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This research investigates the relationship between fiscal decentralization, economic growth, and income inequality (measured by the Gini ratio) on the Human Development Index (HDI) in regencies and cities within Bali Province during the 2013–2023 period. Human development is a crucial indicator of regional welfare, and understanding the factors that shape HDI is essential for designing effective regional development policies. A quantitative approach was employed through panel data regression, utilizing secondary data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The findings indicate that fiscal decentralization has a positive and significant effect on HDI, suggesting that greater regional fiscal authority can improve public service delivery and social welfare. Conversely, economic growth demonstrates a significant negative relationship with HDI, which implies that growth alone does not automatically translate into improved human development, particularly when it is unevenly distributed. In addition, income inequality shows a negative and significant effect on HDI, confirming that disparities in income hinder broader improvements in welfare. Collectively, these variables significantly explain variations in HDI across regencies and cities in Bali. The policy implications emphasize the need to strengthen regional fiscal capacity, reduce income inequality, and encourage inclusive economic growth to ensure that economic progress contributes effectively to enhancing human development.

Depresi merupakan salah satu permasalahan kesehatan yang sering ditemukan pada lansia di Indonesia. Depresi pada lansia dapat menyebabkan dampak yang besar bagi lansia, antara lain dapat menurunkan kemampuan, kemandirian, dan penurunan fungsi tubuh lansia dalam melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari, menurunkan kemandirian dan kualitas hidup lansia serta kesedihan ditinggal orang yang dicintai, factor kepribadian, genetik, dan faktor bilogis penurunan neuron-neuron dan neurotransmitter. Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi depresi pada lansia adalah dengan memberikan terapi progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi progrssive muscle relaxation (PMR) terhadap penurunan tingkat depresi pada lansia di Panti Rumah Kasih Emaus Pangkalan Baru Tahun 2024. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain pre-eksperimental one group pre test dan post test. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 11 lansia di Panti Rumah Kasih Emaus Pangkalan Baru Tahun 2024. Peneliti melakukan pengukuran awal depresi, setelah itu melakukan terapi Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) selama 20-30 menit, dan dilanjutkan dengan melakukan pengukuran akhir. Data yang sudah terkumpul kemudian dilakukan analisis secara univariat dan bivariat dengan paired t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai rata rata depresi lansia pre test adalah 7,27 setelah lansia diberikan terapi progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), nilai tingkat depresi lansia mengalami penurunan menjadi 3,36. Hasil uji paired t-test didapatkan nilai p-value= 0,001 < 0,05, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh terapi progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) terhadap penurunan tingkat depresi pada lansia di Panti Rumah Kasih Emaus Pangkalan Baru Tahun 2024. Diharapkan bagi panti lansia bisa menyediakan program terapi progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) secara teratur, yang dapat membantu meningkatkan mood dan kesejahteraan fisik lansia.

          During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, as fetal development progresses, pregnant women often experience lower back pain. This condition not only causes discomfort but also affects daily activities and overall quality of life. One of the non-pharmacological approaches believed to reduce lower back pain is prenatal exercise. This study aims to evaluate the effect of pregnancy exercise on reducing lower back pain among pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post test approach without a control group. The sample consisted of 28 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters who met the inclusion criteria and reported experiencing lower back pain. Pain levels were assessed before and after the intervention using a valid and reliable pain scale. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, particularly the paired sample t-test. The findings revealed that the mean pain score before the intervention was 3.32 with a standard deviation of 0.772. After the intervention, the mean pain score decreased to 2.25 with a standard deviation of 1.005. Results of the paired t-test indicated a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), demonstrating a significant difference in pain levels before and after pregnancy exercise. These results indicate that pregnancy exercise is effective in reducing lower back pain in women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Therefore, prenatal exercise can be recommended as a safe, simple, and beneficial non-pharmacological intervention in midwifery care. It is expected that this study provides scientific evidence supporting the role of pregnancy exercise in improving maternal comfort and quality of life throughout pregnancy.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition that requires optimal adherence to pharmacological treatment to prevent disease progression and complications. This study aims to analyze the level of adherence to anti-diabetic medication among T2DM patients and to explore the association between the experience of medication side effects and adherence levels. A descriptive-analytic cross-sectional design was employed, involving 97 T2DM patients in Bandung Regency and Bandung City, Indonesia. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-Square test. The results revealed that 53.6% of respondents exhibited low medication adherence. The majority reported having diabetes-related complications (88.7%) and experiencing medication side effects (57.7%). A significant positive association was found between medication side effects and adherence level (p = 0.039), indicating that patients who experienced side effects tended to be more adherent. Demographic factors such as place of residence, gender, and age showed no significant association with adherence. The findings suggest that side effects may hinder adherence; however, awareness of the body’s response to medication, including side effects, may also serve as a motivator for adherence.

