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The use of palm oil waste as boiler fuel is one of the innovative solutions in supporting the use of renewable energy while reducing the environmental impact of palm oil industry waste. Waste such as palm shells, mesocarp fibers, and empty oil palm bunches have high energy potential through direct combustion and other thermal technologies. This study aims to evaluate the potential use of palm oil waste as boiler fuel based on its calorific value, combustion efficiency, and environmental impact. The methods used include analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of waste, boiler performance tests, and exhaust gas emission evaluation. The results show that palm oil waste has a high calorific value (15–20 MJ/kg), which makes it an efficient alternative fuel. In addition, the use of this waste is able to reduce dependence on fossil fuels while minimizing carbon emissions, thereby supporting the greenhouse gas emission reduction target. From an operational perspective, the use of palm oil waste in industrial boilers can increase combustion efficiency by up to 75–85%, depending on fuel conditions and boiler design. This makes palm oil waste not only economically valuable, but also strategic in supporting the transition to clean energy. Another advantage is that waste management becomes more targeted, because solid waste that is usually only an environmental burden can be reused as an energy source. However, some of the challenges that need to be considered include relatively high ash levels, the potential for corrosion in boiler equipment, and the need for emission control technology to comply with environmental standards. With the right mitigation strategy, palm oil waste can be processed into sustainable and environmentally friendly energy.

Solid waste from the tapioca processing industry, which is based on cassava (Manihot esculenta), is a medium rich in organic matter, particularly starch, that supports the growth of various types of microorganisms, especially fungi and bacteria. This study aims to isolate and observe the morphology of microorganisms from solid waste of cassava from the tapioca industry using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium in a series of pharmaceutical microbiology practicum. Waste samples were taken from the tapioca processing site, then underwent a serial dilution process and inoculation into PDA medium, which was incubated at 28–30°C for 5 days. The isolation results showed the growth of microorganisms with diverse colony morphologies, which are suspected to originate from the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus, based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The presence of these microorganisms indicates the potential utilization of cassava waste as a source of microbial isolates for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications, such as enzyme production and development of bioactive compounds. This practicum activity also contributes to increasing students' understanding of isolation techniques, microorganism characterization, and their role in biological-based waste management.

Data on waste generation in 2024, nationally, in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, and in Bantul Regency, consistently show organic waste as the largest component (more than 50%). Based on its source, the largest waste generation (53-75%) comes from households. This community service program aims to increase the participation of households in Trayeman Hamlet, Plered Village, Plered Sub-district, Bantul, in managing their own organic waste. This program is implemented through training for local PKK members. The methods presented are biopore, the covered bucket method, the stacked bucket method, the losida method, and the gallon method so that the community can easily adjust their choices. The training continued with the creation of composting tools, inoculant solutions, and biopore infiltration holes. Obstacles faced in organic waste management are the dependence of some residents on waste collection services. Supporting factors are the high community interest in gardening, the periodic garden utilization and cleanliness competitions held by the local village, and the commitment of PKK administrators to be able to process their organic waste independently.

This study was conducted to analyze the influence of motivation, work discipline, and work ability on service quality at the Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDes) in Kedungudi Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency. The background of the study stems from the important role of human resources in supporting the quality of public services, especially in the Waste Bank business unit managed by the BUMDes. Human resources are considered the most strategic asset in achieving organizational goals, especially in community-based enterprises such as village-owned enterprises. The study used a quantitative approach with a survey method. The research sample was all 25 BUMDes employees and was determined using a saturated sampling technique. The research instrument was a questionnaire with a Likert scale that had undergone validity and reliability tests. The use of a Likert scale questionnaire ensures measurable perceptions and attitudes from respondents regarding the studied variables. Data analysis was conducted through multiple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS software. The results showed that partially, work discipline and work ability had a significant positive effect on service quality, while motivation had a significant negative effect. This finding indicates that motivation, if not aligned with organizational needs, may lead to counterproductive outcomes. Simultaneous testing showed that all three variables significantly influenced service quality, with a coefficient of determination of 68.8%. In other words, nearly 70 percent of service quality can be explained by motivation, work discipline, and work ability. This finding underscores the importance of holistic human resource management, encompassing strengthening work discipline, improving competency, and reviewing the motivation system to align with both organizational and individual needs. Research recommendations include evaluating the motivational models used, consistently monitoring discipline, and providing ongoing training. Continuous training and development programs are essential to sustaining and improving service quality in the Kedungudi Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDes).  

