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This research examines the disproportionate allocation of legal responsibility between doctors and nurses in Indonesia’s health care system and proposes measures to reorganize accountability in a more fair and proportional way. The issue addressed stems from shortcomings in existing regulations, which have not yet ensured legal certainty or balanced legal protection for both professions in clinical practice. The study uses a normative juridical method, applying both statutory and conceptual approaches. The statutory approach reviews laws and regulations that govern professional authority and legal liability of doctors and nurses, while the conceptual approach analyzes legal principles, doctrines, and concepts related to professional responsibility in health services. Legal materials are collected through library research, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, and are analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. The results show that although statutory provisions formally regulate the distribution of authority and responsibility between doctors and nurses, there are still normative uncertainties, overlapping regulations, and legal gaps. These issues may lead to an unequal burden of legal responsibility, particularly in cases involving medical errors or negligence. Such conditions weaken legal protection for nurses and can negatively affect the quality of health care delivery. The study concludes that regulatory reform is needed to clarify legal responsibility in accordance with professional authority and to implement a more just and proportional system of accountability. The findings are expected to enrich health law studies and provide guidance for policymakers in developing a fairer legal responsibility framework for health professionals.  

The Halal Management Sistem (HMS) has often been positioned as an administrative compliance tool that focuses on regulatory and certification requirements. This approach has the potential to simplify the meaning of halal by overlooking the inherent values, especially in the context of Muslim businesses. This study aims to interpret the understanding of the Halal Management Sistem not only as an administrative compliance mechanism, but also as an expression of worship and spiritual commitment in business practices. This study uses a qualitative approach through a literature review of scientific articles, books, and relevant publications discussing halal management, Islamic business ethics, and the perspectives of business actors. The results of the study show that the HMS is understood by business actors as a manifestation of religious obedience integrated into economic activities, where the application of halal principles is seen as part of devotion to God and a form of moral responsibility in running a business. In this understanding, administrative compliance is positioned as an implication of spiritual awareness, not as the main objective of the sistem's implementation. The research findings also indicate that the spiritual meaning of SMH encourages consistency in halal practices and strengthens long-term business orientation. Conceptually, this study has implications for the development of halal management studies by placing the spiritual dimension as the main foundation in the implementation of the Halal Management Sistem, particularly in supporting sustainable and ethical business practices.

This study explores strategies for mobilizing financial resources and multi-stakeholder participation in Islamic education financing to achieve institutional financial independence. The research was conducted at SMA Muhammadiyah 5 Yogyakarta, a private Islamic secondary school implementing a financing model based on Sharia values and Total Quality Management (TQM) principles. A qualitative case study approach was employed, utilizing primary data from in-depth interviews with school administrators and observations of financial management practices, as well as secondary data from budget plans, government funding reports, and cooperation documents with philanthropic institutions. Data were analyzed using an interactive model involving data reduction, data presentation, and inductive conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that financial independence is strengthened through diversified funding sources, including government support, parental contributions, Islamic philanthropy, and school-based business units. Transparency and accountability are maintained through open financial reporting and stakeholder involvement. The study highlights that integrated Islamic education financing aligned with Sharia values and TQM enhances institutional sustainability, educational quality, and organizational competitiveness.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) principles at PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk as one of the state-owned banks that plays a strategic role in the Indonesian banking system. The implementation of GCG is crucial in maintaining public trust, improving performance, and ensuring business sustainability in the banking sector. This research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, focusing on secondary data analysis obtained from annual reports, corporate governance reports, sustainability reports, and official information published on the website of PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. The results indicate that Bank Mandiri has consistently implemented the principles of transparency, accountability, responsibility, independency, and fairness in its corporate governance system. These principles are reflected in information disclosure practices, clear organizational structures, regulatory compliance, independent decision-making processes, and fair treatment of all stakeholders. Overall, the implementation of GCG at PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk contributes positively to strengthening internal control systems, enhancing public trust, and supporting the stability and sustainability of banking operations.

