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This research is driven by the prevalence of patriarchal perspectives within the Christian theological tradition, which frequently marginalises the role of women. Contemporary feminist theology emerges in this context as a critical effort to reinterpret women’s experiences of faith and suffering in light of God’s liberating love. This study analyses the martyrdom of the Virgin Mary and Neerja Bhanot as examples of witnessing to faith and humanity, affirming the spiritual power and courage of women in the face of patriarchal structures. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method, adopting a literature review approach to the Holy Scriptures, church documents and feminist theological literature. The results show that Mary’s martyrdom reflects quiet, prophetic faithfulness as a white martyr, while Bhanot displays universal humanitarian martyrdom. Both reveal a God who is present in love and solidarity with human suffering. This research affirms that feminist theology is a reflective praxis of liberation, demanding a transformation in the Church’s and society’s views on the dignity and role of women in the work of salvation.

This study aims to analyze and compare the implementation of the rahn contract at Pegadaian Syariah and Bank Syariah from the perspectives of sharia compliance and customer satisfaction. Using a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with 15 informants, consisting of institution management, sharia supervisors, and customers, the study found that Pegadaian Syariah excels in service aspects, cost transparency, and process convenience, resulting in higher customer satisfaction. On the other hand, Bank Syariah stands out in terms of internal supervision and collateral security, although its administrative process is more complex. Both institutions have adhered to sharia principles in accordance with DSN-MUI fatwas, but there are differences in the technical implementation and service strategies. This study highlights the importance of synergy between service efficiency and sharia compliance in managing rahn products, and contributes to the development of more inclusive and sustainable sharia pawn practices in Indonesia. The findings are expected to provide guidance for sharia financial institutions in improving service quality while maintaining sharia principles.

The concept of “urgent violation” as regulated in Article 52 paragraph (2) of Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 introduces a new ground for employment termination (PHK), granting employers the authority to unilaterally terminate workers. However, this provision lacks a clear definition and objective parameters, creating legal uncertainty and potential misuse. This study employs a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach through literature review of legislation, Constitutional Court decisions, and labor law literature. The findings indicate that the clause on “urgent violation” often emerges from unequal bargaining positions between employers and workers, thereby failing to fully satisfy the principle of consensualism as a requirement for valid agreements. Substantively, this provision resembles the “serious misconduct” norm under Article 158 of the Manpower Law, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court through Decision No. 012/PUU-I/2003 for violating the presumption of innocence and workers’ constitutional rights. Consequently, the regulation on “urgent violation” risks repeating the same legal shortcomings and contradicts the spirit of labor law, which emphasizes that termination of employment must be avoided and only used as a last resort (ultimum remedium), as affirmed in Article 151 of the Manpower Law.

The Independent Curriculum is the latest education policy designed to provide students with learning freedom with a focus on developing competencies that are more flexible and student-centered. This study explains the implementation of the Independent Curriculum at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 1 Dolat Rayat, a rural school with various resource limitations. The research method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with teachers, field observations, and school documentation. The results of the study based on the results of in-depth interviews with teachers, found the main challenges such as the low basic literacy skills of students, the limited facilities of learning support infrastructure, the low active participation of students, and the diversity of student backgrounds that affect the implementation of learning. In addition, limited support from parents and education policies are also obstacles. To optimize implementation, teachers implement strategies to strengthen literacy, continuous training, use contextual media, and build cross-stakeholder collaboration. This study confirms that the success of the Independent Curriculum in rural schools requires an adaptive contextual approach and synergy of all related parties.

The Independent Curriculum is the latest education policy designed to provide students with learning freedom with a focus on developing competencies that are more flexible and student-centered. This study explains the implementation of the Independent Curriculum at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 1 Dolat Rayat, a rural school with various resource limitations. The research method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with teachers, field observations, and school documentation. The results of the study based on the results of in-depth interviews with teachers, found the main challenges such as the low basic literacy skills of students, the limited facilities of learning support infrastructure, the low active participation of students, and the diversity of student backgrounds that affect the implementation of learning. In addition, limited support from parents and education policies are also obstacles. To optimize implementation, teachers implement strategies to strengthen literacy, continuous training, use contextual media, and build cross-stakeholder collaboration. This study confirms that the success of the Independent Curriculum in rural schools requires an adaptive contextual approach and synergy of all related parties.