The production process of graphite glass at ABC faces challenges in the form of waste that has an impact on low operational efficiency. Waste in production activities can affect the quality, cost, and timeliness of product completion. This study aims to identify the most dominant types of waste and provide relevant improvement recommendations to improve production efficiency. The method used is Value Stream Mapping (VSM), a visual approach that maps the flow of the production process from raw materials to final products. The research stage is carried out through direct observation on the production floor, time study, interviews with employees, and documentation of production activities. The results of the analysis show that the most dominant form of waste is overprocessing, which is a repetitive activity that does not add value to the product. This causes longer production cycle times and reduces the effectiveness of resource use. To overcome this, this study provides several recommendations, including: combining production processes that have similar functions, redesigning workflows to make them more concise, and eliminating activities that do not provide added value. The implementation of this improvement has proven to be effective by increasing the Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE) value from 45% to 67%. The increase in PCE reflects that the production process has become more efficient, the workflow is smoother, and the rate of waste has decreased significantly. In addition, the results of this study also confirm that the application of the VSM method can be a strategic solution in identifying sources of inefficiency, designing continuous improvements, and increasing the competitiveness of companies. Thus, the company is expected to continue to evaluate, control, innovate, and improve technology so that efficiency achievements can be maintained, expanded, and improved consistently and sustainably in the future.

Environmental issues are complex and increasingly important. This is also true in the industrial sector, particularly in the culinary industry. Currently, public awareness of environmental issues is increasing, leading consumers to consider eco-friendly factors in their daily lives. The concept of eco-friendliness in the coffee shop industry has become an increasingly popular trend. Especially in the food and beverage (F&B) industry, which plays a significant role in waste production, particularly plastic and food waste. Therefore, the concept of eco-friendly practices has emerged in the F&B industry. This can take the form of using environmentally friendly food ingredients, eco-friendly packaging, and the café concept itself, which conveys an eco-friendly image that can increase consumer purchasing interest. This is implemented by Fore Cafe and Coffee Galaxy Bekasi. This study aims to investigate how the eco-friendly concept is implemented and its impact on consumer purchasing interest at Fore Cafe & Coffee Galaxy Bekasi. The study employs a quantitative approach with a sample and population of 99 consumers of Fore Cafe & Coffee Galaxy Bekasi, selected randomly. The analysis uses validity tests, reliability tests, normality tests, and T-statistical test. The results of the research and data processing using SPSS version 25 showed that the Eco-Friendly concept had an effect on increasing consumer interest in purchasing Fore Cafe & Coffee Galaxy Bekasi, and certainly had a positive effect on environmental conditions.

The Atur Dahar tradition is a ceremony to feed supernatural beings by leaving food overnight in a room, some are also drowned in the river. This tradition has become a hereditary custom by their ancestors. The existing actions are considered tabzir/wasteful and shirk. This study uses a normative empirical research type, the focus of this research is the views of religious leaders on the Atur Dahar tradition in Pait Village, Long Ikis District. The data analysis technique is carried out using a qualitative descriptive method, namely describing, explaining, and analyzing the results of the study by reviewing the study of 'urf. The procession of the Atur Dahar tradition in the celebration of the Banjar community in Pait village is divided into two implementations, namely dishes provided for ancestors, some are left overnight in the corner of the house and some are drowned in the river, but now the Atur Dahar tradition has been changed from food to which prayers are read and some have not changed, namely in the procession such as leftover food that becomes waste, and food that is less suitable or dirty is given to the community. Ten religious leaders agreed on the existence of the Atur Dahar tradition in celebrations if it complies with Islamic law. The Atur Dahar tradition is part of 'Urf Amali' because it is an act carried out by the community, especially the Banjar tribe in Pait village. This tradition is included in 'Urf Khash' because it is a custom of the Banjar tribe in Pait village. In terms of law, it is included in 'Urf Sahih', because some of the procession is in accordance with Islamic law, such as praying to Allah SWT and sharing food as alms with others. This tradition can also be included in 'Urf Fasid' because it is wasteful.

