany are examples of two very different but equally influential approaches in shaping the future of their young generation. Education in the United States is known for its diverse and flexible system. The country has adopted a decentralized model, in which educational responsibility rests largely with states and school districts. Curriculum often varies from region to region, giving freedom to adapt course material to local needs. This system also prioritizes the principle of inclusion, with various programs that support diversity and access to education for all students, including those with special needs. High schools offer a variety of educational pathways, including academic, vocational, and arts pathways, giving students the freedom to choose according to their interests and talents. Education in Germany is famous for its structured system and focus on early specialization. After completing basic education, students in Germany follow different educational paths according to their abilities and interests, through a system known as, Realschule or Gymnasium. Vocational education is also receiving great attention in Germany, with many students following a dual system that combines practical training in the workplace with theoretical education at school. This system aims to ensure that students gain skills relevant to the needs of the job market and facilitate a smooth transition from education to the world of work. With these differences in approach, each country offers valuable insight into how education can be organized to meet social and economic goals. Comparative analysis between these two systems can provide insight into the strengths and challenges of each model, as well as the potential for implementing best practices in a global educational context.

This study aims to analyze the quality of service in the Culinary Arts Practical Laboratory at SMK Ibu Pertiwi 1 using the Service Quality (Servqual) method. Service quality is an important element in supporting the success of the education process, especially in the Culinary Arts expertise program that requires laboratory facilities as a means of practical learning. The Servqual method is used to evaluate five main dimensions, namely tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy.This study was conducted by collecting data through questionnaires distributed to students as users of laboratory services. Data analysis used a comparison between students' expectations of ideal service quality and their perceptions of the services received. The results of the study showed a gap in several dimensions of service quality, especially in the tangibles dimension which includes the completeness and condition of laboratory facilities. In addition, the responsiveness and reliability dimensions are also of concern because students feel that the response to complaints and service consistency are not optimal.From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the quality of laboratory services needs to be improved to meet student expectations. Recommendations for improvement include improving physical facilities, training for laboratory staff to improve responsiveness and reliability, and strengthening security assurance in the practical learning process. This study contributes to school management in creating a more effective and quality learning environment.

This article discusses a comparison of the educational systems between Japan and India, two countries with rich and diverse educational traditions. The Japanese education system is known for its systematic and structured approach, emphasizing discipline, hard work and quality-based learning, whereas India has a more heterogeneous system, influenced by broader social and economic diversity. In Japan, primary and secondary education are very important stages, with a focus on moral and academic development. In contrast, India's education system faces major challenges related to infrastructure, access, and inequality between urban and rural areas. This article also reviews recent education policies in both countries, as well as their efforts to reform higher education and align curricula with global needs. Through this analysis, it is hoped that it can provide deeper insight into the strengths and weaknesses of each country's education system, as well as lessons that can be taken to improve the overall quality of education.    

This research aims to compare the role of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah in politics in Indonesia. This study belongs to library study research type of research conducted to write, clarify, and collect data from many reported data sources, both unwritten and written. The data were collected through the so-called literature study. Citing and analyzing data with this documentation technique aims to search, collect, and process data from written documents such as books, journals, and other written sources. The results revealed that NU and Muhammadiyah have depicted their respective roles in politics in Indonesia since their inception. The differences could be seen from several comparisons, such as ideology, background, reasons for formation, and orientation. Moreover, NU and Muhammadiyah have provided a tangible impact on Indonesian society. Subsequently, the differences in ideology have had a different impact in politics.

This research is a quantitative research with a quasi-experimental research design. Comparison of the effectiveness between groups of students using the TaRL (Teaching at The Right Level) learning method as a control group and groups of students using the CRT (Culturally Responsive Teaching) learning method as an experimental group on the Mathematics Learning Outcomes of Students IX MIPA 1 and IX MIPA 2 SMAS Mardi Yuana Bogor Regency. The sampling technique was carried out by determining according to the wishes of the researcher, namely students who were already in the class. The instrument used in this study was in the form of a test in the form of pretest and posttest questions to measure student learning outcomes. The instruments tested amounted to 20 questions with an objective or multiple-choice test assessment system which were analyzed using simple regression analysis including the t-test and coefficient of determination. The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference between the group of students using the TARL (teaching at the right level) learning method and the group of students using the CRT (culturally responsive teaching) learning method on mathematics learning outcomes as indicated by t count < t table (1.04 < 2.021) and a significance value of 1.04 > 2.024.