This article explores the issue of homosexuality from a Christian theological perspective by examining biblical teachings, traditions of the church, and contemporary theological discourse. Homosexuality has long been a controversial topic in Christianity because it is often associated with moral and doctrinal debates. This study aims to analyze how Christian theology interprets homosexual orientation and behavior, as well as how the church responds pastorally to individuals who identify as homosexual. Using a qualitative descriptive method with a literature review approach, this study reviews interpretations of biblical passages such as Genesis 19:1–29, Leviticus 18:22, Romans 1:26–27, and 1 Corinthians 6:9–10, which are frequently cited in discussions about homosexuality. The findings reveal that there are at least three dominant perspectives within Christianity: the conservative view, which rejects homosexual practice as sin; the moderate view, which distinguishes between homosexual orientation and action; and the liberal or progressive view, which accepts homosexuality as part of human diversity. The article concludes that the Christian view of homosexuality cannot be generalized and is influenced by historical, cultural, and denominational contexts. Therefore, a compassionate and dialogical pastoral approach is needed to uphold truth while welcoming all individuals with dignity.

Psychological fatigue is a common condition experienced by nursing students due to heavy academic workload, clinical practice demands, and emotional pressure during the learning process. This condition may negatively affect concentration, learning motivation, and overall mental health. One non-pharmacological intervention strategy proven effective in reducing stress and psychological fatigue is Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) based on Jacobson’s technique. In this community service program, PMR was combined with instrumental music to provide a more optimal relaxation effect and to be easily applied by students independently. The purpose of this activity was to provide education, training, and hands-on experience for students in practicing Self-Guided PMR combined with instrumental music as a preventive and promotive effort for mental health. The program was carried out on Thursday, August 14, 2025, involving 15 nursing students as participants. The stages of implementation included delivering material on PMR concepts and mental health, demonstrating Jacobson’s technique, independent practice of PMR with instrumental music, and a reflection session to explore participants’ experiences. The evaluation results indicated that most students reported feeling calmer, more relaxed, experiencing reduced muscle tension, and decreased symptoms of psychological fatigue after the intervention. In addition, students stated that this technique was easy to practice independently, making it a potential simple strategy to maintain mental health throughout their nursing studies. In conclusion, the implementation of Self-Guided PMR based on Jacobson’s technique combined with instrumental music was effective in reducing psychological fatigue among nursing students and in increasing awareness of the importance of independent relaxation practice as part of maintaining mental and physical balance.