Batteries are the primary component in electric motorcycle propulsion systems, playing a crucial role in storing and supplying energy. However, batteries have a limited lifespan, potentially becoming waste after their useful life. Battery waste is categorized as hazardous and toxic waste (B3) because it contains heavy metals and chemical compounds that can negatively impact human health and the environment if not managed properly. As the adoption of electric motorcycles increases in Indonesia, particularly in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), the issue of battery waste management is becoming increasingly important. Currently, there are no electric motorcycle manufacturers openly willing to manage post-life battery waste, particularly through recycling activities. This situation creates a gap that informal actors could potentially exploit. Informal actors often possess flexibility and basic technical skills, but their capacity to manage battery waste safely and sustainably still needs to be mapped and strengthened. This study focused on mapping the potential capabilities of informal actors in the Special Region of Yogyakarta by 2025. The results indicate that the potential for informal actors capable of providing battery repair services is only around 1%. This figure is very small and therefore insufficient to support future battery waste management needs. Therefore, multi-stakeholder support is needed, from the government and manufacturers to the community, to encourage capacity building among informal actors. This effort is crucial to anticipate the success of the government's 2030 target for electric vehicle conversion, while also ensuring environmental sustainability.

The presence of scattered waste in the environment has a significant impact on both environmental sustainability and human health. In Indonesia, the accumulation of waste has reached alarming levels, amounting to approximately 175,000 tons per day, or the equivalent of 64 million tons annually. Household activities are one of the main contributors, producing a wide variety of waste, including organic and non-organic materials. Poto Village is among the areas receiving particular attention regarding this issue due to the challenges it faces in waste management. Improper management of waste not only leads to air, water, and soil pollution but also increases the risk of various health problems within the community. One of the programs designed to address this problem is the 3R program, which emphasizes three main principles: reduce, recycle, and reuse. The purpose of this community service initiative is to improve public knowledge and awareness of effective waste management through the application of 3R practices. The activities were carried out in three main stages, namely preparation, education, and discussion through a question-and-answer session. The process began with a socialization activity that introduced the objectives, purposes, and sustainability aspects of waste management efforts in the village. The educational session was attended by 30 participants, consisting of housewives, farmers, and entrepreneurs, who represented key groups within the community. Furthermore, interviews with local cadres revealed that waste is collected weekly by garbage trucks, indicating the village’s commitment to environmental management. Participants responded enthusiastically throughout the educational sessions, showing a strong interest and positive reception toward the information provided. As a follow-up step, future activities could include hands-on training in waste management using available media and tools, which would allow participants to apply the concepts learned in a practical and sustainable manner.

The abundant rice husk waste in Legundi Village, Ngawi Regency, has not been used optimally and has the potential to cause environmental pollution. On the other hand, rural communities, especially the PKK Women's group, need business diversification to increase family income. Responding to these challenges, this community service program is carried out with the main objectives: (1) utilizing rice husk waste into husk charcoal products with economic value as a planting medium; (2) increasing income and empowering community groups; and (3) strengthening the capacity of digitizing MSMEs through online marketing assistance. The activity was carried out with a participatory method that prioritized the active involvement of the community. There are two main approaches to program implementation. First, training on the practice of making husk charcoal uses imperfect combustion techniques that are simple and environmentally friendly. Second, assistance in the digitalization of MSMEs which includes training in creating and managing e-commerce accounts (Shopee and Tokopedia), the production of visual and narrative-based promotional content, and digital marketing strategies that are adaptive to consumer trends. The results of the activity show that the community is able to process husk waste into packaged husk charcoal products with the brand "Saji Tani" which has selling value and market potential. In addition, the PKK Women's group showed capacity building in business management and the use of digital platforms to expand marketing access. This program not only succeeds in reducing the environmental impact of agricultural waste, but also encourages the economic independence of village communities through innovations based on local potential. Thus, this activity is a model of integrated community empowerment that combines environmental, economic, and digital technology aspects in a sustainable manner.

