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Indonesia's relations with China have been established diplomatically for more than 60 years, in some sources it is said that this relationship cannot be separated from Indonesia's foreign policy which is free and active in viewing international political constellations during the cold role, Foreign policy is a strategy or action plan designed by state decision makers to deal with other countries or any other international political entity, with the specific aim of achieving national interests defined in terms of national interests. Foreign actions taken by the government of a country aimed at fulfilling the national interests of a nation are carried out by the authorities at the time The cooperation between Indonesia and China in the construction of the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed train began with China's efforts to attract Indonesia's attention when President Jokowi attended the 22nd meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit in Beijing, China in November 2014.

The aim of this research is to find out how the death penalty is applied to perpetrators of narcotics crimes in Indonesia and how the treatment of foreign nationals who commit narcotics crimes and/or Narcotics Precursor crimes, using normative legal research methods, is concluded. The application of the death penalty is part of law enforcement efforts, because if narcotics are not controlled and supervised strictly and thoroughly and are contrary to the provisions of the law, they will constitute a criminal act and cause great harm and danger. Narcotics crimes are transnational in nature and are carried out using high-level modus operandi. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the death penalty, life imprisonment, imprisonment and fines. Treatment of foreigners who commit narcotics crimes and/or narcotics precursor crimes must be expelled from the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and prohibited from re-entering the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

National Health Insurance (JKN) is a priority for low- and middle-income countries as a way to increase access to health services and reduce the financial burden on health care. The special objective is to analyze the relationship between income and participation in the National Health Insurance (JKN). The 30 respondents, 19 (63.3) respondents were female and 11 (26.7) were male. And aged > 45 years old a total of 15 (50.0) and < 45 years old (50.0). And almost all 23 respondents (69.7) earned < 2,190,206 in each month and as many as 7 respondents with an income of > 2,190,206 in each month. There is a significant positive relationship between the level of opinion and participation in the National Health Insurance program, where the higher the income, the more people participate in the National Health Insurance program. Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending across countries are critical to achieving national and international health goals. If there is more health care, the amount of premium that will be issued will also be a lot. Premium increases in the health insurance sector are an uphill task for policymakers to form balanced policies that can provide affordable health care while maintaining survival  

Tropical ocean tourism destinations are very common in Indonesian waters and are one of the main attractions for foreign tourists from abroad, especially for tourists who are looking for exclusive experiences such as cruise ship travel. This can certainly provide economic benefits to the Indonesian tourism industry and support the economy of the local community. However, it cannot be denied that the high volume of tourists in a tourist destination can affect the sustainability of the marine environment in the future. Through this research, the author will discuss the challenges of environmental incident management for tropical marine tourism destinations, with a focus on the incident of the Caledonian Sky Cruise Ship's collision with coral reefs. In this research, the author will focus on the obstacles and challenges that exist in the process of resolving the Caledonian Sky Cruise Ship case which is reviewed in various aspects, namely international and national law. By combining the methods of policy analysis, case studies, and library research, the author will identify aspects related to the Caledonian Sky Cruise Ship incident. In this research the author will discuss the Indonesian government's efforts in resolving the case and the various challenges that exist in the process of resolving the Caledonian Sky Cruise Ship incident

Technological developments to date have had a rapid impact on all aspects of life, including economic aspects and aspects of government administration; many things have arisen and have had positive impacts, such as ease of access to information and simplification of services by the government. So that technology-based services can be prepared and implemented based on a policy that cannot be separated from the legal theory that binds it. In order to support ease of investment services, the Government has initiated an Online Single Submission (OSS) system since October 2017 as an implementation of Presidential Regulation Number 91 of 2017 concerning the Acceleration of Business Implementation and has conducted concept trials in three locations, namely: Purwakarta, Batam, and Palu. The design of this Information Technology-based system is basically by interconnecting and integrating the existing licensing service system at BKPM/Central PTSP (SPIPISE), a regional PTSP that uses the Ministry of Communication and Information's SiCantik system. In practice, the licensing implemented uses a one-door system, which makes it quicker for investors to process port permits. In this case, BP Batam provides services in the form of Indonesia Batam Online Single Submission or IBOSS. Licensing that previously used manual or conventional methods has switched to an electronic system connected directly to the national system. Port permits are now also handled directly by the BP Batam One-Stop Integrated Services (PTSP) Directorate, which impacts the speedy completion of port permit processing. However, in implementing technology-based services, it is essential to pay attention to regulatory or legal aspects so that implementation remains safe and does not cause material or non-material losses. To safeguard data, the application guarantees that the data recorded by Business Actors is only for Business Licensing services. However, even though there are guarantees or clauses, comprehensive research must still be carried out regarding technology-based services in order to support increased investment, considering that data security is an essential thing in running services.

