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The foundations of Western epistemology are profoundly rooted in ancient Greek philosophy. Throughout its historical development, this epistemological tradition has been shaped by rational, secular, and value-neutral modes of thought. It has given rise to dominant paradigms such as rationalism, empiricism, critical philosophy, and intuitionism. While these paradigms differ in their methodologies and approaches to acquiring knowledge, they are all grounded in a shared philosophical outlook that prioritizes human reason and sensory experience. This study investigates the core aspects of Western epistemology, including its historical evolution, defining traits, inherent limitations, and adverse effects. The research adopts a qualitative method based on literature review and philosophical analysis, employing a systematic and reflective approach. Data were gathered from library sources and examined using various analytical tools, including interpretation, induction and deduction, coherence analysis, holistic reasoning, heuristics, and descriptive analysis. The study concludes that Western epistemology is characterized by an overreliance on rational and empirical methods, a dichotomous worldview, anthropocentrism, resistance to spiritual insight, perpetual doubt, secularism, and a dismissal of sacred values. These traits give rise to fundamental weaknesses such as extreme rationalism, a fragmented view of truth and reality, secularist ideology, and the elevation of humanism and existentialism as ultimate values. The impact of Western epistemology extends beyond the West, influencing Islamic intellectual traditions by encouraging secularization, liberalism, and the advancement of scientific disciplines that exclude recognition of divine authority.

This study aims to analyze the strategy of improving the quality of public services through digital innovation in Sunter Agung Urban Village. In the era of globalization and rapid development of information technology, public services are expected to be more responsive, transparent, and efficient. The research used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection through documentation studies and in-depth interviews with urban village officials and service users. The results showed that the use of digital innovations such as web-based service applications, online queuing systems, and document digitization has had a positive impact on improving service quality, including accelerating administrative processes and increasing community satisfaction. However, various obstacles are still found, including limited network infrastructure, suboptimal human resource capacity in mastering technology, and low digital literacy among the community, especially the elderly. For this reason, the proposed quality improvement strategy includes strengthening institutional capacity through digital training for apparatus, developing technological infrastructure, and digital literacy campaigns involving the wider community. This research is expected to serve as a reference for local governments in developing inclusive and sustainable digital-based public services.

The state's efforts to provide accurate and up-to-date population data for various development needs, such as planning policies and public services, are known as the implementation of population administration. Due to the large number of people living in big cities, many non-permanent residents have not been officially registered. This is due to difficult procedures, lack of legal knowledge, and limited access to population registration services. The need to maintain the basic rights of every citizen, both permanent and non-permanent, and ensure orderly administration as part of national development is the basis of the policies used to manage population administration. By ensuring proper data collection, accurate recording, and legal protection for non-permanent residents, proper population administration is expected to be an important tool to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization, especially in the city of Surabaya. This study aims to determine how population administration for non-permanent residents in the city of Surabaya is implemented in the context of urbanization and to suggest more reasonable and efficient policies. The results of the study, which was conducted using a qualitative approach by conducting literature research, in-depth interviews, and policy analysis, showed that simplifying registration procedures, increasing socialization, and increasing cooperation between related institutions are needed to carry out population administration for non-permanent residents.  

Mathematics learning does not only focus on students' mastery of numbers, but also functions significantly in developing the ability to solve problems holistically. This skill is not something that is taught separately, but is integrated into the entire educational process, offering a real context so that mathematical concepts and abilities can be understood and applied. One approach that is highly recommended to achieve this is Problem Based Learning (PBL). This method has been proven effective in improving students' critical thinking skills through exploration and solving relevant problems, allowing students' knowledge to grow in a constructive way. The low achievement in problem-solving competency in Indonesia is a strong reason to apply PBL in mathematics teaching. This study aims to analyze the literature on the application of PBL to improve students' problem-solving abilities. Data were collected and analyzed from relevant journals, and testing and comparison of results were carried out to identify patterns and results from previous studies. In addition, this study also applies a bibliometric approach to explore publication trends, keywords, and the development of themes related to PBL in mathematics education. The analysis was carried out using VOSviewer software to map the relationship between topics and the progress of PBL research themes in the world of mathematics education.

The development of community dynamics continues to be followed by the development of crime in the community. The Indonesian Correctional System, which is obliged to facilitate crime handling efforts in Indonesia, must continue to develop following the dynamics of society by formulating broadly appropriate crime handling efforts. This research aims to identify the extent to which criminological theories as a science that explains the causes of a crime have and can contribute in providing a point of view on the background and reasons for someone to commit a crime so that then the Indonesian Correctional System can continue to formulate targeted programs to deal with and control crime so that repetition of crime can be avoided. The research will be conducted using a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach. It is hoped that this research can produce recommendations for optimizing the role and influence of criminological theories in the formulation of an optimal Indonesian Correctional System so that the national correctional pattern can have a significant impact in handling and controlling crime in Indonesia.