Equitable vaccine distribution is a global issue that has received increasing attention, especially since the increasing need for vaccines in the face of modern pandemics. This study aims to analyze the inequality in vaccine distribution and the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy through a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing literature studies and supporting data in the form of graphs. The analysis results show that high-income countries have significantly greater access to vaccines than middle- and low-income countries, creating inequalities that impact public health protection. Furthermore, levels of vaccine hesitancy were found to vary across social groups, with adolescents being the group with the highest rate of rejection due to the influence of misinformation and low trust in health institutions. These findings confirm that the success of a vaccination program is determined not only by the availability of equitable distribution but also by public acceptance, which is influenced by social, psychological, and ethical factors. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of applying bioethical principles such as justice, beneficence, and autonomy in formulating effective and inclusive vaccination policies.

This study investigates the integration of computational thinking (CT) principles with adaptive curricula to enhance problem-solving skills in undergraduate programming education. Traditional programming curricula often emphasize syntax and basic concepts, neglecting critical problem-solving strategies. The adaptive curriculum framework used in this study combines CT skills such as decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithmic thinking with personalized learning experiences. A mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research, was employed to assess the effectiveness of this integrated approach. The results show significant improvements in students' problem-solving abilities, conceptual understanding, and engagement compared to a control group following a traditional curriculum. Students in the experimental group, which received the adaptive curriculum, demonstrated better performance in applying algorithms and debugging code. Additionally, students expressed higher levels of engagement and motivation, suggesting that the personalized learning environment fostered greater academic involvement. The study highlights the importance of integrating CT principles with adaptive learning frameworks to create a more inclusive and effective learning environment that accommodates diverse learning needs. The findings suggest that adaptive curricula can bridge gaps in traditional education by providing personalized support and ensuring that students progress at their own pace. This approach is especially beneficial for programming education, where both conceptual understanding and practical problem-solving skills are critical for success. Future research should explore the long-term impact of adaptive learning frameworks and investigate how these technologies can be integrated with traditional teaching methods to maximize their effectiveness.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are the result of human thought that have economic and social value and play a significant role in encouraging creativity, technological innovation, and sustainable national development. IPR protection not only aims to provide legal certainty for creators and rights holders, but also serves as a strategic instrument in strengthening the creative economy. However, low public awareness of the importance of IPR protection and the gap between legal norms and practices in the field result in frequent violations of intellectual works. This study uses a normative-juridical approach combined with a participatory-educational approach, in accordance with the characteristics of community service activities in the legal field. This approach aims to integrate normative legal analysis with legal education activities for the community, thereby producing both conceptual understanding and practical benefits. The results of the activities show a significant increase in public understanding of the relationship between constitutional principles and IPR protection in Indonesia. Through educational activities and legal dialogues, it was revealed that the integration between constitutional principles and the IPR legal system has not been optimal, not only due to limited regulations, but also weak public legal awareness and the application of substantive justice as mandated by the 1945 Constitution. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating constitutional values ​​in the IPR protection system.

Digital transformation initiatives have become essential for organizations seeking to remain competitive in today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape. However, many organizations face challenges due to ineffective Information Systems (IS) governance, which hampers strategic decision-making and the successful execution of these initiatives. This study aims to develop an IS governance framework that enhances decision-making quality by aligning IT decisions with organizational goals during digital transformation efforts. The proposed framework addresses existing gaps in current IS governance models, offering a solution to common challenges such as inadequate governance structures, resource constraints, and misalignment between IT and business strategies. The framework was developed through a mixed-method approach, including conceptual framework development, expert consensus via the Delphi method, and organizational validation studies. Key findings reveal that the framework improves transparency in decision-making, enhances accountability for IT decisions, and ensures better alignment between IT strategies and organizational objectives. By embedding agile leadership and data-driven decision-making principles, the framework enables organizations to respond effectively to the fast-changing dynamics of digital transformation. This study also compares the proposed framework to existing models such as COBIT and ITIL, highlighting its unique features, including its adaptability to the fluid nature of digital transformation. The framework's strengths include its comprehensiveness and flexibility, though its application may face challenges in organizations with limited digital maturity or rigid governance structures. Future research directions include exploring the integration of emerging technologies into the framework and its applicability across different organizational contexts.