Education is a process of changing a person's behavior through knowledge and life experience that makes him more mature in thought and attitude. Character education is a very important component in building optimal national character. Character building will be effective if done from an early age. Character education is a process of applying moral and religious values to children through science, applying these values to oneself, family, fellow friends, educators and the surrounding environment and God Almighty. In children's character education at home on social behavior at school This research was conducted in an effort to reveal the role of parents in educating children's character whether they have a major contribution in influencing children's social behavior, especially towards children's social behavior in the form of imitation which is the beginning of children's social behavior, children's social behavior towards peers and children's social behavior towards adults around the child. The research method used is the literature study method where the researcher becomes the main instrument in analyzing the books being studied. the importance of the role of parents in instilling discipline in children from an early age so that they are able to develop children's social behavior and the role of the teacher is not only as an educator, but also as an educator of character, morals and culture for students so that a better school atmosphere is created and improves behavior and attitudes between children and each other.  

Illegal fishing is a pressing issue in Indonesia, particularly in the Natuna Islands, where China's controversial nine-dash line claim has exacerbated the problem. This research focuses on the international law of the sea to address illegal fishing in the Natuna region. The research uses a qualitative method, which explores the legal framework in regulating illegal fishing. The findings highlight the legal challenges Indonesia faces in combating illegal fishing in the Natuna Islands, emphasizing the disruptive impact on marine ecosystems and national sovereignty. The research concludes that international law, particularly the 1982 UNCLOS, defines Indonesia's maritime boundaries, the 2001 IPOA on IUU Fishing classifies illegal fishing, and the 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries regulates fisheries management. In addition, the report also suggests that Indonesia request Particularly Sensitive Sea Area status from the International Maritime Organization for the Natuna Islands waters.

The purpose of this observation is to invite factors that are influenced by loyalty. Literature Survey Marketing management. The method of writing this research paper is quantitative method and the research sample is residents around Pujon District, Malang Regency.  Organizational culture affects management loyalty. Basically, this cooperative aims to improve the management of members and society as a whole. Although cooperatives do not prioritize profits, cooperative efforts can maintain their survival and increase their business continuity. The first goal of the establishment of cooperatives is to motivate the national economy to ensure the welfare of its members and has expanded the establishment of cooperatives to date. To help its members, cooperatives must improve their operations. This study also uses a questionnaire method that must be filled in at least 100 respondents of KUD members. The form must be filled in on the website that has been done by the cooperative on behalf of the village unit cooperative.

In the era of globalization, the issue of national identity has become very important. The rapid pace of globalization has led to the erosion of national values, especially among the younger generation who are more interested in foreign cultures than their own national culture. This can be seen from the increased interest of children in imported products compared to domestic products. This research uses a qualitative method to describe and find meaning behind this phenomenon, by producing descriptive data in the form of words, both written and spoken (Ratna, 2010: 94). It is hoped that by instilling nationalistic values, the younger generation will be motivated to defend national unity. These nationalistic values can be taught through various methods, including through the learning process in schools and universities. In the learning process, these nationalistic values can be integrated. The analysis of the implementation of the Student Profile Strengthening Project of Pancasila in the development of student nationalism at SMAN 1 Pamarayan involves activities of the Student Profile Strengthening Project of Pancasila which has the themes of "bhineka tunggal ika" and "bela negara" (unity in diversity and defending the nation).

The SME empowerment policy is generally directed at supporting efforts to overcome poverty and inequality, create job opportunities and increase exports, as well as agricultural and rural revitalization, which are national development priorities. In addition, the development of small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is directed at making a significant contribution to creating job opportunities, increasing exports and increasing competitiveness.This Community Service Activity (PKM) is focused on MSMEs in Pagerharjo Village, Kulon Progo Regency. The reason for choosing this service location is because Pagerharjo Village is an Independent Cultural Village which has implemented the Preneur Village program since 2019. The Preneur Village is currently still active and developing. The problem with MSMEs, under the management of BUMDes Binangun Pagerharjo in Pagerharjo Village, Samigaluh, Kulon Progo Regency, is the lack of entrepreneurial spirit and financial bookkeeping which, on average, is still done manually.The results of the service include responses and evaluations from participants regarding the training that has been provided. The response was given by the Director of BUMDes who was impressed with the training provided which was different from the training that had been provided previously. Previous training involved mostly listening to lectures, whereas the current training involves participants being active in solving the various problems they face. The evaluation results show that the participants' knowledge has increased and their insight into their business has also increased. It turns out that producing a business is not only based on generations, but also requires innovation so that marketing will continue to develop and financial management will also improve.

