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This study aims to examine in depth the influence of price, promotion, and switching barriers on customer loyalty of Telkomsel prepaid cards, with customer satisfaction as an intervening variable in Generation Z in West Palu District. This study is motivated by the intense competition in the telecommunications industry and the importance of maintaining customer loyalty amidst the increasing number of service options. Data were collected from 100 respondents who are active Telkomsel prepaid card users through questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) approach using SmartPLS software version 4.0. The results show that the price variable has a significant direct effect on customer loyalty, but does not show a significant effect on customer satisfaction. Conversely, promotion has a significant effect on satisfaction, but does not directly affect customer loyalty significantly. Switching barriers are shown to have a significant effect on both satisfaction and loyalty, indicating that the higher the switching barriers, the more likely customers will remain loyal. In addition, customer satisfaction also significantly affects loyalty. Another important finding is that of the several indirect influences tested, only the path from promotion through satisfaction to loyalty was statistically significant. Therefore, this study suggests the importance of targeted promotional strategies and strengthening switching barriers as effective measures in retaining young customers who are prone to switching services. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that customer loyalty is not solely determined by competitive pricing factors, but is more complex and influenced by customers' emotional and psychological experiences, such as satisfaction with the service and perceptions of the ease or difficulty of switching to another service provider.

This study aims to analyze the mediating role of brand image in the effect of promotional appeal on customer loyalty, specifically in the context of Jiniso fashion products. The research was conducted in Denpasar City using a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique. A total of 100 respondents were selected based on specific criteria relevant to the study objectives. The data were analyzed using inferential statistical techniques, including path analysis, the Sobel test, and the Variance Accounted For (VAF) test to determine the direct and indirect effects between variables. The results of the study show that promotional appeal has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, indicating that attractive and persuasive promotional strategies are capable of increasing consumer commitment to the brand. Furthermore, promotional appeal has a positive and significant effect on brand image, meaning that well-designed promotional messages help build a favorable perception of the brand among customers. The findings also reveal that brand image has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, demonstrating that a strong brand image enhances customer retention and repeated purchases. Importantly, the analysis indicates that brand image partially mediates the relationship between promotional appeal and customer loyalty. This suggests that while promotional appeal directly influences loyalty, it also indirectly enhances loyalty through the improvement of brand image. These findings provide practical implications for marketers and brand managers, emphasizing the importance of developing integrated marketing strategies that combine promotional efforts with brand-building activities to strengthen customer loyalty in the competitive fashion industry. Future research could examine other mediating factors or expand the study to other sectors to increase external validity.

Minister of Health Regulation No. 269 of 2008 explains that medical records are defined as a collection of documents containing complete information regarding patient identity, examination results, therapy, medical procedures, and health services received. In working, an employee should be able to balance their workload to achieve work harmony that contributes to increased productivity. Job satisfaction reflects the appreciation and comfort felt by an individual for the tasks they perform. Conversely, dissatisfaction at work can trigger negative reactions in the form of aggressive behavior or a tendency to withdraw from social interactions around them. Job satisfaction also greatly influences employee motivation and commitment to continue working with enthusiasm and achieve the desired goals. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between workload and job satisfaction with employee performance in the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe in 2023. The research method was an analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe from September to December 2023. The study population was 40 Medical Records Installation employees. The sampling technique used total sampling, namely 40 respondents. Data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The results of the study based on the chi-square test showed a relationship between workload and employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe with a p-value = 0.001 <0.05 and a relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe with a p-value = 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion; The conclusion in the study is that there is a relationship between workload and job satisfaction with employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe in 2023.