Education is a place where initially people who don't know anything can find out and education is very important for all human beings, both in Indonesia and other countries. Basic education is an important part of the education system. Through basic education, students are provided with scientific concepts, moral cultivation, character formation and other basic knowledge needed in social life. The aim of writing this article is to examine the comparison of Indonesia's basic education system with that of the United States. The research approach used is a literature study by reviewing several previous research studies and by analyzing learning videos in each country that are viewed on YouTube. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive methods. The results obtained are that there are differences in basic education policies in Indonesia and the United States. These differences can be seen from the curriculum system and structure used. However, both Indonesia and the United States have tried to implement the best basic education system according to the capabilities of their respective countries. Keywords: Education system, United States, Indonesia

When making investment decisions, it is crucial for investors to consider various risks that may arise, both in the short and long term. One method to measure risk is through volatility. Volatility represents a statistical measurement of the degree of price variation over a specific period, expressed as volatility (σ) (Aklimawati & Wahyudi, 2013). This study aims to discuss the pricing of European option contracts using Conditional Monte Carlo simulation and the Black-Scholes method. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from Yahoo Finance. The data consists of quantitative information, namely the monthly closing prices of Toyota Motor Corporation (TM) stock, spanning 5 years from July 1, 2019, to July 1, 2024, yielding 60 data points. In this research, the pricing of European call option contracts was calculated using Conditional Monte Carlo simulation and the Black-Scholes method. The study concludes that European option contract pricing can be determined using two methods: Conditional Monte Carlo simulation and the Black-Scholes method. Conditional Monte Carlo simulation can be employed to calculate European option prices in a structured manner, utilizing stochastic volatility estimated through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. The two methods yield differing option prices; Conditional Monte Carlo simulation produces lower option price estimates with relatively lower error values compared to the Black-Scholes method at every strike price. The lower estimates from Conditional Monte Carlo simulation are due to its consideration of stochastic changes in volatility, whereas the Black-Scholes method results in higher prices due to its assumption of constant volatility. The comparison demonstrates that Conditional Monte Carlo simulation provides cheaper price estimates under market conditions with non-constant volatility, despite requiring higher computational time compared to the Black-Scholes method.   ,

This study aims to analyze the comparison between the curriculum of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) and Elementary Schools (SD) in shaping students' religious character. A qualitative approach with a descriptive method was employed to explore in depth the differences and similarities of the two curricula, particularly in the aspects of religious values integrated into the learning process. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and curriculum document analysis from several MIs and SDs in Banjarmasin.The findings reveal that the MI curriculum focuses more on strengthening Islamic education through specialized subjects such as Al-Qur'an, Hadith, Fiqh, and Akhlak, as well as integrating religious values into general subjects. Meanwhile, the SD curriculum positions Islamic education as part of the subject "Religious Education and Character Building," which has a more limited portion compared to MI. However, SD excels in implementing thematic approaches that connect moral values with everyday life contexts.This study concludes that the MI curriculum is more effective in deeply cultivating religious character, while the SD curriculum tends to reinforce moral values within a more universal framework. These findings are expected to serve as an evaluation resource for education policymakers to enhance the integration of religious values holistically in both types of educational institutions.

Character education is an important aspect in forming a generation with integrity and morals. This research aims to analyze the comparison of character education in Japan and Indonesia, including understanding, character education systems, problems and implementation. A qualitative approach using literature study methods was used to explore policies, curricula and character education practices in both countries. The research results show that Japan emphasizes the values ​​of togetherness, discipline and responsibility through integration in daily life at school, while Indonesia focuses more on strengthening religious values, nationalism and morality through special subjects. Differences in cultural context and education systems are the main factors influencing each country's approach. This research is expected to contribute to the development of a more effective character education model in Indonesia by adopting best practices from Japan.