Conflict is an inevitable phenomenon in organizations and educational institutions, and if not managed properly can have a negative impact on performance, effectiveness, and interpersonal relationships. However, conflict also has the potential to be a catalyst for improvement if managed appropriately. Therefore, it is important to systematically examine the stages of conflict, their impacts, and relevant management strategies. This study aims to answer the following questions: (1) How are the stages of conflict identified in various organizational and educational contexts? (2) What are the impacts of conflict on organizations? and (3) What management strategies are most effectively implemented? The method used was a literature review by searching articles through national and international databases using the keywords stages of conflict, conflict management, and education. Of the 73 initial articles, 18 primary articles were selected for thematic analysis. The analysis revealed three main findings: (1) conflict generally develops through stages of latency, escalation, and overt manifestation; (2) conflict negatively impacts performance if left unchecked, but can be constructive if managed; and (3) effective conflict management strategies are contextual, combining structural, interpersonal, and cultural-religious value approaches. In conclusion, this literature highlights the need for adaptive conflict management to maintain organizational stability. Further research is suggested to explore integrative models of conflict management based on local values and educational practices.

This study is based on the urgency of examining the inheritance rights of adopted children after their adoptive parents separate, examined from the perspective of Islamic law and positive regulations applicable in Indonesia. The main objective of this study is to analyze the legal status of adopted children and their inheritance rights after the adoptive parents' divorce based on both legal frameworks. The methodology used is a literature study by gathering information from various relevant references and regulations. The findings of this study indicate that under Islamic law, adopted children are not automatically entitled to inheritance, but can receive a gift, will, or mandatory will with a maximum limit of one-third of the adoptive parents' assets. Meanwhile, under Indonesian positive law, the inheritance rights of adopted children depend on the court's decision during the adoption process, and even though the adoptive parents have divorced, the inheritance rights remain recorded in accordance with the existing court decision. These findings reflect the need for legal certainty to protect the rights of adopted children and emphasize the importance of clear regulations to avoid inheritance conflicts after divorce. This study is expected to serve as a reference for policymakers and legal practitioners in addressing issues related to the inheritance rights of adopted children.

This study aims to examine the role of implementing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles in supporting the transition toward a green economy in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic banking. The research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method, reviewing academic literature published between 2020 and 2025. Data were analyzed through thematic content analysis to identify the alignment between ESG dimensions and maqashid shariah, as well as the challenges and opportunities of ESG implementation within Islamic banking institutions. The findings reveal that ESG application in Islamic banking remains partial, with greater emphasis on the environmental dimension through instruments such as green sukuk and green financing. The social and governance aspects have not yet been fully integrated into sustainability strategies. Nevertheless, integrating ESG with maqashid shariah strengthens the role of Islamic banks as agents of change in sustainable development. The study highlights the importance of establishing specific regulations, transparent reporting systems, and sharia-compliant green financial innovations to enhance the contribution of Islamic banking to Indonesia’s green economy.

The Continental European legal system and the Anglo-Saxon legal system, particularly in the context of jury application, by exploring the philosophical, procedural, and normative implications of each system. The Continental European legal system, rooted in the civil law tradition, emphasizes the codification of laws as the primary source of legal rules, often sidelining the role of juries in the judicial process. On the other hand, the Anglo-Saxon legal system, which adheres to common law, places the role of the jury as a crucial element in determining facts and delivering verdicts in trials. This research utilizes a comparative approach to identify fundamental differences between the two systems, with an emphasis on the role and authority of juries in the context of law enforcement and judicial processes. This analysis includes a study of the role of juries in each legal system, their impact on procedural justice, as well as the shortcomings and advantages that arise from the implementation of both systems in the context of community life. Using a normative qualitative research method, this study concludes that although there are significant differences in the application of the jury system, both systems contribute importantly to the development of justice principles within the broader framework of international justice. This research also presents recommendations regarding the potential integration of positive elements from each system to enrich legal practices in Indonesia.

This research is entitled "Theology of Embrace: Perspectives of Indonesian Christian Pastors on Concern for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People." The focus of the research is directed at how pastors of the Indonesian Christian Church (HKI) understand and respond to the presence of the LGBT community within the congregation, as well as how the concept of embrace theology can be implemented in Church services. The background of this research arises from the persistence of stigma, discrimination, and rejection of LGBT people in the church environment, which impacts their alienation from fellowship. This research method uses a qualitative with a descriptive approach, the researcher interviewed 10 HKI pastors in 9 regions to explore their perspectives. The results show that 3 HKI pastors still hold conservative views regarding LGBT, viewing it as behavior that is contrary to the values ​​of Christian faith. There are also 7 pastors who are starting to open themselves to embracing LGBT people through a more humane and compassionate pastoral approach. The concept of embrace theology according to Miroslav Volf is a relevant theological offer for creating an inclusive church space, solidarity, and relationship restoration. This research is expected to contribute to the church, especially HKI, in formulating pastoral policies that are fair, relevant, and in line with the values ​​of Christ's love for all people without exception.