This study examines how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance influences financial distress, incorporating cost of debt as a moderating variable. Financial distress is proxied by the Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR), reflecting a firm’s capacity to satisfy interest payments. The empirical sample consists of 655 firm-year observations of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2023. Panel regression with fixed effects and heteroskedasticity-consistent estimation (Panel EGLS with cross-section weights) is employed to analyze the data. Results indicate that ESG performance exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on ICR (β = 0.1189; p < 0.01), implying that firms with robust ESG practices are better able to service their debt and thus face lower financial distress. Additionally, the interaction term between ESG and cost of debt yields a negative and significant coefficient (β = −0.9714; p < 0.05), suggesting that elevated financing costs attenuate the beneficial impact of ESG on financial resilience. These findings are consistent with stakeholder theory, which advocates that proactive engagement with stakeholders enhances corporate stability, and trade-off theory, which underscores the necessity of balancing debt advantages against financial risk. This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating the conditional effect of cost of debt on the ESG–financial distress nexus. From a managerial perspective, the study underscores the importance of integrating ESG initiatives with cost-efficient funding strategies to mitigate financial distress risk and foster sustainable, long-term value creation.

Nausea and vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy are common physiological symptoms that may interfere with maternal comfort and nutritional intake. One widely accepted non-pharmacological therapy to reduce these symptoms is ginger decoction, due to its antinausea properties derived from active compounds such as gingerol and shogaol. This study aims to determine the relationship between pregnant women's level of knowledge and their attitudes toward the use of ginger decoction to alleviate nausea and vomiting in the first trimester. This research employed a quantitative method with a descriptive-analytic design. The population included all first-trimester pregnant women visiting Pratama Madina Clinic during January–February 2024, totaling 47 respondents selected using total sampling. Data collection used a structured questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate techniques, with the Chi-square test applied. The results showed that 75% of respondents had good knowledge and demonstrated a positive attitude toward using ginger decoction. The Chi-square analysis revealed a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude (p = 0.000). The study concludes that knowledge level influences pregnant women's attitudes toward herbal therapy, and ginger decoction is well-accepted as a non-pharmacological option to reduce pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Further health education is recommended to enhance awareness of safe and effective natural therapies for pregnant women.

This study focuses on the development of student character, particularly in terms of discipline and responsibility, at SMPN 1 Ngunut, an outstanding school in Tulungagung Regency. Seventh-grade students are in a transitional phase from elementary to junior high school, making them vulnerable to the influences of their environment and the changing times. Based on observations, many students have not yet demonstrated disciplined behavior, such as arriving on time, completing tasks, cheating during exams, and not paying attention to teachers while learning. This study aims to identify effective Social Studies (IPS) teaching strategies for shaping students' character. The research focuses on (1) the role of teachers as demonstrators in developing disciplined and responsible character through IPS learning, (2) effective strategies employed by teachers to cultivate discipline and responsibility in students, and (3) potential solutions to improve the quality of IPS learning in instilling discipline and responsibility. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. The findings show that (1) IPS learning in the seventh grade at SMPN 1 Ngunut is effective in instilling discipline and responsibility, (2) Teachers use teaching activities to instill values such as punctuality and task completion, (3) Through methods like group work, individual assignments, and behavioral evaluations, students show positive changes, (4) The role of teachers as facilitators and role models is crucial, (5) Collaboration between teachers and the principal creates a school culture that supports character development, and (6) The impact of this process is reflected in increased student awareness of their responsibilities. These findings highlight that IPS not only fosters cognitive knowledge but also serves as a strategic medium for continuous moral and character development.

In the calling of believers, the meaning of spiritual life refers to a strong relationship between a person and their faith, which influences their actions, values, and life goals. Spiritual life is not just about personal piety; it is also an essential part of a believer’s mission, ministry, and relationship with God. It is a journey of transformation that encourages believers to align their lives with divine will and to actively participate in the wider community of faith. This calling encourages believers to pursue their purpose, encouraging moral progress, spiritual maturity, and a sense of responsibility toward others. By living a spiritual life, a person can gain a better understanding of the believer’s place in this world and how they can live according to God’s design.

