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Narcotics are substances or drugs, whether synthetic or semi-synthetic, derived from plants or non-plant materials that have the potential to cause disturbances or changes in human consciousness. Their use may result in loss of sensation, impaired taste, and, in more severe cases, strong dependency or addiction. While narcotics have undeniable benefits in the fields of medicine, healthcare, and scientific development—particularly in pain management and research—their misuse carries significant risks for both individuals and society. This study adopts a normative legal approach by analyzing existing regulations, statutory provisions, and relevant academic literature regarding narcotics and crime. The findings reveal that narcotics abuse is often closely linked to criminal behavior, as drug dependence can negatively influence psychological stability, decision-making, and social conduct, potentially driving individuals to engage in unlawful acts. Furthermore, crime is a relative concept shaped by context, culture, and societal norms, which means its connection with narcotics requires multidimensional analysis. Law enforcement efforts against narcotics-related crimes have been continuously pursued by authorities through preventive, repressive, and judicial measures, with various court rulings highlighting the gravity of the problem. However, legal enforcement alone is insufficient; a holistic strategy is needed that combines strict law enforcement with rehabilitation, psychological support, and community education. Such a comprehensive approach is expected to reduce narcotics misuse, prevent recidivism, and minimize its destructive impacts. Ultimately, this research seeks to provide deeper insights into the dynamic relationship between narcotics abuse and crime, while offering practical recommendations to achieve more effective solutions for protecting individuals, strengthening social resilience, and promoting public welfare

Background: Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in toddlers caused by inadequate nutritional intake and recurrent infections, especially in the First 1000 Days of Life (HPK). One of the main factors that influence the incidence of stunting is exclusive breastfeeding and maternal nutritional knowledge. Indonesia still faces a high prevalence of stunting, which if not addressed immediately can impact the quality of human resources in the future.Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional knowledge and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of stunting in infants aged 6–12 months in the working area of Kuala Bangka Health Center, Kualuh Hilir District, North Labuhan Batu Regency in 2021.Method: This study used a case control design with a sample of 110 respondents (55 cases and 55 controls) selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire and processed using the Chi-Square test. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting (p = 0.002; OR = 4.394; 95% CI = 1.709–11.295), where infants who were not exclusively breastfed had a 4.4 times greater risk of experiencing stunting than infants who received optimal exclusive breastfeeding. However, there was no significant relationship between maternal nutritional knowledge and the incidence of stunting (p = 0.233). Conclusion: The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was proven to be associated with the incidence of stunting, while maternal knowledge did not show a significant relationship. Stunting prevention efforts should focus on improving the practice of appropriate and comprehensive exclusive breastfeeding, accompanied by practice-based nutrition education that mothers can apply in childcare.

This analysis aims to evaluate the influence of Islamic Work Ethic and Task Load Level on Employee Productivity and Job Satisfaction at Kendal Islamic Hospital. Islamic Work Ethic in this study is measured through five main dimensions, namely siddiq (integrity), istiqamah (steadfastness), fathanah (intellectual intelligence), amanah (reliability), and tabligh (communication capacity). Meanwhile, Task Load Level is understood as work pressure reflected by three main indicators, namely physical fatigue, emotional fatigue, and psychological fatigue. This study uses a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design to test the causal relationship between variables. Primary data were collected through the distribution of structured questionnaires to hospital employees using probability sampling techniques, so that respondent representation is more assured. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression through SPSS software, to determine the level of direct and indirect influence between variables. The results of the study indicate that Islamic Work Ethic has a positive and significant influence on Employee Job Satisfaction and Productivity, indicating that the application of Islamic values in work ethic can encourage motivation, loyalty, and performance. Conversely, the Level of Task Load has a significant negative effect on Job Satisfaction, indicating that excessive workload can reduce satisfaction, although it is not proven to have a significant impact on Employee Productivity. Furthermore, Job Satisfaction is proven to have a positive and significant influence on Employee Productivity, so it can play a role as an important mediating variable in the relationship between work ethic and performance. This study provides a theoretical contribution to the development of human resource management concepts based on Islamic values, while also offering practical recommendations for hospital managers to strengthen Islamic work ethic and manage workload proportionally to improve employee welfare and performance.  