Critical thinking skills are fundamental to everyday life and academics, allowing individuals to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and draw evidence-based conclusions. In the context of Christian Religious Education (PAK), critical thinking also has a theological dimension, where reason, as a divine gift, is renewed through Christ to understand divine truth and love God. Given this urgency, this study aims to explore how the implementation of the Team Based Learning (TBL) Model can improve the critical thinking skills of PAK students. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method through literature study, collecting and analyzing data from various journal articles and books. The results show that the TBL structure includes individual preparation, team discussion (IRAT/GRAT), problem-based concept application, and peer feedback and evaluation systematically encourage high-level cognitive processes. In conclusion, TBL has proven effective in improving the critical thinking skills of PAK students, while deepening their understanding of the material and their religious competence.

This research is motivated by the limited workforce at Risse Convection, where this convection has not been able to increase income significantly due to limited production capacity caused by a lack of qualified workforce. The aim of this research is to provide concrete recommendations for Risse Convection in developing an effective human resource development strategy to deal with workforce limitations and meet demand for sharia clothing products. The following is the essence of the research based on the problem formulation for copra entrepreneurs in Nagari Lansek Kadok: the majority of copra entrepreneurs in Nagari Lansek Kadok, South Rao District, Pasaman Regency, prioritize excellent service to customers and analyze the growth of their business to increase people's income. Because most of the residents of Nagari Lansek Kadok have lower middle class incomes, the community still views the purchase price given by the seller (copra entrepreneur) as reasonable. The business strategies of Nagari Lansek Kadok copra entrepreneurs, the factors that hinder these entrepreneurs, and the development strategies carried out by traders in this area are things that need to be improved if the residents of Nagari Lansek Kadok, South Rao District, Pasaman Regency can make improvements. to see an increase in their income. The reason behind this is that they continuously incorporate new ideas into the development of their company. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the human resource development strategy to overcome the limited workforce in Risse Convection Sungai Pua, Agam Regency is: 1. Lack of workforce at Risse Konveksi resulted in reduced production of sharia clothing on the market, workforce competency occurred due to the lack of special training for employees, resulting in the work being completed more slowly or not on time. To overcome this problem, Risse Convection implements an annual reward system, and employee training is carried out personally. For new employees, Risse Convection uses its convection advantages in innovative sharia clothing designs to be able to recruit employees from the surrounding area or outside the village/nagari as well as the use of social media to promote new design innovations to reach a wider audience and increase brand visibility. 2. By using the SO (Strength-Opportunity) strategy method, namely optimizing existing strengths by taking advantage of existing opportunities. The SO (Strength-Opportunity) strategy that can be applied in increasing employment at Risse Convection is: utilizing excellence in innovative sharia clothing design to recruit employees from the surrounding area or outside the village/nagari and maintaining an annual reward system for employees who work hard to improve motivation and productivity.

This study intends to examine the mathematical literacy skills of elementary school students in solving story problems. The ability to read mathematics includes not only understanding concepts, but also the ability to interpret, reason, and apply mathematics in everyday situations. The focus of this study is useful for evaluating the level of literacy competence of elementary school students. The method used in this study is Literature Review (LR), without direct observation in the field. Data were obtained through the analysis of various literature sources as well as the results of relevant previous research. The results of the study show that elementary school students still face challenges in understanding information in story problems, choosing the right solution strategies, and drawing conclusions from the problems faced. These findings highlight the need for a learning approach that is more focused on developing critical thinking competencies and contextual problem-solving. Learning that prioritizes real context, group discussions, and an emphasis on critical thinking processes is needed to support students in expanding their mathematical literacy skills to the fullest.

The crime of forging a signature is one form of the crime of document forgery. The reasons why a person commits the crime of signature forgery and also the efforts that must be made to overcome the crime of signature forgery can be determined using criminology. Article 263 of the Criminal Code regulates forgery of documents which is punishable by a maximum prison sentence of six years. From the research conducted, to find out the causes of people committing crimes of signature forgery can be done through various approaches, namely strain theory, control theory, and differential association theory. In understanding efforts to overcome the crime of signature forgery, it can be seen from the process of law formation and the social reaction to the crime of signature forgery. The forms of social reaction to the crime of signature forgery determine what preventive measures must be taken. The social reaction of law enforcement to the crime of signature forgery can be achieved through penal or non-penal measures.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the use of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) to improve the efficiency of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) transactions to make them safer and easier to access in the Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Sindangsari environment. QRIS is one of the payment instruments introduced by Bank Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative method on MSMEs that actively use QRIS in the payment method available at the Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University canteen, Sindangsari. This data was collected through observation and interviews with 7 MSME owners and 10 buyers, to find out the reasons for choosing non-cash over cash, to find out the increase in the number of transactions after using QRIS, the advantages of using QRIS and its obstacles as well as the positive and negative impacts on the effectiveness and operations of MSMEs. Thus, QRIS has proven effective as a digital payment instrument that supports the growth of MSMEs at Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Sindangsari.