The controversy surrounding the lineage of Habibs has recently become increasingly widespread and even sparked debates that have led to hatred within society. This issue is often exploited to exacerbate differences, potentially damaging Islamic brotherhood. Therefore, a wise middle ground is needed to prevent discussions about lineage from becoming increasingly wild and divisive. One important solution is to return to the teachings of the Quran. This holy book provides comprehensive guidelines on morality, brotherhood, and the principles of human equality. The Quran emphasizes that a person's honor in the sight of God is not determined by ancestry, social status, or nationality, but by their level of piety. This message is universal and relevant to all humanity, regardless of background. Piety itself is born from a transcendental moral awareness and is manifested through righteous and beneficial behavior. Therefore, Muslims should focus more attention on character development and self-improvement, rather than pride in lineage, which only fuels controversy with no real benefit to social life.

The purpose of writing is to determine the development of PT Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk (BSI) financing in encouraging the growth of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises UMKM. The method applied in this research is a descriptive method with a qualitative descriptive research type, which utilizes a literature study approach. The data source used in this research is secondary data. The research results show that PT Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk (BSI) gives a big priority to funding for the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) sector, which is a type of productive financing, namely IDR 41.91 trillion from the previous year in 2021 of IDR 39. 4 trillion. This is in line with the Indonesian Banking Architecture (API) framework, the pillars of which are to encourage a national banking structure through financial support for UMKM financing. However, if you look at the percentage development of PT Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk (BSI) financing for UMKM, it has decreased, from 8.36% in 2021 to 6.37% in 2022. This shows that the financing channeled by bank mergers in PT Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk (BSI) experienced a decline. Correspondingly, there are around 60 million UMKM in Indonesia. As many as 77.6 percent or 46.6 million of the 60 million UMKM have not had access to bank financing.

This article discusses the transformation of the Qadiriyah Naqsyabandiyah (TQN) Suryalaya Order as a form of neo-Sufism that transformed into a development ethic in the New Order era. Under the charismatic leadership of Sheikh Ahmad Shohibul Wafa Tajul Arifin (Abah Anom), this order displays a dynamic face of Sufism, not only focusing on individual spirituality, but also actively responding to social and national issues. This study uses a literature study approach by critically examining various primary and secondary sources in the form of author dissertations, academic books, and reputable scientific journal articles. The main findings show that through collective rituals, character education, and ethical political positions, TQN Suryalaya acts as an agent of social and moral transformation. Abah Anom's inclusive leadership model and participatory spiritual practices make this order relevant in the context of modern development. This study emphasizes the importance of the order as an agent of spiritual and social development in facing ethical crises, modern disorientation, and post-reform national challenges.

Low back pain (NPB) Ischialgia is the pinching of the ischiadic nerve in the lower back region which causes the buttocks, thighs, lower legs and even feet to tingle, pain, sometimes causing weakness. Nerve mobilization is a manipulation technique by moving and stretching the nerve tissue to improve axonal transport so as to improve nerve conduction. Nerve mobilization can reduce the pressure in the nerve so that there is an increase in blood flow to the nerve, which can have a regenerating and healing effect on the injured nerve (Butler, 1991). Nerve mobilization is often used as a form of diagnosis and treatment in musculoskeletal conditions with nerve involvement (Butler, 1991). Nerve mobilization in the Lower Limb Tension Test (LLTT) is performed on the branching of the lumbosacral plexus such as the ishiadicus nerve, peroneal nerve, and tibial nerve. But here the author only discusses LLTT on the ishiadicus nerve, namely LLTT 1 which is associated with low back pain. The purpose of knowing the effect of manual nerve mobilization on pain reduction in Ischialgia patients after IR and TENS therapy at RSD KRMT Wongsonegoro Semarang. Method two group pre test and post test. The place of this research is in the physiotherapy clinic of KRMT Wongsonegoro Hospital. Using Visual Analouge Scale (VAS) measuring instrument. The results were treated using the mann-Whtney test. With confidence interval (CI) (95%) The results revealed that there was a significant difference in pain between group 1 (p = 0.00) and group 2 (p = 0.00). But there was no significant difference between the two groups on pain improvement (p = 0.152), so there was no better treatment between the two groups. It is concluded that ULTT is useful in the treatment of LBP patients to reduce pain in two groups. The targeted output is publication in Sinta indexed national journals and IPR. The TKT target of the implementation of gamelan accompaniment gymnastics is at level 2.