This study aims to describe students' critical thinking skills in solving numeracy literacy problems by considering their mathematical dispositions. Critical thinking skills are an important competency in 21st-century learning because they play a significant role in understanding concepts, analyzing information, and solving problems with a logical and systematic approach. Numeracy literacy, as part of basic mathematical competencies, requires students not only to be able to calculate but also to understand the context and apply mathematical concepts in real life. In this context, mathematical disposition—which includes self-confidence in mathematics, persistence in solving problems, and curiosity—is seen as a factor that influences students' critical thinking skills. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with student subjects selected based on high, medium, and low mathematical disposition categories. The instruments used consisted of a numeracy literacy test and a semi-structured interview guide. Data were collected through completing a mathematical disposition questionnaire, working on numeracy literacy problems, and in-depth interviews with selected subjects. Data analysis techniques included data reduction, data presentation, and inductive conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that students with a high mathematical disposition tend to have more developed critical thinking skills. They are able to analyze problems in depth, evaluate relevant information, and draw logical and structured conclusions. Conversely, students with medium and low dispositions tend to have limited critical thinking skills, particularly in the aspects of evaluation and conclusion drawing. This finding emphasizes the importance of strengthening mathematical dispositions as an integral part of learning strategies to improve students' critical thinking skills in the context of numeracy literacy.

This study aims to analyze the influence of financial literacy, financial technology, and financial management on the financial performance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Gresik Regency. The background of this study is based on the importance of strengthening the financial aspects of MSMEs as a foundation in facing the challenges of competition and economic uncertainty. The method used is a quantitative approach by distributing structured questionnaires to 96 MSMEs selected through a purposive sampling technique. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS version 26 software to examine the relationships and influences between variables. The results show that financial literacy has a positive and significant influence on the financial performance of MSMEs. This means that the higher the level of understanding of MSMEs regarding financial management, the better the financial performance achieved. Similarly, the use of financial technology has also been shown to have a significant positive effect. The use of digital financial services such as mobile banking, e-wallets, and digital bookkeeping applications can help MSMEs simplify transactions, financial recording, and access to financing, which ultimately improves efficiency and business results. Meanwhile, the financial management variable shows a moderate influence on financial performance. This indicates that financial planning, recording, and control practices in some MSMEs are still suboptimal and need to be improved to contribute more significantly to business performance. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of improving financial literacy and adopting financial technology as key strategies for strengthening MSME performance. This research provides practical recommendations for MSMEs and stakeholders to enhance their financial management capacity to encourage sustainable business growth in the digital era.

This study aims to identify and measure the influence of customer relationships, customer satisfaction, and brand image on customer loyalty at Ryandini’s Sweet Chicken Claw business, located in Sei Sijenggi Village, Hamlet III, Perbaungan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. A quantitative research method was employed, with data collected through observation, documentation, and questionnaires. The questionnaires used a Likert scale as a measurement tool to assess respondents’ opinions accurately. Data analysis was conducted using several stages, including validity and reliability tests, classical assumption testing, and multiple linear regression analysis, processed through SPSS version 22. These methods were used to ensure the validity of the instrument and the consistency of the findings. The research findings demonstrate that customer relationships have a significant and positive effect on customer loyalty. Customers who feel connected and valued by the business are more likely to remain loyal. Likewise, customer satisfaction—reflecting the extent to which customers' expectations are met or exceeded—has a strong and positive influence on loyalty. In addition, the brand image of the business, which encompasses customer perceptions and reputation of the product, also significantly influences loyalty in a positive direction. Furthermore, the simultaneous analysis of customer relationships, customer satisfaction, and brand image shows that all three variables jointly have a significant and positive impact on customer loyalty. This means that enhancing these three factors can strengthen customer retention and long-term commitment. These results provide valuable insights for small business owners in the food and beverage industry. Focusing on building strong relationships with customers, consistently delivering satisfaction, and maintaining a positive brand image are essential strategies to increase loyalty. For Ryandini’s Sweet Chicken Claw and similar businesses, these findings offer practical guidance for developing customer-centered marketing strategies in an increasingly competitive market.