Background : Appendectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix which is done as soon as possible to reduce the risk of perforation. Nursing problems that arise after appendectomy is acute pain. Objectives: Gaining real experience and knowledge and being able to document the application of deep breathing relaxation techniques is an appropriate non-pharmacological action in reducing pain scale. Method: this type of scientific paper uses a descriptive method with a descriptive case study approach with a case study approach to explore the problem of nursing care carried out on two patients carried out on June 15 - 20 2021. Results: from the results of nursing care to Mrs "S" and Mr "M" with a nursing diagnosis in the first patient, namely acute pain related to physical injury agents (eg abscess, amputation, burns, cuts, heavy lifting, surgical procedures, trauma, excessive physical exercise), impaired sense of comfort related to symptoms of the disease ( pain), impaired physical mobility related to decreased muscle strength (pain), and the second patient's diagnosis was acute pain related to physical injuring agents (eg abscess, amputation, burns, cuts, heavy lifting, surgical procedures, trauma, excessive physical exercise), discomfort related to symptoms of disease (pain), anxiety related to situational crises, lack of exposure to information, impaired physical mobility associated with decreased muscle strength (pain). The interventions in both patients were: identification of location, characteristics, duration, frequency, quality and intensity of pain, identification of pain scale, identification of non-verbal pain responses. The evaluation of the first patient had a pain intensity scale of 6 (moderate), and the second patient a pain scale of 7 (severe). The results of the study in the Surgery Room of the Palembang Bari Regional General Hospital after the deep breathing relaxation technique was carried out in the first patient on a pain scale of 6 (moderate) to 3 (mild), and the second patient pain scale of 7 (severe) to 4 (moderate). Conclusion: Progress notes to both patients on the application of deep breathing relaxation techniques to reduce pain intensity. The results of the nursing evaluation of the problem were partially resolved.

This study investigates the integration of conversational AI tools to enhance pronunciation, listening comprehension, and learner autonomy in second language education. An experimental design was implemented, involving pre-tests, post-tests, questionnaires, and interviews to evaluate learners’ progress after engaging in AI-driven conversation practice. The results indicate significant improvements in pronunciation and listening comprehension, with learners reporting higher confidence, motivation, and independence in managing their own learning. The discussion interprets these outcomes through the lens of second language acquisition theory, emphasizing AI’s role as an accessible conversational partner and its contribution to learner autonomy and lifelong learning. A comparison with previous studies reveals that this research not only confirms the linguistic benefits of AI-assisted learning but also highlights its transformative potential in fostering self-directed learning. The study concludes that conversational AI can serve as an effective complement to traditional instruction, offering both linguistic and motivational advantages for learners in the digital age.

Monitoring is an activity that examines a condition to obtain all necessary information. The outcomes monitoring can act as a guide for formulating strategies. Researchers found that in Kalembu Kaha Village, the monitoring of ongoing activities is still carried out traditionally, where the Kaur must go directly to the field to witness existing activities. Therefore, it is important to develop a monitoring system application so that all activities tracked instantaneously. In addition, this will facilitate effort Village Head to evaluate the progress of projects or activities carried out so that they can be on time. Through this research, was identified application, the Village Head can more easily monitor and supervise activities carried out by village officials. This allows the Village Head to evaluate and take action quickly and efficiently

The Land and Building Tax (PBB) and the Duty on the Acquisition of Land and Building Rights (BPHTB) serve as crucial fiscal tools for enhancing regional financial independence. In Nabire Regency, administrative and monitoring processes for both taxes are still managed manually, resulting in inefficient service flow, operational delays, and data integrity issues. This study presents the design and development of an internal web-based information system aimed at supporting more structured and accountable tax service management. The system was created using the Waterfall model, encompassing sequential stages: needs analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The results demonstrate that the application facilitates faster taxpayer data retrieval, enables real-time tracking of service progress, and delivers well-organized tax arrears data. Its deployment in Nabire’s Regional Revenue Agency (Bapenda) has contributed significantly to improving staff productivity, data reliability, and public trust. These outcomes lay a groundwork for advancing digital transformation in public services, especially in regions still dependent on manual workflows

This study aims to analyze the influence of work environment, salary, and career development on employee performance at Larissa Aesthetic Center through employee commitment as a mediating variable. The importance of optimizing employee performance in supporting business growth requires appropriate efforts and strategies to maximize existing resources in the work environment. Employees who value the work environment because it fosters a sense of well-being and enthusiasm at work. Salary is one of the factors that influences performance, in line with compensation that meets expectations as a form of responsibility in the workplace. Employee career development is seen as a call for progress, where competent workers facilitate the organization in becoming a solution for clients.The method used in this study employs an explanatory approach to uncover the relationships between variables and emphasizes causal numerical data. The study population consists of 65 employees, with the sampling technique using a census, where the entire population serves as the study sample. This research utilizes primary data obtained through questionnaire completion. Secondary data is derived from relevant documentation related to the research topic. Data analysis employs path analysis to test the relationships between research variables. The results of this study indicate that the work environment, salary, and career development have a significant influence on employee performance at Larissa Aesthetic Center, through the support of employee commitment as a mediating variable. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for business actors as a basis for consideration in actions related to human resources.