This study examined the relationship between digital transformation factors (innovation culture, digital leadership, and digital transformation of human resources) and organizational resilience in Indonesian higher education institutions. The research method employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with a Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach using SmartPLS 4, involving validation of the measurement and structural models through bootstrapping procedures. The findings indicated that all seven hypotheses for direct effects were accepted with statistical significance (p < 0.05), with innovation culture having the strongest influence on organizational adaptive capability (β = 0.356). Mediation analysis confirmed the significant role of organizational adaptive capability as a partial mediator in the transmission of digital transformation's effects on organizational resilience, with indirect effects ranging from 0.079 to 0.108. This study's theoretical contribution enriches the digital transformation literature by validating the dual pathway mechanism and introducing organizational adaptation theory in the context of higher education. Practically, the findings provide a strategic roadmap for higher education institutions to implement a holistic digital transformation strategy by strengthening innovation culture, digital leadership, and human resource digitalization as a foundation for building sustainable organizational resilience.

Women's leadership is recognized as a strategic factor driving organizational success through the formation of effective and sustainable team collaboration. Beyond simply directing, women leaders build a conducive work climate where team members are valued, engaged, and have equal opportunities to contribute. Across various sectors, they demonstrate the ability to manage team dynamics with a participatory, collaborative approach, and a focus on healthy interpersonal relationships. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to describe the role, benefits, and challenges of women's leadership in human resource (HR) development. Twelve articles published between 2020 and 2024 were selected based on the PICOC framework to ensure academic validity. The study results indicate that women's leadership is synonymous with a participatory style, empathy, and open communication that encourages time commitment, the flow of ideas, innovation, and productivity. Women leaders create a psychologically safe work environment, value differences of opinion, and encourage cross-functional collaboration. Their role is increasingly important in the era of flexible work and digital transformation, where empathy and communication are key to maintaining team motivation and productivity. However, challenges such as gender stereotypes, structural barriers, and cultural resistance still limit the effectiveness of women's leadership, especially in strategic positions and high-level decision-making. In many cases, women leaders still have to work harder to gain legitimacy, even though they have the same or even higher qualifications than their male counterparts. Addressing this requires more inclusive organizational policies, gender-based leadership training programs, mentoring, and consistent advocacy for equality. Companies and public institutions must actively create an ecosystem that supports women's leadership development, including equal access to strategic career opportunities.

This study aims to deeply examine the role and impact of AI implementation in the B2B sales process, including implementation challenges. The method used is a qualitative approach with descriptive studies, through a literature review of scientific journals, industry reports, and relevant previous studies. The analysis results show that the application of AI in B2B sales not only improves the accuracy of marketing strategies and lead conversion, but also strengthens the concept of value co-creation through collaboration between salespeople and AI systems. Technologies such as machine learning, predictive analytics, and NLP-based chatbots have been proven to accelerate sales cycles, expand service reach, and increase productivity by up to 30%. However, implementation challenges remain, including limited digital infrastructure, a lack of competent human resources, and organizational resistance to technological transformation. Therefore, optimal AI integration requires institutional readiness, adaptive strategies, and continuous investment in technology and human resource development. These findings provide theoretical and practical contributions to the development of AI-based B2B sales strategies, particularly in the context of the digital industry in Indonesia. Furthermore, the application of AI in B2B sales also opens up new opportunities for service personalization. With the support of real-time data analysis, companies can better understand the specific preferences and needs of their business partners. This enables the development of more targeted communication strategies and the enhancement of long-term relationships with business customers. AI also plays a role in reducing human error through automated systems that can validate data, provide predictive recommendations, and support faster and more accurate strategic decision-making. Furthermore, the adoption of AI in B2B requires clear regulations and governance, particularly regarding ethical data use and information security. Companies must be able to balance the use of technology to increase efficiency with the protection of privacy and consumer rights.

This study aims to identify internal and external factors influencing the development of the Arunika Wedding Organizer business in Padang City and formulate appropriate strategies through a SWOT analysis approach. The research method was conducted qualitatively, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with five informants, consisting of business owners, employees, and vendors who collaborate with Arunika. The data obtained was then analyzed to map the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by the company. The results show that the main strengths of Arunika Wedding Organizer lie in responsive service to client needs, solid team coordination, and good working relationships with supporting vendors. These factors are important capital in maintaining consumer trust. However, the study also found weaknesses such as a limited number of part-time teams that can hinder operational flexibility, and suboptimal digital promotions that limit market reach. From the external side, opportunities that can be utilized include the increasing trend of more personal and simple intimate weddings, and the high demand for one-stop services, where all wedding needs can be accommodated by a single service provider. Meanwhile, the threats faced stem from intense price competition with similar service providers and relatively rapid changes in wedding trends, requiring the company to be constantly adaptive. Based on the SWOT matrix analysis, Arunika Wedding Organizer falls into quadrant IV (hold and maintain). Therefore, the recommended strategy is to maintain existing strengths while addressing existing weaknesses, particularly in human resources and digital promotion.