Tawangsari Hamlet, Tejosari Village, Ngablak District, Magelang Regency, faces serious waste management challenges, reflected in the high daily waste production and the inactivity of waste banks post-COVID-19. To address this issue, the Tidar University Community Service Program (KKN) was implemented, aiming to improve environmental cleanliness through active community participation. This program also supports the achievement of the "Climate Action" goal in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which focuses on combating climate change caused by air pollution and reducing environmental pollution. The method used in this program is Participatory Action Research (PAR), which is oriented towards community empowerment by involving all stakeholders in every stage of implementation. The activity began with a series of observations to understand the condition of waste management in the community. Then, a waste management tool was created in the form of a smoke-free waste incinerator, which aims to manage inorganic waste in an environmentally friendly manner. In addition, trash bins to facilitate waste sorting at the household level were also provided. Socialization and mentoring for the community, especially youth organizations, were carried out to introduce and educate them on the correct use of incinerators and waste sorting. A demonstration of incinerator use was also conducted with the community, which proved to increase understanding and active participation. The implementation of the incinerator and waste sorting facility demonstrated that these measures were effective in addressing the waste problem in Tawangsari Hamlet and contributed to a cleaner and healthier environment. Furthermore, the program successfully raised environmental awareness among the Tawangsari Hamlet community. Through direct involvement in the waste management process, residents not only gained new knowledge about the importance of waste sorting but also experienced the direct benefits of implementing smoke-free incinerator technology.Keywords: waste management, low-smoke incinerator, Climate Action, SDGs, community empowerment, environmental pollution, Magelang Regency

Pesidi Village, located in Grabag Subdistrict, Magelang Regency, is a highland region with promising potential in agriculture and livestock, particularly sheep farming. However, one of the major challenges faced by local farmers is the limited availability of forage during the dry season, coupled with the low utilization of agricultural by-products such as rice straw. These constraints often hinder livestock productivity and pose risks to feed security. To address this issue, a community service program was conducted with the aim of introducing and demonstrating local-based feed processing technologies, including silage, ammoniation, and Urea Mineral Block (UMB) production. The activity was implemented in several stages: problem identification, socialization, education, training, and monitoring of farmer implementation. Through this participatory approach, farmers were given hands-on training and practical guidance on processing alternative feed sources to ensure the availability of nutritious and sustainable livestock feed. The results showed that farmers began adopting UMB as a feed supplement due to its practicality and visible benefits in maintaining livestock health and productivity. However, silage and ammoniation methods were not yet widely adopted, mainly due to limited experience, lack of supporting equipment, and the perception that the processes were relatively complex. Despite these challenges, the program succeeded in raising farmer awareness of the importance of feed diversification and the optimization of agricultural waste. The training provided valuable insights into how the integration of silage, ammoniation, and UMB can increase feed efficiency, reduce dependency on fresh forage, and support sustainable livestock management. The implementation of these three technologies holds significant potential to enhance sheep farming productivity in rural highland communities, while simultaneously strengthening food security and supporting environmentally friendly agricultural practices.

Personal financial management is an essential skill that needs to be instilled from adolescence to foster healthy and responsible financial behavior. Teenagers are often faced with situations where they must make decisions regarding money, but a lack of understanding and education about finances often leads to consumptive behavior, wastefulness, and a lack of ability to save. However, poor financial habits developed early on can carry over into adulthood and impact a person's future financial situation. Through a Community Service activity conducted by lecturers from the Faculty of Economics and Business, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya (FEB UWKS) at SMA Negeri 2 Mojokerto, students were provided with education on accounting-based personal financial management. The material presented covered basic accounting principles, the importance of recording income and expenses, and how to prepare a personal financial budget. The activity methods included counseling, financial recording simulations, budget preparation, and interactive discussions, designed to encourage active participation and practical understanding. The results of the activity showed that students experienced a significant increase in understanding of the importance of financial literacy. They were also able to prepare a simple budget based on needs and priorities using a basic accounting approach. Thus, this activity is expected to make a real contribution to shaping the character, responsibility, and financial independence of the younger generation. Furthermore, similar activities can be extended to other schools to raise financial literacy awareness among students more broadly and sustainably. Furthermore, the involvement of teachers and school administrators in supporting this financial literacy program is also a crucial factor in maintaining students' desire to understand. With synergy between academics, schools, and students, financial education can become an integral part of the learning process, focusing not only on theory but also on practical application in everyday life.

Schools are not only institutions for the transfer of knowledge but also environments that play a crucial role in shaping students’ behavior and instilling positive habits, one of which is environmental care. One form of environmental concern that can be cultivated from an early age is the discipline of disposing of waste properly. However, SD Negeri Jambewangi, located in Dusun Pesantren, has not yet fully implemented effective waste sorting practices. Waste disposal is still carried out without distinguishing between organic and inorganic waste, which may have negative impacts on the school environment. To address this issue, community service activities were carried out by KKN students from Universitas Tidar through outreach programs and the distribution of sorted waste bins. The socialization activity applied the Extend Parallel Process Model (EPPM) communication strategy using a Severity Model approach, which emphasized the dangers and consequences of improper waste management practices. During the sessions, students were encouraged to discuss and identify various types of waste, as well as the potential environmental and health impacts associated with them. Direct practice was also provided by encouraging students to actively participate in sorting waste before disposal into the designated bins. The implementation of this program showed a positive impact, as students demonstrated an increased understanding of waste management and began to practice sorting waste more consistently. The provision of separate bins for organic and inorganic waste further facilitated this new habit. It is expected that the discipline of sorting and properly disposing of waste will continue to be applied by students, teachers, and the entire school community. Such continuous practices can foster collective awareness, contribute to maintaining environmental cleanliness, and provide long-term benefits not only for the school but also for the surrounding community.