Free trade is one of the central issues in the dynamics of the global economy, sparking debates about the extent to which the state should be involved in economic activities. Each economic system holds a different perspective on the relationship between market mechanisms and state intervention. This article aims to analyze the concept of free trade and the role of the state from the perspective of various economic systems, namely liberal, socialist, mixed, and Islamic economic systems. The research method employed is a literature review, examining relevant sources such as books, scholarly journals, and other academic references. The findings indicate that the liberal economic system tends to emphasize market freedom with minimal state involvement, whereas the socialist system positions the state as the main regulator in trade. The mixed economic system seeks to balance the roles of the market and the state, while Islamic economics permits free trade as long as it is conducted in accordance with the principles of ethics, justice, and social responsibility. This article is expected to contribute academically to a better understanding of the differing approaches of economic systems toward free trade and the role of the state in addressing global economic challenges.

This study aims to map the direction of criminal punishment policy formulated in criminal law provisions, test claims of humanizing punishment through sanction design and the principle of individualization, and describe forms of repression that operate through normative flexibility, law enforcement discretion, and morally nuanced criminalization. The research method used is normative legal research, utilizing both a legislative and conceptual approach to analyze the norms, principles, and objectives of punishment. The results show that Article 51 articulates the objectives of punishment, including the rehabilitation of offenders, community protection, and the restoration of social balance. However, this provision functions primarily as normative legitimacy for a flexible sanction architecture. The existence of alternative punishments and oversight mechanisms refines the form of punishment while expanding state intervention into the social life of offenders. Furthermore, the regulation of conditional sentences and adjustments to the implementation of sanctions increase the discretion of law enforcement officials. Repression does not disappear, but rather shifts through regulations on morality, public order, recognition of living law, and the threat of symbolic punishment, shifting the relationship between the state and individuals toward ongoing administrative control.

Environmental pollution in coastal areas continues to be a critical issue, particularly in regions with high tourism activity such as Pantai Baru Seliper Ate in Sumbawa. The increasing accumulation of plastic waste and the lack of environmental awareness among visitors and local communities highlight the need for educational and practical interventions. This community service program aimed to strengthen students’ understanding of environmental cleanliness through Islamic values and participatory actions. The method consisted of short religious-based environmental education, a collaborative beach-cleaning activity, and a reflective session designed to reinforce ecological and spiritual awareness. The results showed a significant increase in students’ knowledge of environmental ethics, Islamic principles related to cleanliness, and practical skills in waste identification and sorting. The program also succeeded in improving the physical condition of the beach and fostering collective responsibility among participants. These findings indicate that integrating environmental education with Islamic values and hands-on activities can effectively enhance environmental awareness and support sustainable behavior among young people.

The transformation of public governance has encouraged a paradigm shift in public service delivery, from an administrative and procedure-oriented approach toward a citizen-centered and value-based model. In this context, public sector marketing has emerged as a strategic instrument to enhance service quality, institutional image, public participation, and trust. This study aims to examine the contemporary implementation of marketing strategies and planning in the public sector, with particular attention to their effectiveness and contextual relevance. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach through a systematic literature review of selected scholarly publications addressing public sector marketing, strategy implementation, digital governance, and public service management. The findings indicate that public institutions increasingly apply marketing principles not as commercial activities, but as mechanisms for creating public value through strategic communication, digital engagement, institutional branding, and stakeholder collaboration. However, the effectiveness of implementation varies across organizations and is strongly influenced by leadership capacity, human resources competence, organizational culture, and technological support. The study also reveals that public sector marketing strategies must be adapted to social, cultural, and institutional contexts, as private-sector models cannot be directly transferred. Theoretically, this study strengthens the positioning of marketing as an integral component of public governance. Practically, it provides insights for public organizations to develop contextual, responsive, and sustainable marketing strategies to improve public service performance and trust.

