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Neonatal jaundice is a common health problem in newborns, characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera due to increased bilirubin levels in the blood. This condition, if not detected and treated properly, can lead to serious complications such as kernicterus, which can lead to long-term neurological developmental disorders. Risk factors contributing to jaundice include suboptimal breastfeeding practices, delayed initiation of breastfeeding, and low birth weight. Adequate breastfeeding from an early age plays a crucial role in accelerating the excretion of bilirubin through feces, while monitoring birth weight can help identify infants at risk of hyperbilirubinemia. This outreach activity aims to increase mothers' and families' knowledge about the importance of early and exclusive breastfeeding, as well as monitoring birth weight as a preventive measure for neonatal jaundice. The activity was conducted at Andi Makkasau Regional Hospital using lectures, interactive discussions, and the use of educational media such as leaflets and posters. The training materials covered the definition, risk factors, signs and symptoms of jaundice, early detection procedures, the benefits of breastfeeding in preventing jaundice, and the importance of recording and monitoring infant weight. The activity was evaluated through pre- and post-tests to gauge participants' understanding. The evaluation results showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge, particularly regarding the relationship between delayed breastfeeding, low birth weight, and an increased risk of neonatal jaundice. Furthermore, participants gained a better understanding of home-based measures to detect early symptoms and when to immediately take their baby to a health facility.

The application of the MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis) method in employee promotion decisions at PTPN 4 aims to enhance efficiency and objectivity in decision-making. This method allows managers to evaluate employees based on multiple criteria simultaneously, such as performance, experience, contributions, and other relevant factors. By considering these various aspects, MOORA helps make promotion decisions more transparent and fair. One of the primary advantages of applying the MOORA method is its ability to reduce bias that may occur during the promotion process. Bias can arise from subjectivity or imbalance in employee assessments, which are often based on individual judgments or personal perceptions. By using MOORA, promotion decisions are based on more objective and measurable data, making the process more systematic and structured. The MOORA method can also increase employee motivation. A transparent promotion process based on clear criteria provides employees with a strong incentive to continuously improve their performance. When employees know that promotions are based on fair evaluation, they are more motivated to work harder. This, in turn, will increase overall productivity and performance at PTPN 4. The implementation of MOORA at PTPN 4 also provides advantages in better human resource management. With the MOORA-based decision support system, managers can easily identify employees who have the best potential for promotion. This process involves several steps, such as data normalization, determining criteria weights, and calculating final values that reflect overall employee performance. The end result is the selection of employees who meet the qualifications and have outstanding performance for promotion, supporting the sustainable development of the organization.

This study aims to determine the effect of adding EM4 probiotics in various doses to commercial feed on the growth of jatimbulan tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L). Probiotics are known to play a role in increasing digestive efficiency, nutrient absorption, and maintaining the health of the fish's digestive tract, so they are expected to support optimal growth. The research method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments, namely: P0 (control/without probiotics), P1 (5 ml EM4/kg feed), P2 (7 ml EM4/kg feed), and P3 (11 ml EM4/kg feed), each with four replications. The parameters observed were the growth in length and weight of jatimbulan tilapia during the maintenance period. The results showed that the administration of EM4 probiotics at certain doses was able to provide a significant effect on the growth of tilapia compared to the control treatment. Treatment P2 (7 ml/kg feed) provided the best growth results compared to other doses, both in terms of increasing length and body weight. Meanwhile, administering probiotic doses that are too low (P1) or too high (P3) tends to be less effective in supporting optimal growth. This is thought to be due to the disruption of the microbial balance in the digestive tract when the probiotic dosage is incorrect. This research provides useful information for Jatimbulan tilapia cultivation practices, particularly regarding the use of probiotics to increase growth efficiency. Using the correct probiotic dosage can be a strategy to increase the productivity and sustainability of freshwater fish farming.  