This study aims to examine the mediating role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the relationship between Perceived Organizational Support (POS), Perceived Organizational Commitment (POC), and employee performance in a state-owned enterprise in Indonesia. In the context of growing public expectations for improved service quality, organizations are challenged to enhance employee performance not only in formal roles but also in discretionary behaviors. Based on Social Exchange Theory (SET), this research proposes that POS and POC can affect performance both directly and indirectly through OCB. Data were collected through a census of 138 permanent employees at PT Jasa Raharja, East Java Branch. The analysis employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesized relationships. The findings show that POS has a significant positive influence on both OCB and employee performance. On the other hand, POC significantly influences OCB but does not have a direct impact on performance. The results also reveal that OCB plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between POS and performance, while it acts as a full mediator in the relationship between POC and performance. These findings emphasize the importance of fostering OCB within the organization to optimize the impact of support and commitment on employee performance. Encouraging voluntary, extra-role behaviors can bridge the gap between how employees perceive organizational treatment and how they perform. The study suggests practical implications for human resource management in public sector institutions. Policies should focus on building a supportive and engaging work climate that enhances affective commitment and acknowledges employee contributions beyond formal duties. Doing so will not only improve individual performance but also contribute to broader organizational effectiveness in a competitive and service-oriented environment.

This research is motivated by the importance of understanding the niqab (face veil) as a religious symbol and an identity marker for Muslim women, which continues to spark public debate in Indonesia. The niqab is often viewed from various perspectives—religious, cultural, social, and political—making it a controversial topic. These differing viewpoints highlight the need for a deeper exploration of the meaning and practice of wearing the niqab, especially within Islamic higher education institutions. The study aims to examine both the normative and sociological aspects of niqab use among female students at Ma’had Al-Birr, Muhammadiyah University (Unismuh) Makassar. This institution is known for having a significant number of students who wear the niqab, each with different backgrounds and motivations, ranging from theological beliefs to personal convictions and environmental influences. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a field-based approach. It combines normative Islamic theological perspectives with sociological analysis, using data collection techniques such as observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that students perceive the niqab not merely as a religious obligation to cover one's aurat (parts of the body that should be concealed), but also as a symbol of piety, honor, obedience, and personal ijtihad (independent reasoning) in practicing Islamic teachings. An inclusive campus environment supports these students in engaging freely in both academic and social activities. However, challenges still arise, particularly in the form of stereotypes and perceptions of exclusivity that some individuals associate with niqab wearers. These misconceptions underscore the importance of cross-perspective understanding in addressing this phenomenon. This study is expected to contribute to the development of campus policies that support freedom of expression, uphold mutual respect, and promote a more inclusive, open, and tolerant atmosphere within Islamic higher education institutions—one that embraces the diversity of religious practices and encourages respectful coexistence.

Splinting training aims to improve everyone's ability to perform emergency care. The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent to which splinting training influences the ability to manage upper extremity injuries in adolescents using the splinting simulation method. This study was a quantitative study using a one-group pretest-posttest design with a sample of 40 adolescent medical students using a purposive sampling approach. Data were analyzed using the T-test. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in the skill level of the simulation group between pre and post (p <0.005). So it was concluded that splinting training using direct simulation can improve the ability to manage upper extremity injuries. Therefore, it is hoped that training using this simulation method can be used for all topics, learning types, and every domain; cognitive, affective, psychomotor and interpersonal.

This study aims to examine whether there is a correlation between the hedonistic lifestyle of STIE Bima students and their aspiration to purchase an iPhone. The hedonistic lifestyle, which focuses on the pursuit of pleasure and instant gratification, often drives individuals to acquire luxury and prestigious items such as the iPhone. However, issues related to the product, such as fast battery drainage, poor performance, and blocked IMEI, have been documented by users. These problems can affect the brand image and purchasing intentions. Furthermore, the temporary nature of hedonistic pleasure causes consumers to continually seek new products to fulfill their emotional desires, which could influence their purchasing decisions. Additionally, negative perceptions of a product’s value, price, or quality may lead consumers to hesitate in making a purchase. Therefore, it is essential to understand how the hedonistic factor interacts with the intention to buy a specific product, particularly among students who are often the primary consumers of electronic products like the iPhone. This study uses a quantitative method with an associative research strategy to explain the relationship between a hedonistic lifestyle and purchase intention. A total of 96 STIE Bima students were selected as the sample, using the Lemeshow algorithm. Data were collected through questionnaires, direct observation, and literature review. Data analysis was performed using various statistical methods, including validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests (such as normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation), as well as multiple linear regression analysis. t-tests (both partial and simultaneous) were used to test the impact of each variable on purchase intention. Correlation coefficients were used to measure the strength of relationships between the variables studied. The results of this study are expected to provide insights into how a hedonistic lifestyle influences iPhone purchasing decisions among students.