This study discusses the legal problems faced by tobacco farmers in Sukorejo Village, Kotaanyar District, Probolinggo Regency due to the closure of large tobacco warehouses that force them to depend on middlemen. This condition causes legal uncertainty, an imbalance in the bargaining position, and alleged violations of the principle of healthy business competition, thus having a direct impact on the economic sustainability of farmers. The focus of this research is to describe the practice of business competition and its impact on tobacco farmers and explain the form of legal protection from the perspective of business competition law and sharia economic law. The research method used is empirical law with a sociology approach to law and legislation, through observations, interviews, and documentation from farmers, middlemen, and factories. The results of the study show that there is dominance of middlemen in cooperation with large factories so that farmers lose freedom in determining prices. This condition does not reflect the principles of fairness and transparency in business competition. Legal protection is still weak because there is no regulation of the basic price or a definite buying and selling mechanism. In the perspective of sharia economic law, the practice violates the principles of al-adl (justice) and al-amanah (honesty). In conclusion, preventive legal protection is needed in the form of price regulation and the establishment of marketing cooperatives, as well as repressive protection through law enforcement against unfair business competition practices.

This study examines the legal provisions regarding interfaith marriage in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic law and national law. The focus lies on the differences and points of convergence between the two legal systems in assessing the validity of marriages conducted between couples of different religions. This research employs a library research method with a normative-comparative approach, analyzing primary sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, as well as relevant court decisions. The results show that Islamic law explicitly prohibits interfaith marriage, particularly between a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man, as it contradicts the principles of faith and the objectives of marriage in Islam. Meanwhile, national law through Law Number 1 of 1974 stipulates that a marriage is valid only if conducted according to the laws of each religion and belief, which implicitly rejects the legality of interfaith marriage. In practice, however, some individuals seek legal loopholes through human rights interpretations or by registering their marriages abroad. Therefore, both Islamic and national law share the same goal: to preserve the sanctity of marriage and maintain social harmony based on the divine values upheld by the Indonesian nation.

Vitro Fertilization (IVF) technology is a biotechnological innovation that helps infertile couples conceive. However, the application of this technology has raised ethical debates regarding the nature of life, human dignity, and the moral boundaries of artificial reproduction. This article aims to examine the practice of IVF through an ethical deontology perspective, a moral approach that emphasizes obligations, principles, and respect for human beings as ends, not means. The research method used is a literature review with a descriptive-analytical approach to bioethics and moral philosophy literature. The results of the study indicate that based on deontological ethics, the application of IVF can be considered moral if it respects human dignity, does not treat embryos as mere objects, and is carried out with intentions that are in accordance with human moral obligations.

This community service activity was implemented at SDN 3 Tangkiling to cultivate an entrepreneurial mindset among elementary school students by integrating financial literacy and exploring creative professions. The program emphasized enhancing students' comprehension of fundamental financial principles through socialization activities and rudimentary buying and selling simulations using play money. The “Mini Shop” activity was implemented to facilitate students' learning about the value of money, the distinction between needs and wants, and the importance of saving. This activity was designed using an active and contextual learning approach, which aligns with the characteristics of elementary school students and the principles of the Merdeka Curriculum, emphasizing character building, independence, and creativity. Additionally, the exploration of creative professions was undertaken through the implementation of role-playing and interactive discussions, thereby introducing a variety of occupations and cultivating an interest in entrepreneurship from an early age. The outcomes of the activity indicated that students exhibited increased enthusiasm and comprehension of fundamental financial concepts and demonstrated an interest in elementary entrepreneurial activities. It is anticipated that this program will evolve into an inspirational learning model for instilling financial literacy and entrepreneurial spirit at the elementary school level.