This study examines how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance influences financial distress, incorporating cost of debt as a moderating variable. Financial distress is proxied by the Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR), reflecting a firm’s capacity to satisfy interest payments. The empirical sample consists of 655 firm-year observations of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2023. Panel regression with fixed effects and heteroskedasticity-consistent estimation (Panel EGLS with cross-section weights) is employed to analyze the data. Results indicate that ESG performance exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on ICR (β = 0.1189; p < 0.01), implying that firms with robust ESG practices are better able to service their debt and thus face lower financial distress. Additionally, the interaction term between ESG and cost of debt yields a negative and significant coefficient (β = −0.9714; p < 0.05), suggesting that elevated financing costs attenuate the beneficial impact of ESG on financial resilience. These findings are consistent with stakeholder theory, which advocates that proactive engagement with stakeholders enhances corporate stability, and trade-off theory, which underscores the necessity of balancing debt advantages against financial risk. This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating the conditional effect of cost of debt on the ESG–financial distress nexus. From a managerial perspective, the study underscores the importance of integrating ESG initiatives with cost-efficient funding strategies to mitigate financial distress risk and foster sustainable, long-term value creation.

The selection of recipients of the Single Tuition Fee (UKT) assistance at universities must be carried out with the principles of fairness, openness, and efficiency to ensure that the assistance is distributed appropriately. However, the manual selection process is often subjective and prone to error. Therefore, this study developed a decision support system based on the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to assist the selection process of students eligible for UKT assistance more systematically and accurately. The SAW method was chosen because of its ability to process data involving various criteria to produce objective decisions. In this study, the criteria used for the selection of UKT assistance recipients include several aspects, such as the Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA), parental income, number of dependents, non-academic achievements, distance of the student's residence from campus, active student status, and involvement in student organizations. Data from each criterion is then processed through a normalization stage to ensure uniformity of values and weighting based on their level of importance. After the normalization and weighting process, the next step is to calculate the preference value for each student. The results of the implementation of this system show that the SAW method can accurately rank student priorities, with a student named Selly receiving the highest preference score, 0.673. This indicates that the student in question meets the selection criteria with the best score. This developed system can support the UKT assistance selection process to be fairer and more efficient. By using the SAW method, subjective and manual errors in decision-making can be reduced, resulting in more objective and accurate decisions. In addition, this system also allows universities to evaluate UKT assistance recipients more transparently and precisely, which ultimately can increase public trust in the management of educational assistance at universities.

Significant physical and psychological changes occur throughout pregnancy, especially in the third trimester (weeks 27–40).  Lower back pain, frequently caused by poor posture, changes in the curvature of the spine, and increasing body weight that shifts the center of gravity forward, is a common issue during this time.  Between 30% and 78% of pregnant women report experiencing lower back discomfort.  Maintaining physical health, endurance, and mental preparedness for childbirth are key objectives of prenatal exercise.  This study aimed to examine the effect of pregnancy exercise on lower back discomfort in third-trimester pregnant women at the Likupang Community Health Center.  The study used a one-group pretest-posttest design and was pre-experimental in nature, with the Likupang Community Health Center serving as the research site.  Fifteen pregnant women from the Likupang Community Health Center were chosen as the study sample.  The results indicated that pregnancy exercise had a significant impact on reducing back pain (p-value 0. 000), showing a clear effect between pregnancy exercise and the reduction of lower back pain (p-value 0. 000), as confirmed by the bivariate statistical test.  The findings suggest that pregnancy exercise can effectively alleviate lower back discomfort in third-trimester pregnant women.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a long-term or chronic disease that needs to be managed properly. One of the biggest challenges for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus is their ability to control their weight. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the ability to control their weight in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the factors that influence it. Respondents in this study were 96 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. The independent variables were factors related to the ability to control their weight, while the dependent variable was the ability to control their weight. Data collection used a questionnaire, and statistical testing was carried out using Spearman's rho with a significance level of 0.05. The results of the study showed that most respondents (71.9%) used oral diabetes medication, almost all respondents (37.5%) used insulin diabetes medication, most respondents (59.4%) had suffered from diabetes for 1-2 years, most respondents (52%) were committed to maintaining their weight in the sufficient category, and most respondents (62.5%) had the ability to control their weight in the fairly good category. The Spearman rho statistical test results showed a relationship between the duration of diabetes (p-value: 0.027) and commitment (p-value: 0.039) with the ability to control weight, while there was no relationship with other factors. The relatively good ability to control weight in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus may be due to the patient's awareness and motivation that creates a commitment to control their health condition to prevent worsening conditions. It is hoped that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can maintain the ability to control their weight so that glucose levels remain under control.