This study examines how lighting perception influences reading focus and satisfaction in book cafés in Bandung, Indonesia. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, involving a preference survey and an experimental study conducted at a selected book café. Thirteen female participants were assigned to three distinct seating areas characterized by different lighting conditions. Participants completed reading tasks and evaluated their environmental comfort, focus level, and reading satisfaction. The findings indicate that lighting comfort significantly correlates with focus (ρ = .000, p < .01) and reading satisfaction (ρ = .016, p < .05), although focus and satisfaction were not significantly related. ANOVA results revealed a significant difference in perceived lighting comfort across seating points, with the most favorable conditions found at Point A. These results underscore the importance of lighting design in enhancing the reading experience in multifunctional public spaces such as book cafés. Future research should consider additional environmental variables, including noise and thermal comfort.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the extent to which leg power training through the box jump method influences the increase in volleyball smash jump height in extracurricular participants at SMK Negeri 1 Kuningan. Volleyball requires good physical abilities, especially explosive leg muscle power, because this skill plays a very important role in performing the smash movement as the main form of attack. One form of training that is believed to be able to increase explosive power is box jump training, which is a type of plyometric training that emphasizes repeated jumping movements with high intensity. The research method used was an experiment with a one group pretest-posttest design. The study involved a sample group consisting of 15 students, taken using a total sampling technique from all volleyball extracurricular members. The data collection instrument used the vertical jump smash test according to Ali Maksum. The test was conducted in two stages, namely before treatment (pretest) and after treatment (posttest). The results of data analysis showed a significant increase after being given treatment in the form of box jump training. This is evidenced by a significance value (p) of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a real difference between the pretest and posttest results. In other words, box jump training has been shown to be effective in increasing smash height. These findings indicate that training programs designed to incorporate plyometric elements, particularly box jumps, can optimally develop leg muscle explosive power. Therefore, this study recommends that coaches and sports teachers incorporate box jumps as a primary training component in volleyball skills development programs, significantly improving players' offensive performance.

This study aims to analyze the impact of internal control systems and service quality on accountability and work culture at LP3I Banda Aceh. Specifically, it investigates how internal control systems influence accountability and work culture, as well as the effect of service quality on both accountability and work culture. Additionally, the research explores the role of work culture as a moderating variable in the relationship between internal control systems, service quality, and accountability. The study involves two exogenous variables, namely internal control systems and service quality, and one endogenous variable, accountability. Work culture is treated as a moderating variable. The research population includes employees and lecturers at LP3I Banda Aceh, with a total of 53 respondents in the sample. The analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with PLS 3.0 software. The findings reveal that both internal control systems and service quality partially affect accountability and work culture. More specifically, internal control systems have a positive effect on accountability, indicating that effective internal controls contribute to higher levels of accountability within the institution. Likewise, service quality also influences accountability, suggesting that improving the quality of services leads to better accountability outcomes. Furthermore, work culture is shown to have a significant impact on accountability, reinforcing the idea that a positive work culture fosters higher levels of accountability. Importantly, the study demonstrates that work culture acts as a moderating variable, enhancing the relationship between internal control systems, service quality, and accountability. This indicates that a strong work culture can amplify the positive effects of internal control systems and service quality on accountability, contributing to the overall effectiveness of the institution.