This study aims to analyze the application of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model to improve students’ creativity in Social Studies and to measure its effectiveness in enhancing creative learning outcomes. The research was conducted as a Classroom Action Research (CAR) across two cycles during the even semester of the 2024/2025 academic year, involving 30 fifth-grade students at SD Inpres Barombong 2. Data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and documentation, while analysis employed descriptive statistics for quantitative data and reduction–triangulation techniques for qualitative data. The creativity indicators examined included fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. Findings reveal that the implementation of PjBL significantly enhanced students’ creative thinking skills, as evidenced by an overall increase in average scores across all creativity indicators. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the PjBL model was reflected in the improved implementation of its instructional syntax, progressing from the “Moderate” category in the initial cycle to “High” and eventually “Very High” in the subsequent cycle. These outcomes confirm that PjBL promotes active, student-centered, and collaborative learning that fosters creativity in Social Studies. The study concludes that continuous implementation of PjBL is essential for cultivating creativity in elementary classrooms and suggests further research to explore its applicability in different contexts and educational levels.

The emergence of various commonwealths, alliances, and other forms of inter-state organizations has significantly influenced the course of existing international cooperation. Cooperation between countries serves not only as a platform for strengthening political and social relations but also as a key element in meeting domestic needs that cannot be met independently through a country's self-help programs. Therefore, international cooperation is an aspect that is continuously maintained and strengthened by countries worldwide. Historically, cooperative relations between countries have generally developed as a result of the increasing ties that have existed over time. This dynamic involves various sectors, including economics, trade, and investment, further demonstrating the crucial role of international relations in a country's progress. Countries involved in this cooperation benefit each other, both in meeting domestic needs and in increasing their economic capacity through innovation and collaboration. The data sources for this study were obtained from documents obtained through internet media, which were then processed and analyzed to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of international cooperation. This study uses a quantitative approach, focusing on the analysis of investment flows into the country. Increased investment flows will drive higher growth in goods production, which in turn will strengthen trade activities, including exports to destination countries such as China. Furthermore, increased investment also contributes to the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in developing countries. This GDP increase will positively impact Indonesia's trade balance, particularly with China, one of its major trading partners in the Asian region.

Public Financial Management (PFM) is a critical element of good governance, transparency, and accountability, with direct implications for education and youth development. Despite its significance, research on PFM in these sectors remains fragmented, limiting a holistic understanding of its impact. This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to synthesize existing scholarship on PFM in education and youth affairs, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search across Scopus and Web of Science identified peer-reviewed studies addressing financial governance, budgeting practices, accountability mechanisms, and financial literacy programs. The findings reveal that effective PFM contributes to improved educational outcomes by enhancing financial literacy, ensuring timely budget disbursement, promoting student savings, and enabling equitable access to financial education. Conversely, persistent challenges such as delays in fund allocation, weak accountability, and disparities in program implementation continue to hinder progress. The review also highlights the broader implications of SLRs in advancing curriculum innovation, guiding evidence-based policymaking, and strengthening accountability frameworks in education finance. This study contributes to both theory and practice by offering an integrated synthesis of PFM in education and youth affairs, identifying critical research gaps, and providing recommendations for policymakers and practitioners. The results underscore the importance of embedding financial literacy into school curricula, adopting performance-based budgeting, and fostering collaboration between researchers and policymakers. Ultimately, strengthening PFM in education not only enhances institutional efficiency but also equips youth with the financial skills and opportunities required for sustainable social and economic development The findings from this review contribute to the ongoing discourse on PFM by offering an integrated synthesis of current knowledge. The study not only uncovers critical research gaps but also provides actionable recommendations for both policymakers and practitioners.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a condition characterized by muscle or fascia pain, involving sensory, motor, or autonomic functions, linked to myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). Motor symptoms can include muscle weakness, limited movement, and stiffness. Sensory symptoms may involve tenderness, referred pain, hyperalgesia, or allodynia, while autonomic symptoms include sweating, changes in skin temperature, and salivation. MPS occurs due to increased sympathetic nervous system activity, which worsens pain. Physical therapy is vital in improving movement and function, with Active Exercise Therapy being a recommended treatment. MPS affects 36% of 431 patients, with pain intensity often developing within a week, and in Indonesia, it reaches 40% within a year. MPS is more common in females than males. Active Exercise Therapy, which can be performed at home or work, is essential for preventing MPS. On July 31, 2025, a community service activity was held at RT VIII Tanjung Mas Village, Semarang Utara, with 29 participants. The event included blood pressure checks, blood sugar tests, BMI measurements, and counseling on the importance of exercise therapy to prevent muscle fatigue, particularly in the neck area. The therapy, focusing on improving tendon and ligament strength and muscle strength, helps maintain joint stability and increase the range of motion. Strength training includes isotonic exercises and progressive resistance training, tailored to each individual's needs. The event provided education on managing muscle pain and fatigue through targeted exercise routines and home programs. These initiatives emphasize muscle recovery, physical health, and overall wellness, ensuring participants can manage and prevent MPS effectively. The event highlighted the critical role of regular physical activity in improving quality of life and preventing long-term musculoskeletal pain.