The nutritional status of elementary school children serves as a vital indicator of their overall growth, development, and future health outcomes. Poor nutritional status, whether in the form of undernutrition or overweight, can lead to a range of health and academic performance issues. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of Grade 4A students at SD 064981 Cempaka Raya using anthropometric measurements and to examine the association between snacking habits and nutritional categories. A descriptive quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a total sampling approach involving all 20 students in the class. Data collection consisted of direct height and weight measurements conducted according to standardized procedures. The data were then analyzed using the WHO Anthro Plus software to classify nutritional status into undernourished, normal, overweight, and obese categories. Additionally, information on students’ snacking habits during school hours was obtained through structured questionnaires. The results indicated that 25% of students were undernourished, 50% had normal nutritional status, 20% were overweight, and 5% were obese. Bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test demonstrated a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001) between snacking behavior and nutritional status. Specifically, all students who reported frequent consumption of snacks at school were classified as overweight or obese, whereas those who did not engage in frequent snacking predominantly fell within the undernourished or normal categories. These findings highlight the potential role of unhealthy snacking patterns in contributing to excessive weight gain among school-age children. Based on the results, it is recommended that nutrition education programs be implemented for both students and parents, coupled with stricter regulations on the availability and sale of high-calorie snack foods within the school environment. Such measures may serve as preventive strategies to promote healthy growth, maintain optimal nutritional status, and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases later in life.

In everyday life, agreements are frequently made without written documentation, especially in informal social interactions and economic activities. This raises important legal questions regarding the validity of verbal agreements. In Indonesia, the legal status of such agreements is governed by the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), particularly Article 1320, which outlines the requirements for the validity of an agreement. This article stipulates that an agreement must fulfill four conditions: consent, the capability of the parties, a certain subject matter, and a lawful cause. Despite the absence of written documentation, verbal agreements are considered legally valid in Indonesia as long as they meet these four requirements. The primary challenge, however, lies in the difficulty of proving the existence and terms of verbal agreements, particularly in cases of dispute. Since oral contracts lack physical evidence, parties involved may face difficulties in substantiating their claims in court. This makes verbal agreements vulnerable to legal challenges, as the burden of proof falls on the party asserting the agreement. In light of these challenges, it is advisable for parties involved in significant transactions or agreements to document their commitments in writing. A written agreement provides clear evidence of the terms and conditions agreed upon by the parties and serves as a safeguard in case of legal disputes. Although verbal agreements can hold legal weight, having written records is considered a better practice for ensuring legal protection and preventing potential conflicts. This study concludes that while verbal agreements are legally valid under Indonesian civil law, their enforceability can be compromised by the lack of written documentation, making written agreements a more secure option for all parties involved.