Human resources (HR) are a crucial component of any organization, playing a vital role in determining its development and success. One key aspect of HR management is employee performance, which reflects the quality and quantity of employee output in meeting company targets. This study focuses on PT REX Denpasar, a logistics company that experienced fluctuations in monthly revenue throughout 2023. This phenomenon indicates performance issues related to work quantity, delivery accuracy, and time efficiency. Several operational issues identified included variability in staff productivity, delays in delivery schedules, and inaccuracies in shipping data processing. To explore solutions to these challenges, the study examined the role of managerial leadership and financial incentives in improving employee performance, with job satisfaction as a mediating variable. This study covered all 40 employees of PT REX Denpasar, using a comprehensive enumeration sampling method. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and a review of organizational records. Analysis was conducted using a structural path modeling approach to examine the relationships between variables. The results showed that managerial leadership had a significant effect on job satisfaction, as did the financial incentives provided by the company. Furthermore, leadership quality and compensation systems have been shown to have a positive correlation with improved employee performance. Furthermore, job satisfaction was found to act as a substantial mediator, strengthening the influence of leadership and compensation on performance. Thus, improving leadership quality and improving compensation mechanisms not only have a direct impact but also an indirect impact through increased job satisfaction.

This study investigates the relationship between fiscal dependence, the effectiveness of locally generated revenue (PAD), and the degree of fiscal decentralization on the Human Development Index (HDI) in four regencies on Madura Island Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep which have consistently reported the lowest HDI scores in East Java Province. Utilizing panel data from 2011 to 2023, the findings indicate that all regencies remain highly fiscally dependent, with fiscal dependency ratios exceeding 89%. Central government transfers dominate local budget structures, significantly limiting local fiscal autonomy. While PAD effectiveness shows notable achievements such as Pamekasan’s 136.09% realization rate its contribution to total regional revenue remains relatively low. This is reflected in the modest degree of fiscal decentralization, which ranges between 8.56% and 10.72%. Such fiscal limitations hinder the ability of local governments to invest in strategic sectors that directly impact human development, including education, healthcare, and public services. The analysis also reveals that despite effective PAD realization, its nominal value is insufficient to drive substantial improvements in HDI, especially when not supported by strengthened fiscal capacity and local economic mobilization. These findings suggest that PAD effectiveness alone does not translate into better human development outcomes without broader fiscal empowerment. Therefore, a comprehensive fiscal decentralization strategy is required one that not only enhances revenue generation but also improves budgetary governance and optimizes local economic resources. Strengthening local fiscal autonomy is essential for ensuring targeted, efficient, and equitable investment in human development sectors, ultimately fostering sustainable regional development across Madura Island.

Negotiation is the most fundamental form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), emphasizing the peaceful settlement of conflicts through direct dialogue between disputing parties without involving a third party. In Indonesia, negotiation has become one of the most widely used ADR mechanisms and has developed across various fields, including civil law, labor relations, administrative disputes, and environmental issues. This study aims to analyze negotiation as an ADR forum from two main perspectives. First, a theoretical review that examines the principles of negotiation, its stages, as well as its advantages and limitations compared to other dispute resolution mechanisms. Second, a practical review that elaborates on the implementation of negotiation within the Indonesian legal context through case studies of disputes resolved through negotiation. The research employs a normative-juridical approach to analyze the legal foundations and principles governing negotiation, combined with an empirical review through case data exploration and interviews with legal practitioners. The findings indicate that negotiation offers several advantages, including efficiency in time and cost, procedural flexibility, and the potential for mutually beneficial solutions (win–win solutions). However, this study also identifies challenges such as unequal bargaining positions between parties, limited legal recognition of negotiation outcomes, and the insufficient capacity of negotiators or informal mediators to fully grasp legal aspects. Based on these findings, the study recommends several strategic steps: enhancing legal recognition and protection for negotiation outcomes, strengthening the capacity and competence of negotiators through legal and communication skills training, and expanding the use of negotiation as an initial step in resolving various types of disputes. With stronger legal frameworks and improved human resources, negotiation has the potential to become a more effective, efficient, and sustainable dispute resolution instrument in Indonesia.