Roads are infrastructure that really supports people's living needs. In a broader dimension, the road network has a very important role in regional development, both national, regional and district/city areas according to the function of the road network. The condition of the road damage that occurred on a number of roads in the Makassar city area is increasingly worrying. The reason is that the condition of the road, which was initially slightly damaged due to being abandoned, is now getting worse with deep potholes. As a result, the smoothness of traffic and the safety and comfort of road users are disrupted. This research is intended to provide information regarding the types of road damage that occur, factors causing road damage and mitigation efforts carried out on the Tanjung Bunga metro road, Makassar city. The data collection method is in the form of a visual survey of types of road damage carried out directly in the field and data analysis using the Bina Marga method. The results of research in the field show that the greatest road damage on rigid pavement is grain release with a percentage of 0.076 percent on the left section and 0.089 percent on the right section, while the smallest type of road damage is corner cracking with a percentage of 0.0035 percent on the left section. and 0.0027 percent on the right side. The biggest type of road damage on flexible pavement is grain shedding with a percentage of 0.121 percent on the left section and 0.088 percent on the right section, while the smallest type of damage on the left section is edge cracking with a percentage of 0.003 percent and the type of damage sinking on the right section with a percentage 0.002 percent. Among the most dominant types of damage is grain release.

National development in order to make Indonesia a developed country continues to be carried out, to make this happen, funding is needed, one of which comes from taxes. As good Indonesian citizens, taxpayers have a high sense of nationalism and trust in the government which can increase taxpayer compliance in fulfilling their obligations. The taxpayer compliance ratio from 2016-2021 has increased every year but has not yet reached 100%. The method used is the analytical method. quantitative, determining the sample using a quota sample with a sampling technique using an incidental technique, for the population of individual taxpayers at KPP Pratama North Cikarang. There is an influence of nationalism on taxpayer compliance at KPP Pratama North Cikarang with t calculated (18.289) greater than t table (1.984) so ​​H1 is accepted, there is an influence between trust on taxpayer compliance at the North Cikarang Pratama KPP with t calculated (9.219) greater than t table (1.984) so ​​H2 is accepted, there is an influence between nationalism and trust together on compliance individual taxpayer with calculated F (168,650) greater than F table (3,090). KPP Pratama North Cikarang needs to increase the sense of nationalism and trust of taxpayers so that tax compliance will increase.    

Education is a key element in the development of society and the country. This article examines the development of education in Indonesia with a focus on the background, results and conclusions of the historical journey of education in this country. The development of education in Indonesia has been influenced by a long history, especially the period of Dutch colonialism. Education at that time was limited to the native elite and created inequality in access to education. However, after the proclamation of independence in 1945, education became a top priority in national development, resulting in a significant increase in access to basic education. Nevertheless, educational inequality between urban and rural areas and between islands in Indonesia remains a problem that must be addressed..Educational developments in Indonesia include increasing access to education, diversifying higher education programs, and efforts to integrate local culture in the curriculum. The government has allocated a significant budget for education, modernizing the curriculum and improving the quality of teaching. Education reform also includes teacher training and curriculum updates to face changing times. However, there are still challenges in educational governance, unequal access to education, and integrating technology in the learning process. The development of education in Indonesia reflects a journey full of challenges and significant changes. While there has been progress in terms of access and cultural integration efforts, challenges such as educational inequality, complex governance, and technology integration still need to be addressed. Quality education remains a priority, with the hope that continued efforts will ensure that education in Indonesia meets high quality standards and is relevant to face a challenging future. Keywords: Education, Indonesia, History