This study aims to determine the extent to which mental ability influences volleyball underhand passing skills and strategies for improving them in seventh-grade students at MTs SA Atholibiyah Bumijawa. The mental abilities studied included learning motivation, concentration, and self-confidence, as all three are considered important factors in supporting sports performance. The study used an experimental survey method with a correlation approach. The sample was determined through a purposive sampling technique, meaning only students who were actively involved in volleyball learning were included as respondents. The research instruments included a questionnaire to measure students' mental ability levels and an observation sheet to assess underhand passing skill practice. Data analysis was conducted using a correlation test to identify the relationship between mental ability and underhand passing skills, and regression analysis to measure the magnitude of the effect. The results showed a significant effect of mental ability on underhand passing skills. Students with high learning motivation tend to be more enthusiastic and consistent in practicing. Good concentration enables students to control movements, maintain balance, and manage timing when passing. In addition, strong self-confidence encourages students' courage in making decisions and reduces technical errors. This results in passing skills with more accuracy, control, and optimal timing. Improving strategies that can be implemented include structured training with the use of assistive devices to enhance technique, providing motivation and positive feedback from teachers to maintain enthusiasm, and focused training such as game simulations to strengthen concentration. The findings of this study confirm that mental development plays a crucial role in learning sports skills, particularly volleyball, thereby improving both the quality of learning and student achievement.

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the influence of capital, labor, raw materials, and production processes on the income of woven cloth artisans in Klungkung Regency, Bali. The woven cloth industry in this region holds significant historical and cultural value, yet faces challenges in increasing productivity and income. The study employed a quantitative approach with an associative method, combining data collection techniques through direct observation, structured interviews, and secondary data collection from relevant government agencies. The study population consisted of 120 artisan groups, with a sample of 92 groups determined using simple random sampling. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics to map the general conditions of the respondents, and path analysis using SPSS software to identify direct and indirect relationships between variables. The results indicate that capital, labor, and raw materials positively and significantly influence woven cloth production volume. Furthermore, capital, labor, raw materials, and production simultaneously have a significant direct influence on artisan income, with raw materials emerging as the most dominant factor. These findings confirm that the availability of quality raw materials, the quantity and skills of the workforce, and capital adequacy play a central role in improving production performance and artisan welfare. In addition to direct influences, this study also found an indirect effect of capital, labor, and raw materials on income through the mediation of production variables. This suggests that efforts to improve production factors can automatically strengthen income, both directly and through increased production output. The study's recommendations include the need for policies that facilitate access to capital, workforce training, and a sustainable supply of raw materials to support the sustainability of the woven fabric industry as a vital component of the local creative economy and Bali's cultural heritage.

This corpus-based study explores the acquisition patterns of English modal verbs by Indonesian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners through a comprehensive analysis of learner language data. The study utilizes a specialized learner corpus consisting of 2.5 million words drawn from both written and spoken productions of 450 Indonesian learners, covering various proficiency levels. The research focuses on examining the frequency patterns, semantic distributions, and error types associated with modal verb usage across the learner corpus. The study employs a combination of quantitative corpus linguistic methods and qualitative error analysis to uncover developmental trends and persistent difficulties in acquiring English modals. The findings highlight a significant underuse of epistemic modality, which expresses degrees of certainty, and an overreliance on core modals like "can," "will," and "must." Additionally, learners systematically avoid more complex modal constructions that are semantically nuanced and less frequent in their linguistic output. The analysis also reveals notable cross-linguistic influences from Indonesian, particularly in the areas of politeness marking and the expression of certainty. These interference patterns suggest that Indonesian learners may transfer modal expressions from their native language, leading to specific errors in the usage of English modals. Based on the findings, the study proposes a usage-based pedagogical framework that integrates corpus-informed instruction with explicit semantic mapping of modal meanings. This framework encourages teachers to address modal verb acquisition by emphasizing frequency-based approaches, contrastive semantic analysis, and corpus-driven awareness-raising activities. The research suggests that by focusing on the form-meaning-function relationships of modals in authentic contexts, learners can better understand and produce English modals accurately and appropriately. The findings have significant implications for enhancing modal verb instruction in EFL classrooms, especially for Indonesian learners.