Preeclampsia is a severe pregnancy complication characterized by hypertension and signs of organ damage, with a multifactorial etiology involving maternal, genetic, and environmental interactions. This study aims to analyze determinants contributing to the occurrence of preeclampsia through a comprehensive literature review. The research method involved an in-depth analysis of 15 scientific journals, consisting of 8 national publications from Google Scholar and 7 international publications from PubMed, selected based on relevance, credibility, and publication date. Data from these sources were synthesized to identify common risk factors, biological mechanisms, and preventive measures. The findings indicate that the primary risk factors for preeclampsia include a history of chronic hypertension, obesity, gestational diabetes, nulliparity (first pregnancy), and a family history of preeclampsia. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly low calcium and vitamin D intake, are also significantly associated with increased risk. Furthermore, immunological factors such as abnormal maternal immune tolerance, as well as placental dysfunction leading to poor perfusion, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The interplay between these factors suggests that preeclampsia is not caused by a single mechanism, but rather by a complex network of physiological, metabolic, and genetic influences. This complexity underscores the importance of early risk factor identification and intervention strategies during antenatal care. Preventive efforts may include nutritional supplementation, weight management, blood pressure monitoring, and targeted medical interventions for high-risk individuals. In conclusion, preeclampsia remains a significant contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding its determinants enables healthcare providers to implement timely preventive measures and reduce its negative impacts on both mother and fetus. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying these determinants, potentially paving the way for more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Infant growth and development are crucial issues that require serious attention, particularly during the early childhood phase, which is crucial for a child's future development. The golden age of infants is the most sensitive period to various forms of stimulation that influence their motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional development. However, not all parents, especially mothers, fully understand the importance of appropriate and safe stimulation in supporting infant growth and development. One form of stimulation that is relatively easy to perform, has no side effects, and can be applied independently at home is gentle touch therapy. Gentle Touch Therapy is a complementary therapy method that involves gentle, affectionate touch on the baby's body, aimed at stimulating the nervous system, strengthening the emotional bond between mother and child, and increasing comfort and relaxation in the baby. Several studies have shown that this gentle touch can improve sleep quality, accelerate weight gain, relieve stress, and encourage infant neuromotor and socio-emotional development. This community service activity was carried out as an effort to increase mothers' awareness and skills in providing stimulation through gentle touch. The activity was carried out at the Andina Independent Midwife Practice (PMB), Palembang City, in June 2025. The main target of this activity was mothers with babies aged 0–12 months. The implementation method included providing education through interactive lectures, demonstrations of touch therapy techniques by health professionals, and direct practice by mothers accompanied by facilitators. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in mothers' understanding of the importance of growth and development stimulation, especially through gentle touch therapy. The participants showed high enthusiasm in participating in the activity and were able to practice gentle touch techniques correctly and confidently.

Anxiety often arises during pregnancy due to both physical and psychological changes that can negatively impact the health of both the mother and the fetus. These changes may include hormonal fluctuations, fear of labor, and concerns about the baby’s wellbeing. In Indonesia, approximately 28.7% of 373,000 pregnant women in their third trimester experience anxiety as they approach labor. If left untreated, anxiety during pregnancy can lead to complications such as prolonged labor, low birth weight, and postpartum depression. Therefore, early and appropriate intervention is crucial. This study aims to describe the application of Islamic mindfulness meditation therapy as a non-pharmacological intervention to reduce anxiety in pregnant women at Puskesmas Purbaratu, Tasikmalaya. Anxiety is a condition in which an individual feels uneasy, worried, or uncomfortable. Islamic mindfulness meditation therapy is a relaxation technique that integrates spiritual practices with mental focus through meditation, allowing the soul and mind to be calm, centered, and connected with God. It includes dhikr (remembrance of Allah), controlled breathing, and contemplation of positive thoughts. The method used in this study is a case study involving two primigravida pregnant clients experiencing moderate anxiety. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and measurements using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). The results indicate that Islamic mindfulness meditation therapy significantly reduced anxiety levels from moderate to mild after five consecutive days of implementation. This was achieved through a combination of breathing exercises, spiritual reflection, and relaxation. This study concludes that Islamic mindfulness meditation can be an effective, affordable, and spiritually enriching alternative therapy to reduce anxiety in pregnant women, especially during the vulnerable third trimester. It is recommended that health workers consider incorporating this method into antenatal care programs.

Nutritional status is a measure of success in fulfilling nutritional needs in children which is shown through the achievement of body weight for age. The nutritional status of toddlers is very significant as a starting point for physical capacity in adulthood. This descriptive study uses primary data, namely data obtained from direct field observations using a questionnaire that has been designed previously to determine maternal knowledge about nutritional status in toddlers in Telaga Sari Village, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency, as many as 30 people in this study. Based on research from 30 people who became respondents, the Description of Mother's Knowledge about nutritional status in toddlers in Telaga Sari Village, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency, the majority of 14 people (47%) have sufficient knowledge and a minority of 6 mothers who have less knowledge (20%). Based on age, the majority were 20-35 years old (23%), and the minority were 1 person (3%) aged <20 years old. Based on education, the majority were high school (27%), and the minority were elementary school (3%). Based on occupation, the majority were employed (27%), and the minority were unemployed (7%). This study is expected to encourage village midwives to provide more information through counseling and increase mothers' knowledge about the nutritional status of toddlers to prevent malnutrition.  