Corruption is an extraordinary crime that damages the foundation of the state. In the context of Government Procurement of Goods/Services (PBJP), corrupt behavior still occurs even though it has been regulated through Presidential Regulation Number 12 of 2021 as an amendment to Presidential Regulation Number 16 of 2018. The implementation of the PBJP policy is considered to be not able to effectively suppress the potential for corruption, so other variables are needed that affect the effectiveness of the policy. This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect influence of the leadership style and quality of human resources (HR) of the state civil apparatus on the potential for corruption through the implementation of PBJP policies. The research method used is quantitative with the Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach, which aims to test the relationship between latent variables and confirm the influence of leadership style and quality of human resources on potential corruption through the effectiveness of PBJP implementation. The research population includes elements of PBJP policy implementation within the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), including PPK, procurement officials, UKPBJ working groups, and goods/service providers. The sample was determined by purposive random sampling, consisting of internal and external implementers of PBJP at the KPK with a budget value of more than IDR 1 billion in the 2024 fiscal year. The results of the study show that leadership style has a positive effect on the implementation of PBJP and directly reduces the potential for corruption. The quality of ASN human resources has a positive effect on the implementation of PBJP, but it has a double effect on the potential for corruption. The mediation test showed that the implementation of PBJP mediated part of the influence of leadership style and human resource quality on potential corruption, with the direction of influence changing from positive to negative. These findings confirm the importance of the effectiveness of the implementation of PBJP policies in suppressing the potential for corruption within the KPK.

This study aims to determine the relationship between organizational commitment and readiness for change among employees at Ramayana Plaza Andalas Padang. The background of this study emphasizes the importance of human resource readiness in facing the increasingly rapid dynamics of organizational change, whether due to globalization, technological developments, or increasingly competitive market competition. Organizational change demands active involvement and psychological readiness from employees, and one factor believed to play a significant role in this readiness is the level of commitment to the organization. This study used a quantitative approach with a nonprobability sampling method, where data were collected through a questionnaire using a Likert scale. Respondents were employees from various departments at Ramayana Plaza Andalas Padang. The results showed a significant relationship between organizational commitment and readiness for change. Specifically, affective commitment—which is an employee's emotional cessation of feelings toward the organization—and continuance commitment, which relates to the perception of the costs of leaving the organization, showed a positive relationship with readiness for change. Conversely, normative commitment, which stems from a sense of moral obligation to remain employed, showed a negative correlation, indicating that moral pressure without emotional involvement can hinder readiness for change. These findings indicate that although the overall level of readiness is quite high, several aspects such as fit (the appropriateness of change), change efficacy (belief in the ability to change), and management support still need improvement. Therefore, it is recommended that organizations focus more on strengthening affective commitment by actively involving employees in the decision-making process, building open communication, and providing training and coaching that supports ongoing readiness for change. Thus, the success of organizational change is greatly influenced by the quality of the emotional connection between employees and the organization.

This study addresses the issue of inadequate financial reporting by Regional Government Organizations (Organisasi Perangkat Daerah/OPD) in Nganjuk, where financial statements are expected to meet user needs in fulfilling transparency and accountability requirements. The research investigates the influence of four key factors—accounting standards, information systems, internal controls, and the competence of human resources—on the quality of financial statements. Furthermore, it examines the moderating role of organizational commitment in strengthening or weakening the relationships between these factors and financial reporting quality. The study adopts a quantitative research design, with data collected through structured questionnaires distributed to 53 OPD offices, involving 212 randomly selected respondents. Data were analyzed using classical assumption tests to ensure validity and reliability, followed by Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) employing SPSS software. The findings reveal that information systems, internal controls, and competent human resources have a significant positive effect on the quality of financial reports. In contrast, accounting standards show no significant direct impact. Moreover, organizational commitment plays a moderating role in enhancing the positive effects of information systems, internal controls, and human resource competence on report quality. However, it does not moderate the relationship between accounting standards and financial reporting quality. These results highlight the importance of both technical and human resource aspects in improving financial statement quality within OPDs. While adequate systems and controls are crucial, the study underscores that the presence of strong organizational commitment is a determining factor in maximizing their effectiveness. The research suggests that efforts to improve financial reporting should not only focus on compliance with standards but also on strengthening commitment, training, and the integration of information systems and internal control mechanisms