This community service activity was implemented at SDN 3 Tangkiling to cultivate an entrepreneurial mindset among elementary school students by integrating financial literacy and exploring creative professions. The program emphasized enhancing students' comprehension of fundamental financial principles through socialization activities and rudimentary buying and selling simulations using play money. The “Mini Shop” activity was implemented to facilitate students' learning about the value of money, the distinction between needs and wants, and the importance of saving. This activity was designed using an active and contextual learning approach, which aligns with the characteristics of elementary school students and the principles of the Merdeka Curriculum, emphasizing character building, independence, and creativity. Additionally, the exploration of creative professions was undertaken through the implementation of role-playing and interactive discussions, thereby introducing a variety of occupations and cultivating an interest in entrepreneurship from an early age. The outcomes of the activity indicated that students exhibited increased enthusiasm and comprehension of fundamental financial concepts and demonstrated an interest in elementary entrepreneurial activities. It is anticipated that this program will evolve into an inspirational learning model for instilling financial literacy and entrepreneurial spirit at the elementary school level.

Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are a strategic instrument in promoting village economic independence and increasing Village Original Income (PAD). However, in practice, BUMDes management still faces various governance issues, particularly related to human resource capacity, business innovation, and public accountability and trust. This study aims to analyze the acceleration of BUMDes governance from a Reinventing Government perspective through a comparative study between BUMDes in rural and urban areas. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-comparative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The research locations include BUMDes in Paan Leleng Village, Kota Komba Utara District, East Manggarai Regency as a representative of rural villages, and BUMDes in Golo Bilas Village, Komodo District, West Manggarai Regency as a representative of urban villages. The research results indicate that the implementation of Reinventing Government principles in the governance of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in both villages has been successful, but not yet optimal. The BUMDes in Golo Bilas Village has advantages in market access, business potential, and innovation, but still faces challenges in accountability and public trust. Meanwhile, the BUMDes in Paan Leleng Village demonstrates strong community participation and social values, but is hampered by limited human resources, technology, and business diversification. Accelerating BUMDes governance requires institutional strengthening, increased managerial capacity, business innovation, and the implementation of governance that is oriented towards results and community needs.

The purpose of this study is to analyze digital transformation in notary services, namely the validity of electronic deeds and the responsibilities of notaries in the era of e-government. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach based on an analysis of relevant regulations, scientific literature, and other legal sources. Data was obtained through literature study and analyzed qualitatively and descriptively to assess the legal certainty and responsibility of notaries in preparing electronic deeds in the era of digital transformation in notarial practice. The results show that digital transformation in the notary field is an impact of information technology developments and e-government policies that change the notary's work processes, including administration, deed preparation, identity verification, and document storage. However, digitization must still comply with the principles of authenticity, legality, data security, and legal certainty in accordance with the characteristics of the notary's position as a public official. This study also found that the implementation of cyber notary in Indonesia still faces normative, technical, and ethical obstacles, such as the absence of comprehensive regulations, limited digital infrastructure, and the risk of identity abuse. Therefore, regulatory harmonization, capacity building for notaries, technology standardization, and effective supervision are needed so that the digitization of notary services can be implemented safely while maintaining the integrity of the profession.

This study investigates allegations of fabricated Accountability Letters (SPJ) and budget irregularities at the Tanjungpinang City Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, and Community Empowerment Agency (DP3APM), just as the regional budget deficit reached Rp97 billion. Internal reports and local media coverage reveal strong indications that funds allocated for outbound activities were diverted to purchase clothing and shoes, which were then used for the Proclamation Walk even though the outbound activities themselves never materialized, raising suspicions of fictitious SPJs and a lack of transparency in the management of public funds. Qualitative descriptive methods were applied through in-depth analysis of news documents, official statements, and regional financial management regulations such as Law No. 23/2014 concerning Regional Government. The analysis highlights violations of fiscal accountability principles under the pressure of the local budget crisis, recommending a comprehensive independent audit by the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) or regional inspectorates, along with oversight reforms involving the digitization of financial reports to prevent a repeat in other regional governments across Indonesia.