Aim of the study: The study aimed to investigate the causes, risk factors, and incidence of caesarean sections in Diyala province during the research period. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted at Al-Batool Maternity Teaching Hospital between October 2023 and December 2023. The study population consisted of 96 women who attended the labor ward for delivery after 32 weeks of gestation, irrespective of the delivery method. Patients' data were collected using an organized questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test for independence between variables.  Results: Study outcomes revealed that the percentage of cesarean sections increased significantly with age, peaking among women aged 20-35 and those over 35 (67.1% and 77.8%, respectively), in contrast to the group under 20, where most deliveries were vaginal (81.8%). An increasing number of previous deliveries (four or more) led to a higher chance of cesarean sections in subsequent pregnancies (76.9% compared to 58.8%) for those with two to four previous deliveries versus those who were primipara (52.6%). The most common indication for elective cesarean sections among participants was a scarred uterus (62.5%), followed by fetal indications such as malposition, abnormal presentation, post-date, and oligohydramnios (15%). The leading reasons for unplanned cesarean sections included obstructed labor (30%), followed by cephalo-pelvic disproportion (20%), and maternal factors (15%). Conclusion: study finding highlight key risk factors influencing delivery methods, suggesting the need for tailored obstetric care to optimize birth outcomes and reduce unnecessary CS procedures.

Mathematical reasoning skills are an important aspect of mathematics learning that supports students in understanding concepts deeply and logically. With the development of technology, the use of interactive learning media such as Geogebra has become a promising alternative to improve the quality of learning. This study aims to analyze the effect of Geogebra-assisted learning on students' mathematical reasoning skills through a meta-analysis approach. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) guided by the PRISMA guidelines, covering publications from 2015 to 2025 that meet specific inclusion criteria. The analysis of seven research articles revealed that six of them showed a large to very large effect on improving mathematical reasoning skills, while one article showed a small effect. These findings reinforce the conclusion that Geogebra is generally effective in supporting the development of students' mathematical reasoning skills and is worthy of being part of mathematics learning strategies in the digital age.

Getting satisfactory student learning outcomes is the most expected goal by all teachers. However, if the reality is not as expected, especially in elementary school units, of course, teachers' steps do not stop to improve and achieve the main goal. That is what happened to students in grade VI of SDN Harjasari 1, South Bogor District, Bogor City, where the Writer is assigned. The lack of student learning activities in the classroom is the main cause of not getting maximum learning results. For this reason, the author conducted research by applying the Group Investigation Learning Model  as a step to maximize student learning outcomes in the classroom. By forming heterogeneous groups to carry out Natural and Social Science practice activities on artificial vegetative plant propagation, students are more active and can provide group results that are inventions. As a result, students were able to show an increase in learning outcomes well, from 81.5% in the first cycle to 92.6% in the second cycle. Conveying the results of group work, discussing, expressing discoveries while practicing, being thorough, appreciating the work of other groups and providing good learning results is proof that by applying the Group Investigation learning model  has succeeded in achieving the research goals expected by the author. However, this achievement does not indicate that this is the end of the learning model in the teaching and learning process in schools. Educators should use a variety of more interesting learning models to achieve their desired educational goals and as a way to improve their quality as professional teachers at the elementary school level in Indonesia.

This paper aims to explore and integrate three disciplines—philosophy, history, and biology—in order to strengthen and clarify the rational foundation of the Christian faith. Using a qualitative approach, the author examines the contributions of philosophy in formulating rational arguments for the existence of God, the historical connections in the development of the early church, and the accuracy of biblical narratives based on archaeological findings. Biology, particularly through the complex structure of DNA and the order found in living systems, is also viewed as evidence of a divine design underlying all of creation. Through the synthesis of these three disciplines, this article asserts that the Christian faith is not in conflict with reason and science but can be defended logically and scientifically. Thinkers such as Plantinga and Craig demonstrate how philosophical arguments and historical data support the validity of faith, while scientists like Francis Collins show how science can deepen our understanding of God's greatness. This integration is intended as a constructive response to the challenges of modernity and as a foundation for Christians to maintain a firm, intelligent, and relevant faith in the midst of changing times.