This research is based on problems in the strategy of the environment and hygiene agency in waste management in the coastal area of Pangandaran Regency, including: 1). There are limitations of supporting facilities and infrastructure in waste management in coastal areas. 2). Low sense of responsibility and participation of the community and tourists in protecting the coastal environment from garbage. 3). A directed and sustainable waste management strategy in coastal areas has not been prepared by the Pangandaran Regency Environment and Hygiene Office. The purpose of this study is to find out the strategy of the environment and hygiene agency in waste management in the coastal area of Pangandaran Regency. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative research approach. This study uses Primary Data and Secondary Data. The primary data in this study is the result of interviews with 8 informants consisting of 1 head of service, 1 head of field, 2 cleaners, and 4 community leaders from coastal areas. Secondary data in this study are documents that have relevance to the research. The data collection technique in this study consists of interviews, observations and documentation. The data analysis techniques in this study consist of data reduction, data display and conclusion or verification. The results of the study show that the strategy of the environment and hygiene agency in waste management in the coastal area of Pangandaran Regency has not run optimally. The obstacles are due to the ineffectiveness of the recycling program, the lack of public awareness, the absence of the application of technology and management strategies that have not involved the participation of other stakeholders, and the weak role of coordination among stakeholders. DLHK's efforts to overcome obstacles by education, policy issuance, and provision of basic waste management facilities.

This study aims to analyze and describe the regulation of furniture business permits in Alak District, Manutapen Village, Kupang City, within the framework of regional and national legal provisions. Business permits are a vital aspect of legality, providing legal certainty and protection for entrepreneurs. Despite this importance, many wooden furniture businesses continue to operate without official permits. Several factors contribute to this issue, including limited knowledge of regulatory requirements, inadequate access to facilities and administrative services, and the perception among entrepreneurs that small-scale businesses do not necessarily require permits. This research adopts an empirical approach, employing semi-structured interviews with local furniture business owners who have not yet obtained permits. The findings reveal that although the government has made efforts to disseminate information and promote the importance of business permits, these initiatives have not been fully effective. Many entrepreneurs remain unaware of the legal obligations and the potential benefits that permits can provide, such as protection against legal disputes and opportunities for broader business development. The study further identifies both positive and negative impacts of the furniture industry in the local community. On the positive side, furniture businesses significantly contribute to household income, create new job opportunities, and foster creativity through innovative craftsmanship. On the negative side, they also cause environmental issues such as waste and pollution, reduce agricultural land due to the expansion of workshops, and influence lifestyle changes within the community. Based on these findings, the study concludes that the government must strengthen its role by enhancing outreach and education programs, simplifying the permit application process, and providing better support services to entrepreneurs. Additionally, active participation from business owners is crucial to ensure compliance with legal frameworks and to achieve a sustainable balance between economic growth, social welfare, and environmental preservation.

The problem of household organic waste management, especially kitchen waste, is still an environmental challenge that has not been handled optimally. In fact, this waste has great potential to be used as environmentally friendly products. One solution that can be applied is the manufacture of eco-enzymes, which are fermented liquids from organic waste that function as a substitute for synthetic chemicals in various household and agricultural purposes. This community service activity aims to increase the awareness and skills of residents in managing organic waste through the creation of eco-enzymes as a tangible form of applying the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) principle. The activity was carried out in Kedu Village by involving PKK women, PSRT members, the Farmer Women Group (KWT), and housewives. The methods used include counseling on the impact of household waste and the benefits of eco-enzymes, as well as direct practice of making eco-enzymes accompanied by Mrs. Faila and students of the Real Work Lecture (KKN) of Tidar University. The implementation process includes sorting kitchen waste, mixing fermentation ingredients, and monitoring yields during the incubation period. The results of the activity show that the community is able to understand the concept and techniques of making eco-enzymes well. The active participation of residents in hands-on practice reflects increased knowledge and skills in independent organic waste management. In addition, this activity encourages the formation of new sustainable habits in utilizing household waste, while reducing dependence on synthetic chemicals. Thus, this service makes a positive contribution to environmental conservation efforts and local community empowerment through educational and applicative approaches.