This study aims to analyze the influence of work-life balance and workload on turnover intention, with work stress as a mediating variable in employees of PT Semarang Garment. The phenomenon of high turnover in the garment industry is the background of this study, which is triggered by large production targets, high work pressure, and imbalance between work and personal life. These conditions have the potential to reduce employee welfare and increase the desire to leave the company. This study uses a quantitative method with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis techniques using AMOS version 24. The research sample of 360 respondents was selected through a simple random sampling technique, and data was collected using a structured online questionnaire. The results of the analysis show that: (1) Work-life balance does not have a significant effect on turnover intention, but has a significant negative effect on work stress, which means the better the work-life balance, the lower the level of work stress; (2) Workload has a significant positive effect on work stress, but does not have a significant effect on turnover intention; (3) Work stress has a significant positive effect on turnover intention, which indicates that the higher the work stress, the greater the employee's desire to leave. Furthermore, it was found that job stress mediates the relationship between work-life balance and turnover intention, so improving work-life balance can indirectly reduce turnover intention through reduced job stress. Theoretically, this study adds to the human resource management literature on factors influencing turnover intention. Practically, the results recommend that company management create a healthy work environment, manage workloads proportionally, and design policies that support work-life balance to reduce turnover intention.

The practice of withholding a diploma as a condition of employment is still widespread in employment relationships in Indonesia. Generally, employers argue that withholding a diploma is intended to guarantee that workers complete the agreed-upon work contract period. However, this practice raises legal issues because it has the potential to violate the principle of freedom of contract, especially when viewed in light of the provisions of Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUH Perdata), which regulates the conditions for a valid agreement. A diploma withholding clause can affect the fulfillment of the element of free agreement, because such clauses are often agreed to under duress or without fair alternatives for workers. This study aims to examine the validity of diploma withholding clauses in employment agreements and assess the legal consequences if such clauses are declared invalid. The research method used is a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and court decisions. The results of the analysis show that diploma withholding clauses often conflict with the conditions for a valid agreement, especially the element of lawful cause, because they conflict with the principles of protecting workers' rights and the principle of justice in freedom of contract. Furthermore, this practice can lead to human rights violations, considering that diplomas are important personal documents and cannot be confiscated without a clear legal basis. If the diploma retention clause is declared invalid, the clause is null and void and does not bind the parties. Consequently, the employer is obliged to return the diploma to the employee unconditionally, and the employee has the right to claim compensation if they suffer losses due to the retention. This study recommends the need for stricter regulations in employment regulations to prohibit the practice of diploma retention, in order to ensure the creation of fair and equal employment relationships in accordance with the principles of contract law.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of violence experienced by individuals in the early adulthood age range (18–25 years), which is often a manifestation of unresolved traumatic experiences. Unmanaged trauma can have profound psychological impacts, affecting an individual's identity, social relationships, and outlook on life. However, within the framework of positive psychology, there is the concept of Post Traumatic Growth (PTG), which explains the potential for psychological growth that can emerge after an individual experiences severe stress or trauma. PTG includes positive changes in oneself, increased meaning in life, personal strength, and appreciation for life. The concept of PTG is the main foundation in the creation of abstract sculptures that attempt to represent the psychological journey of victims of violence, from destructive conditions to recovery and self-awareness. Abstract forms are used as a visual medium to reflect inner conflict, identity fragmentation, and the complex process of internal transformation. The choice of abstraction allows for free expression of realistic forms, thus presenting a profound symbolic interpretation. The method of creation of the work is carried out through an artistic approach that emphasizes the exploration of form, texture, material, and space in three-dimensional expression. This process not only produces visual objects but also creates expressive symbols that contain narratives of psychological healing. The sculpture is presented as a contemplative medium that invites the audience to experience, understand, and interpret the inner journey of victims of violence. The resulting creation demonstrates that abstract sculpture can be a powerful means of emotional communication, facilitating public understanding of the experience of trauma and the potential for post-traumatic growth. Thus, this work not only serves as an artistic representation of the inner dynamics of victims of violence but also serves as a reflective medium that fosters awareness of the human capacity to recover and thrive after experiencing profound suffering.

This study aims to analyze the influence of career development and job training on employee performance, with work motivation as an intervening variable, at the Pakan Rabaa Community Health Center in Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The background of this study is based on the importance of improving the quality of human resources through career development strategies and targeted job training programs, as well as the role of work motivation as a driving factor for employee performance. The research method used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. Data were collected through distributing questionnaires to 66 respondents who are employees of the Pakan Rabaa Community Health Center. The results of the study show several important findings. First, career development has a positive and significant effect on work motivation. Second, job training has a positive but insignificant effect on work motivation. Third, career development has a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance. Fourth, job training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Fifth, work motivation has a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance. Sixth, career development has a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance through work motivation as an intervening variable. Seventh, job training also had a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance through work motivation as an intervening variable. This finding indicates that although career development and job training have a positive relationship with performance, the effect is not always significant when mediated by work motivation. Other factors beyond work motivation may also influence employee performance at the Pakan Rabaa Community Health Center. This study recommends that management strengthen career development and job training programs relevant to employee needs, while identifying other motivational factors that can further enhance performance.