This research aims to develop a digital weighing scale based on Arduino Nano that can be used to accurately measure the weight of products in micro, small,and medium enterprises (MSMEs) producing ginger powder, specifically for the MSME "Bubuk Jahe Bu Mai." Additionally, this research also includes the design of attractive and practical packaging to enhance the product's appeal in the market. The implementation of this digital weighing scale is expected to improve efficiency in the production process and ensure product weight consistency, while the packaging design aims to attract consumers' attention and enhance the product's image. The method used is research and development (R&D) with a product design approach and tool testing. The results of this research show that the developed digital weighing scale can produce accurate measurements with a very small margin of error. The packaging design also successfully improved the product's presentation, which can attract consumers' attention. The implementation of these two components is expected to improve the quality of "Bubuk Jahe Bu Mai" products and provide a positive impact on the product's competitiveness in the market.

The durability of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) containing fly ash and Sika Viscocrete can be affected by exposure to seawater. This research investigates how seawater curing impacts the compressive strength of SCC modified with varying fly ash content and Sika Viscocrete admixture. The concrete mixtures were designed with 0% and 30% fly ash by cement weight and a constant 1% dosage of Sika Viscocrete. Compressive strength tests were conducted at 7, 14, and 28 days. The findings indicate that seawater curing has a notable effect on compressive strength, producing generally higher strength values than those cured in freshwater. Under freshwater conditions, strength increased steadily at 14 and 28 days, peaking at 54.1 MPa with 30% fly ash at 28 days. Conversely, the highest strength under seawater curing was achieved earlier, at 7 days, also with 30% fly ash, reaching 56.1 MPa. Overall, the optimum compressive strength was attained with a 30% fly ash mixture cured in seawater, suggesting this method enhances early-age strength in SCC.

Pregnant women's lack of understanding of the importance of antenatal care (ANC) can negatively impact fetal development. The use of ultrasound technology during ANC examinations can provide a more accurate picture of fetal condition. Ultrasound can determine whether the fetus' size is within normal limits, the number of fetuses, the volume of amniotic fluid, the position of the placenta, and whether the fetus' weight is appropriate, larger, or smaller than the gestational age. Objective: To increase pregnant women's knowledge of the importance of ANC examinations and to evaluate fetal condition by providing free ultrasound services. Methods: To conduct outreach activities, including free ultrasound examinations. This activity involved 22 pregnant women from the community surrounding the service location. Results: After the implementation, participants' knowledge test scores increased. The outreach program ran smoothly and participants were very enthusiastic, as evidenced by the many questions asked. All participants participated in the free ultrasound examinations, which showed healthy and normal fetal condition. Conclusion: This outreach program was effective in increasing pregnant women's understanding of the importance of ANC examinations, while the free ultrasound examinations helped confirm fetal health. All participants participated enthusiastically in the activity, and the benefits were felt by all parties involved.. 

Based on the data obtained, 157 babies were born with LBW in 2016. In 2017 there were 142 babies born with LBW. In 2018 there were 134 babies born with LBW. Based on the results of an initial survey conducted by researchers at the TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe Hospital, the prevalence of LBW every month is still high from the last 3 years. The purpose of this study was to analyse the risk factors for the incidence of low birth weight babies at the Hospital TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe in 2024. The design of this study was quantitative research with a retrospective approach. The population of this study was 138 people, the sample was obtained by saturated sampling technique as many as 138 people. Univariate analysis, bivariate using chi-square and multivariate using multiple logistic regression at 95% confidence level. The results showed that the variables that had a risk with the incidence of LBW in Hospital TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe in 2024 were multiple pregnancies (p=0.026 <0.05) and a history of premature birth (p=0.017 <0.05). Variables that did not have a risk with the incidence of LBW were maternal age (p=0.847 >0.05), preeclampsia/eclampsia (p=1.000 >0.05), pregnancy distance (p=0.0322 <0.05) and premature rupture of membranes (p=0.439 >0.05). The study concluded that the incidence of LBW was influenced by 2 factors, namely multiple pregnancies and a history of preterm birth. The most dominant factor influencing it is the history of premature pregnancy.

Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The results of the analysis of the influence of the type of gill net mesh on lobster catches, the difference in mesh size of gill nets (gillnets) 1.5 inches and 2.25 inches significantly affects the size of lobsters (weight (Kg), total number (kg) of fish caught in the waters of Seluma Regency. 2. The size of the lobster caught is greatly influenced by the size of the gill net mesh mess size, the size of the 1.5 inch mess size gets lobsters with a size of 50-99 grams with a total of 42.0 kg or 14% of the total catch, while the bigger the lobster, the easier it is to avoid the net that can make them get caught, the smallest results were obtained from the 1.5 inch mess size, namely 23.80 kg or only 10% with a lobster size of more than 150 grams. While for the 2.25 inch mess size, the least number of lobsters was obtained from lobsters with a size of 50-99 grams because with that size, the lobster can easily avoid and the highest lobster catch results obtained as much as 76.10 kg or 25% of the total lobster catch with the largest size at 100-149 gr. 3. The best gill net mesh size used refers to the basic size of the target catch, the best gill net used is a mesh size of 2.25 inches, because this size net filters small lobsters to escape and catches large lobsters to be caught and can be traded because it does not violate existing regulations.

Composite materials are produced by combining two or more different materials, to achieve mechanical properties superior to those of the individual components. One example of a natural fiber-based composite is the composite made from the skin fiber of the lantung wood (Artocarpus elasticus). This study aims to analyze the effect of alkali immerse durations (60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes) and fiber weight fractions (5%, 10%, and 15%) on the impact strength of the composite, using lantung wood bark fibers as the control due to their inherent mechanical strength. The experiment was conducted by varying the independent variables, such as alkali immerse duration and fiber weight fraction, and dependent variables including fiber orientation and NaOH concentration (horizontal orientation, 10%). The research method used in this research is design of experimental (DOE) method. Impact testing was performed using a Charpy impact tester, and the resulting data were analyzed quantitatively to evaluate the relationships among the variables. Although the benefits of natural fibers are well-known, there is still a lack of empirical data regarding the effects of alkali immerse duration and fiber weight fraction on the impact strength of the composites. The study purpose is to fill this gap by systematically analyzing the effects of alkali immerse duration and fiber weight fraction on the mechanical performance of lantung wood bark fiber-based composites. The research result show that a 120-minute immerse duration yields an impact value of 0.029 J/mm², while a 10% fiber weight fraction results in an impact value of 0.033 J/mm². The research contributes to the optimization of fabrication parameters, particularly in the automotive sector, such as in the production of lightweight components like rear wheel mudguard for motorcycles.

Abstract. Background: Slimming drugs, such as phentermine, are widely used for weight reduction but are known to induce oxidative stress, particularly affecting hepatic and renal tissues. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), especially those biosynthesized using natural sources like spirulina platensis, have demonstrated promising antioxidant and protective activities in biological systems. Objective: This study aimed to assess the protective effects of selenium nanoparticles synthesized from spirulina platensis extract on renal and hepatic functions in male rats exposed to phentermine induced oxidative stress. Methods: Twenty-six adult male wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: control group (dosed with water n=5), SeNPs group (dosed with SeNPs n=5), phentermine group (dosed with phentermine n=5), SeNPs then phentermine group (dosed with SeNPs then phentermine n=5), phentermine then SeNPs group (dosed with phentermine then SeNPs n=5). The experiment lasted for 45 days, the measurement of cytokines IL-6, IL-12, TOS and TO-AC. Results: Phentermine administration significantly increased cytokines IL-6, IL-12 indicating marked oxidative stress and immune activation. Treatment with SeNPs alone or in combination with phentermine notably improved these parameters. The group dosed with SeNPs prior to phentermine (SeNPs then phentermine) showed the most prominent protective effects with values approaching those of the control. Conclusions: Selenium nanoparticles from spirulina platensis demonstrated significant protective, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects against phentermine induced immune disturbances. These findings support their potential