Batang Bungo River faces severe pollution from domestic waste and illegal gold mining, which has led to an increase in skin diseases and diarrhea among residents of Tanjung Gedang, exacerbated by poor physical-chemical water quality, including low pH and high levels of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), all of which foster the growth of pathogenic microorganisme. This study aimed to identify bacteria and fungi present in Batang Bungo River water, characterizing their colony morphology and microscopic structures to understand the impact of pollution on microbial communities. The methodology involved serial dilution of water samples, followed by inoculation onto Nutrient Agar (NA) media using the pour plate technique, and incubation at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Macroscopic observations of colonies (color, shape, texture) were performed, and representative colonies were stained with crystal violet for microscopic observation at 1000x magnification to identify cellular and hyphal structures. The results indicated the presence of various microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous fungi, and possibly protozoa, with colonies exhibiting characteristics such as off-white color, rough surfaces, and irregular edges. Microscopic examination after crystal violet staining revealed rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci) structures, and branched filamentous structures resembling hyphae, consistent with a mixture of bacteria and filamentous fungi. The identification of pathogens like Clostridium, Dermatophilus, and Escherichia coli in previous studies, coupled with the poor water quality, confirms significant microbiological and chemical contamination. Crystal violet proved effective as a stain for microscopic identification of microorganism structures. In conclusion, the water quality of Batang Bungo River is highly concerning and requires serious attention for monitoring and management to safeguard public health and the river ecosystem.  

Pogalan Village in Pakis District, Central Java, is known as a horticultural agricultural center, with abundant vegetable production every year. However, behind this potential, this village faces a serious problem in the form of large amounts of organic waste generated from harvest residue and agricultural processing. Waste that is not managed properly has the potential to cause environmental pollution, reduce the village's aesthetics, and become a source of disease spread. To address these problems, the Tidar University Community Service Program (KKN-50) Team conducted a socialization activity for Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot cultivation as an environmentally friendly and economically valuable organic waste management solution. BSF maggots have been proven to decompose organic waste by up to 60% in a short time and produce useful by-products, such as dried maggots as high-protein animal feed and kasgot (used maggots) that can be used as organic fertilizer. The activity was held on July 31, 2025, at the Pogalan Village Hall, with the main participants being PKK mothers as agents of change at the household and community levels. The implementation method included initial observation of the village's potential and problems, creation of a maggot cultivation prototype, theoretical material outreach, and live demonstrations of the cultivation process. The material provided covered the BSF life cycle, cultivation techniques, selection of growing media, maggot population management, and utilization of cultivation products. The results of the activity showed high enthusiasm from participants, as reflected in the many questions and discussions during the training session, as well as their increased understanding of the benefits and techniques of maggot cultivation.

This study aims to analyze the quality of domestic wastewater based on three main parameters: pH, ammonia, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The wastewater samples were collected from an industrial area, chosen for its role as a primary source of domestic waste that can impact environmental quality. The pH was tested using potentiometry, while ammonia and COD concentrations were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, a precise method for analyzing these substances. The results showed that the pH values of the wastewater ranged from 6.68 to 10.28. This variation in pH reflects the acidity or alkalinity of the wastewater, with some samples being neutral to slightly alkaline. The ammonia levels detected ranged from 0.0654 to 0.3849 mg/L. While these levels are within the limits set by regulations, they indicate a significant presence of ammonia in the wastewater, which requires continued monitoring. However, the most striking finding was the COD levels, which ranged from 21.60 to 245.71 mg/L, with some samples showing very high values. High COD levels indicate a large presence of organic matter, which can lead to a decline in water quality. Some samples with COD values exceeding the threshold of domestic wastewater quality standards, as stated in Ministerial Regulation No. 68 of 2016, require additional treatment to reduce organic contamination. Overall, while the pH and ammonia values remain within safe limits, the high COD levels in some samples indicate that further treatment is necessary to reduce organic pollution. This study emphasizes the importance of routine monitoring of domestic wastewater to protect environmental quality and prevent broader negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.