This study investigates the influence of job satisfaction on teacher performance at Omba Tana Rara Public School, a rural educational institution located in a geographically remote area with distinct contextual challenges. Despite the crucial role of teachers in shaping educational outcomes, limited research has explored how job satisfaction contributes to teacher performance in such isolated settings. Employing a quantitative approach, the research surveyed 32 teachers using a validated Likert-scale questionnaire designed to measure key dimensions of job satisfaction, including recognition, professional development, remuneration, interpersonal relationships, and work environment. Data analysis was conducted using simple linear regression to determine the statistical relationship between job satisfaction and teacher performance. The results revealed that job satisfaction has a significant and positive impact on teacher performance (β = 0.67; p < 0.01), indicating that increases in satisfaction levels are associated with higher levels of effectiveness and engagement among teachers. Among the satisfaction factors examined, recognition from leadership, opportunities for professional growth, and supportive working conditions were identified as dominant contributors to improved performance. The findings of this study contribute to filling the research gap concerning human resource issues in remote schools and offer practical insights for stakeholders in education. In particular, the study emphasizes the importance of designing context-specific strategies that prioritize teacher welfare as a means of boosting instructional quality and learning outcomes. It recommends policy interventions focused on enhancing intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction elements through improved school management practices. By highlighting the correlation between teacher satisfaction and performance, especially in rural and under-resourced areas, this research underscores the need for holistic human resource development in education. It advocates for a welfare-centered approach in managing and supporting teachers to ensure sustainable improvements in school effectiveness.

The development of digital technology has brought about significant changes in the way humans communicate and live their daily lives. One important innovation is Artificial Intelligence (AI), one tangible manifestation of which is the chatbot as a virtual friend. This study aims to examine the role of chatbots as virtual friends through a literature review approach. The results of the study indicate that chatbots can serve as a potential, easily accessible tool for providing emotional support. Chatbots are able to create a safe space for users, especially Generation Z, to express themselves and overcome loneliness. However, the relationship between humans and chatbots is complex. Chatbots can mimic supportive responses, but as algorithmic systems, their ability to experience true empathy is very limited. Users' awareness that responses are coming from a machine also influences perceptions of trustworthiness and the quality of the interaction. On the other hand, the use of chatbots also raises serious ethical challenges, such as data privacy issues, the potential for over-dependence, and increased loneliness if chatbots are used as a substitute for real social interaction. Therefore, the development and use of chatbots as virtual friends must be carried out with a critical understanding and ethical approach. Technology design oriented towards humanitarian values is needed so that the presence of chatbots does not diminish the essence of human relationships but instead becomes a psychosocially beneficial complement.

The presumption of innocence is a fundamental principle in the criminal justice system that serves to protect the rights of the accused from the risk of unfair punishment. This principle states that a person is presumed innocent until proven legally and convincingly guilty of committing a crime before a court. This research uses an empirical juridical method, namely a legal approach that examines how positive law, especially unwritten law, is applied in society. In this context, the research highlights the implementation of the presumption of innocence in criminal justice practices in Indonesia. The application of the presumption of innocence is very important for the judicial process to run fairly, directed, and achieve the main objectives of criminal justice, namely upholding justice, legal certainty, and legal order. The relationship between this principle and human rights is very close, because with this principle, suspects and defendants are guaranteed to obtain legal protection during the legal process. Rights such as not being treated as guilty before a court decision, the right to defense, and the right to humane treatment are part of this principle. Enforcing the presumption of innocence is not only the responsibility of law enforcement officers such as the police, prosecutors, and judges, but also all elements of society. Therefore, it is crucial for every citizen to understand and respect this principle in their social lives, especially in responding to ongoing legal cases. As a concrete implementation, law enforcement must implement policies that protect the public and maintain a sense of security, for example by increasing surveillance in crime-prone areas. This way, the law can be enforced fairly, and public trust in the criminal justice system will increase. The presumption of innocence is a crucial foundation for the creation of humane and fair trials in Indonesia.