This study investigated the implementation and effectiveness of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) in enhancing the English reading skills of tenth-grade students at an Indonesian senior high school. The research was motivated by the persistent gap left by traditional language teaching methods, which frequently emphasize grammatical accuracy and vocabulary memorization while often neglecting the development of practical reading abilities. To address this issue, the study systematically examined the application of TBLT through three structured phases: pre-reading, main reading, and post-reading tasks. Each phase was designed to promote active learning, critical thinking, and student engagement in the reading process. The methodology involved classroom observations, task-based instructional activities, and an analysis of student exam scores as the primary indicators of progress. During the pre-reading phase, students were encouraged to activate prior knowledge and predict content, which helped build contextual understanding. In the main reading phase, tasks focused on developing essential reading strategies such as skimming for general ideas and scanning for specific information. 

This study investigates the influence of transformational leadership on teacher performance in disadvantaged regions, with a specific focus on SMP Satu Atap Werdi in Pekalongan Regency. Schools located in remote and underdeveloped areas often face structural challenges such as limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and geographical isolation, which significantly hinder the delivery of quality education. In this context, the role of school principals becomes critical in shaping organizational culture and motivating educators to maintain high performance despite the constraints. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach, using participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis to gather rich and comprehensive data from the principal and teachers as key informants. Findings indicate that even though SMP Satu Atap Werdi operates in an area with severely limited facilities, the transformational leadership style adopted by the principal has successfully brought about meaningful improvements in school management and teacher performance. The leadership was manifested through four main dimensions: idealized influence, demonstrated by strong role modelling and exemplary behaviour; inspirational motivation, reflected in the principal’s ability to encourage teachers to remain committed and enthusiastic; intellectual stimulation, which fostered creativity, innovation, and problem-solving among teachers; and individualized consideration, shown through personal guidance and support tailored to each teacher’s needs. These practices led to visible progress in teacher discipline, professional dedication, and organizational commitment. The study underscores the importance of transformational leadership as a catalyst for positive organizational change in education, particularly under challenging circumstances. The findings align with previous literature highlighting its effectiveness in motivating subordinates and enhancing performance. From a practical standpoint, this research suggests the need for policymakers and education stakeholders to strengthen transformational leadership practices in schools across disadvantaged regions as a strategy to achieve equitable educational quality in Indonesia.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major global health threat, with severe impacts in developing countries due to weak health systems, poor regulation, and low sanitation standards. This review summarizes 12 studies from Asia and Africa on AMR’s clinical, social, economic, and environmental effects. AMR leads to first-line treatment failure, prolonged hospital stays, increased morbidity and mortality, and necessitates costly, toxic last-line antibiotics. Economic consequences include higher treatment costs, productivity loss, and poverty risk from high medical expenses. Environmental contributors such as contamination from medical waste, livestock, and the food industry accelerate resistant bacteria spread. Effective control requires integrated strategies, including Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) based on AWaRe classification, laboratory strengthening, One Health approaches, public education, strict antibiotic distribution regulations, and cross-sector monitoring. These measures aim to curb AMR progression and reduce health burdens in developing nations. The rise of AMR further complicates healthcare delivery in countries already struggling with limited resources and underfunded healthcare systems. The growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) organisms threatens the effectiveness of current medical treatments, including those for common infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. Infections that were once easily treatable with antibiotics are now leading to longer and more complicated hospitalizations, greater healthcare costs, and higher death rates. Additionally, the lack of access to newer, more effective antibiotics and diagnostic tools makes managing resistant infections in these regions even more challenging. Environmental factors, particularly contamination from healthcare facilities and agricultural practices, play a key role in the proliferation of resistant pathogens.  

Fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity are tightly coupled processes leading to tissue damage and disease progression. Oxidative stress, triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS), favors inflammation through the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as immune cells, especially macrophages. Chronic inflammation impedes the mechanisms of repair in tissues, resulting in an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to fibrosis. Immune dysregulation mediated through T cells, B cells, as well as innate immunity also propels the fibrotic pathway. In contrast, fibrotic tissue reinforces oxidative stress and inflammation, forming a vicious cycle that sustains tissue injury and remodeling. Emerging evidence indicates that various molecular pathways are involved in this complex interplay. Key signaling cascades such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play significant roles in amplifying oxidative and inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of antioxidant defense systems, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, further aggravates oxidative stress and enhances tissue vulnerability. Moreover, metabolic alterations within immune cells contribute to the persistence of a pro-fibrotic environment. Activated macrophages, for instance, secrete profibrotic cytokines like interleukin-13 (IL-13) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while T helper 17 (Th17) cells promote chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling. This intricate cellular cross-talk highlights the importance of immune-metabolic regulation in fibrosis progression. Understanding these interconnected mechanisms offers promising therapeutic opportunities. Targeting oxidative stress with antioxidants, modulating immune responses with biologics, and inhibiting fibrogenic pathways using TGF-β or tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently being explored in both preclinical and clinical settings. Such interventions hold potential for breaking the vicious cycle of oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity, ultimately preventing irreversible organ damage and improving clinical outcomes in fibrotic diseases.  

This study examines the application of the ultra petita principle in decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, focusing on the case study of Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023. The ultra petita principle is classically understood as a prohibition for judges to rule beyond what is explicitly requested by the parties to the case. However, in practice, the Constitutional Court often uses this principle flexibly to ensure substantive justice and the effective protection of citizens' constitutional rights. This shows how constitutional adjudication in Indonesia tends to prioritize substantive justice over procedural limitations. This thesis aims to analyze the legal basis used by the Constitutional Court when deciding ultra petita cases, while also examining the resulting legal implications for the administrative system of lawmaking in Indonesia. Using a normative legal approach, this study finds that the Constitutional Court positions itself as the sole interpreter of the constitution with progressive authority. In this sense, the Court's decisions may expand its role beyond the traditional boundaries of judicial authority. However, the Constitutional Court's ultra petita practice has the potential to raise concerns about judicial overreach. Ultra petita decisions not only resolve constitutional disputes but also have the potential to create new legal norms that can directly influence the legislative process and even change the structure of national law. Such outcomes raise the question of how to maintain a balance between judicial activism and legislative supremacy. Therefore, it is crucial to establish clear legal boundaries to ensure the Court remains within the constitutional framework, upholds the principle of checks and balances, and prevents conflicts of authority between branches of state power. Therefore, this research contributes to the academic understanding of the dynamics of the Constitutional Court's authority and the urgency of strengthening the rules of the game in maintaining harmony in the Indonesian state system.