Education is a key element in the development of society and the country. This article examines the development of education in Indonesia with a focus on the background, results and conclusions of the historical journey of education in this country. The development of education in Indonesia has been influenced by a long history, especially the period of Dutch colonialism. Education at that time was limited to the native elite and created inequality in access to education. However, after the proclamation of independence in 1945, education became a top priority in national development, resulting in a significant increase in access to basic education. Nevertheless, educational inequality between urban and rural areas and between islands in Indonesia remains a problem that must be addressed..Educational developments in Indonesia include increasing access to education, diversifying higher education programs, and efforts to integrate local culture in the curriculum. The government has allocated a significant budget for education, modernizing the curriculum and improving the quality of teaching. Education reform also includes teacher training and curriculum updates to face changing times. However, there are still challenges in educational governance, unequal access to education, and integrating technology in the learning process. The development of education in Indonesia reflects a journey full of challenges and significant changes. While there has been progress in terms of access and cultural integration efforts, challenges such as educational inequality, complex governance, and technology integration still need to be addressed. Quality education remains a priority, with the hope that continued efforts will ensure that education in Indonesia meets high quality standards and is relevant to face a challenging future. Keywords: Education, Indonesia, History

This article provides a good understanding of the background, system, curriculum and problems in Islamic education in Malaysia. There are several important points in this article, namely about the background of Islamic education in Malaysia: The history of the arrival of Islam to Malaysia in the 14th century and its main role in society after the arrival of the Malays explains the roots of Islamic education in Malaysia. The presence of Islamic scholars and scholars in Islamic preaching in Malaysia reflects the importance of religious education in the culture and history of the country; Development of Islamic Education in Malaysia: this article details the development of Islamic education in Malaysia in three periods: the early period, the period of British rule, and the period after independence. These include the introduction of Islamic education subjects in public schools after independence and the establishment of Islamic higher education institutions; Islamic Education System in Malaysia: explains the structure of the Islamic education system in Malaysia, including its stages such as pre-school, primary, secondary, and pre-university education. An explanation of exams and qualifications also provides a good understanding of how students move through the education system. ; Educational Curriculum in Malaysia: The educational curriculum in Malaysia is explained with a focus on subjects, tests, and language of instruction; outlines changes in curriculum over time and the emphasis on languages of instruction, including English, in education; Problems and Policies in the Education System: covers several problems facing the Malaysian education system, such as access gaps, ethnic issues, and language of instruction. The government has responded with policies such as scholarship programs, skills-based education, and improved teacher training; Policies in the Education System: A number of policies that have been implemented in Malaysia, such as the Basic National Education and skills-based education programs, are also described in this paper providing a good view of the evolution and challenges of Islamic education in Malaysia as well as the government's efforts to overcome existing problems. . This is important to understand how Islamic education plays a role in Malaysia's multicultural and multiethnic society.      

This research is inspired by the statement that a good leader must always be able to motivate his subordinates in such a way that in carrying out their duties, teachers will have high work effectiveness and are expected to be able to produce satisfactory results, both for the madrasah and the teachers themselves. The research approach uses qualitative methods. The data collection techniques are participant observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. The research uses individual site and cross-site data analysis. The validity check of data is based on several criteria including: degree of trust, transferability, dependability and confirmability. The results of this research are: 1) The leadership of the madrasah headmaster in raising teachers’ awareness at MIN 9 and MIN 14 Blitar, is carried out by improving the performance of his personnel and by giving awards to subordinates. The head of the madrasah provides a role model and attention, supports welfare, sets a good example, and motivates subordinates. The head of the madrasah supports and appreciates the achievements of his subordinates. The madrasah principal also always tries to take a personal approach by building a good relationship. The setting of a calm and pleasant work atmosphere will increase teacher performance, apart from that, creating a conducive physical environment will increase the motivation of education staff in carrying out their duties. Teacher awareness to increase their ability results of winning national scale literacy competitions. 2) The leadership of the madrasah headmaster in upgrading the capacity of teachers at MIN 9 and MIN 14 Blitar is carried out by ensuring that teachers can professionally carry out their duties by participating in preparing lesson plans, selecting teachers who are competent in guiding students in self-development, providing explanation and motivation to subordinates about how to carry out tasks in the madrasah, informing instructions to subordinates to galvanize their abilities by forming a well-organized work team, arranging a regular learning schedule, and fulfilling school facilities and infrastructure that are adequate and meet standards so that cleanliness and the amenities of the school environment is always maintained. 3) The leadership of the madrasah headmaster in empowering teachers at MIN 9 and MIN 14 Blitar is carried out by inviting subordinates to improve teacher competence, motivating teachers to work, coordinating in terms of work results, always evaluating teacher activities, holding official meetings, providing motivation to teachers during official meetings, being an example by arriving earlier to school and motivating teachers to continue their studies. The madrasah headmaster strives to increase teacher empowerment by giving them duty and authority to oversee superior or extra-curricular programs in the form of arts, religion, scouting and sports.