The reason for this study was to determine the impact of brand image, product quality, and promotion on purchasing decisions of Pizza Hut consumers. The population is Pizza Hut customers, with a sample of 150 respondents taken using non-probability sampling techniques with purposive sampling method. PLS was used as an analytical tool in this study. This study shows that brand image has a positive, but insignificant, impact on purchasing decisions of Pizza Hut consumers. On the other hand, product quality has a positive and significant impact on purchasing decisions of Pizza Hut consumers. In addition, promotion also has a positive and significant impact on purchasing decisions of Pizza Hut consumers.

The rapid development of technology in the current era of globalization has had a negative impact on the moral development of teenagers. There needs to be an effort made by the adult community to shape the character of the younger generation so that they can recognize their potential. For this reason, as scholars who play a role in the world of education, by looking at the development of the character of the young generation in the current era of globalization, we, the service team, are encouraged to also make our contribution through socialization and training to children, especially ST Station children. Yosep Suka Maju, Tanjung Selamat Parish, Medan, with the activity theme "Building Catholic Family Character (To Community Community) Stasi St. Yosep Likes to Move Forward, Tanjung Selamat Parish, Medan." Apart from the presentation of Leadership and Free Association material, discussions and training were also provided using the Community Education method. We really hope that every material provided can provide good education for children in particular and also students who are involved in service activities.

The inquiry learning strategy is a pedagogical approach that positions students as active agents in the process of seeking and discovering knowledge. This paper explores the definition, characteristics, underlying principles, advantages, limitations, and implementation stages of the inquiry strategy in learning processes. Rooted in constructivist theory, it emphasizes the value of direct experience and critical thinking in constructing understanding. The analysis reveals that inquiry-based learning enhances students’ critical thinking skills, independence, active participation, motivation, and self-confidence. However, successful implementation requires teachers to be well-prepared in designing meaningful and adaptable instruction. This article recommends applying the inquiry strategy selectively and contextually, especially within Islamic Religious Education, to foster reflective reasoning and character development among students.

The RADEC (Read, Answer, Discuss, Explain, and Create) learning model is an innovative approach that aims to improve students' critical thinking skills in elementary schools. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of implementing the RADEC model in the context of elementary school learning and its impact on the development of students' critical thinking skills. The RADEC approach emphasizes active student involvement through five main stages: reading to build initial understanding, answering questions to test reasoning power, discussing to broaden perspectives, re-explaining concepts to deepen understanding, and creating products or solutions as a concrete manifestation of the critical thinking process. This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design and involved fifth grade students in a public elementary school. The instruments used were critical thinking tests and student activity observation sheets. The results showed that the implementation of the RADEC model significantly increased students' critical thinking skill scores compared to conventional learning models. In addition, students showed higher enthusiasm and learning independence during the learning process. These findings indicate that the RADEC model is not only able to build a stronger understanding of concepts but also encourages students to actively analyze, evaluate, and create ideas. Therefore, the RADEC model is recommended as an effective alternative learning strategy to improve the quality of learning and critical thinking skills of students at the elementary school level.

This study was conducted at Four Star by Trans Hotel, Renon, Bali which discussed the Optimization of the implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP) in improving front office department services. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of Front Office SOPs at Four Star by Trans Hotel and how SOPs can improve service quality. Researchers used primary and secondary data to support this study. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and document studies. The method used was a qualitative descriptive method. The results of the study showed that the front office (bellboy, reservation, telephone operator, receptionist) had implemented existing SOPs and had provided the best service to guests, but not optimally, due to several reasons, one of which was the lack of front office staff. The dimensions used as a reference to measure how SOPs are implemented by the front office include reliability, responsiveness, certainty or guarantee, empathy, tangibles.

One of the important factors in financial improvement is Economic Development. The task of the government in an effort to achieve effective progress is to decide the direction of the improvement arrangement and to realize the goal of this progress requires a large improvement arrangement to realize stable financial development in order to advance the welfare of society is to expand Small and Medium Enterprises and Labor. It aims to find out the concurrent impact and half impact of Small and Medium Enterprises and Labor on the financial development of Batam city. An economy is said to be developing if the level of economic accomplishment measures achieved today is higher than that achieved in the previous period. Development is achieved if the physical amount of goods and administrations created in the economy increases over a long time. The reason of this research is to see and encourage for the impact of Investment and Local Revenue (PAD) on Economic development. Methods used in this research This research uses literature review to get an overview of what are the efforts of Batam city government in economic growth in Batam city, therefore in this article there are various data sources and references. The data used in this research is additional information in the form of budget reports obtained from BP Batam and BP Batam's official website. The result of this research is a review of several data sources that have been collected for the purpose of solving the problem at hand derived from previous studies and research.