This study explores the discipleship and character of the Samaritan woman as portrayed in the Gospel of John. The background emphasizes that discipleship is not merely about listening to Jesus’ teachings but involves a personal relationship, obedience, and life transformation. The Gospel of John offers a unique perspective by presenting that Christ’s disciples are not limited to men but also include women, as illustrated in the narrative of the Samaritan woman at the well. This research employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach, focusing on biblical texts and relevant studies. The findings reveal that the discipleship process of the Samaritan woman demonstrates a progressive transformation: from initial skepticism to faith and recognition of Jesus as the Messiah. This transformation unfolds through three key dimensions: the dialogue on living water, the understanding of true worship, and the testimony shared with her community. The Samaritan woman emerges as a genuine disciple through her faith, courageous witness, and role as Christ’s representative in proclaiming universal salvation. Her notable traits include openness, honesty, curiosity, courage, and willingness to change. The study highlights that the Gospel of John portrays discipleship as inclusive, affirming the role of women as models of faith. Its implications provide theological insight into the equality of disciples in Christ and offer relevance for today’s church in fostering participatory and transformative faith communities.

The free lunch program at SD Negeri 101 Central Maluku has drawn significant attention, particularly from parents who are the primary stakeholders of this initiative. Based on in-depth interviews with 20 parents from various economic and social backgrounds, it was found that the majority of respondents responded positively to the implementation of the program. They considered it highly beneficial in reducing daily household expenses, especially for their children's meals during school hours. Approximately 85% of parents stated that since the launch of the free lunch program, they no longer needed to provide their children with pocket money or meals from home. This not only reduces daily expenses but also provides peace of mind, knowing that their children are receiving adequate nutrition at school. These findings align with Fitriyani (2022), who stated that school meal programs directly contribute to family economic savings. On the other hand, a small portion of respondents (around 15%) expressed concerns about the quality and hygiene of the food provided. They emphasized the importance of supervision in the preparation and distribution process, ensuring that the program meets not only quantity standards but also nutritional quality and cleanliness. This concern is crucial as it directly relates to students' health. Overall, this study indicates that parents’ perceptions of the free lunch program at SD Negeri 101 Central Maluku are generally positive, with critical notes on food quality, parental involvement, and funding sustainability. These findings offer strong recommendations for policymakers to strengthen this program as part of efforts to improve the quality of basic education in the region.

Education is important for the progress of a nation, therefore education must have the right methods so that education can run smoothly and achieve its goals. Educational methods must be appropriate to local environmental, social and cultural conditions, efforts to carry out appropriate education can be applied, so that educational goals can be achieved. As a teacher, you must be able to master educational methods, therefore the methods used by a teacher must be appropriate to the class conditions at hand. The importance of the method applied is one of the success factors in efforts to achieve educational goals. Islamic philosophy has its own perspective in assessing education, success in mastering various kinds of knowledge alone is not enough to be a factor in educational success. The education expected through Islamic education methods must reflect a form of step in perfecting noble morals. Scientific intelligence cannot yet be used as a benchmark for educational success, therefore educational methods must be in accordance with behavior that reflects the Islamic values ​​contained therein, so that the knowledge obtained can be balanced with Islamic character and behavior which prioritizes the moral values ​​contained therein.

This study aims to explore how Indonesia's auspicious legal framework supports the establishment and functionality of cooperatives and identify challenges to its implementation. Used in this study is a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR), whose collection and review of literature were conducted through various academic sources with complementary legislation. The results of the research indicate that in spite of the existence of formal arrangements and rules for institutional factors and cooperative health assessments, field practice is weak due to lack of understanding, socialization, and effective supervision. Social and geographical diversity and legal limitations are also major concerns in the realization of adaptive and sustainable cooperatives. Therefore, the regulatory approach has to be reformed and the institutional strength of cooperatives increased to guarantee more effective functioning as well as in accordance with cooperative principles.

The implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) has become a key priority of the Semarang City Government's policy in achieving equitable and sustainable health insurance. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the UHC program in Semarang City, focusing on three main aspects: financing, accessibility, and the quality of health services. Additionally, this study examines the effectiveness of the Pangeran Diponegoro Program as a local innovation to accelerate universal coverage achievement. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, with data collected through surveys of 100 respondents, in-depth interviews with policymakers and service providers, and analysis of regional policy documents. The findings show that although UHC membership coverage has reached 99.92%, challenges remain in accessibility and service quality, particularly in the suburban areas and vulnerable populations. The SERVQUAL analysis of service quality shows high scores for empathy and responsiveness but lower scores for reliability and service assurance. The Pangeran Diponegoro Program has proven effective in reaching unregistered groups, but still faces coordination issues between sectors and limited human resources. The study recommends strengthening collaborative governance, improving data verification systems, and developing community-based service innovations to ensure the sustainability of UHC.

The sulang-sulang hariapan tradition is a significant cultural heritage of the Batak Toba community that embodies values of love, respect for elders, family reconciliation, equitable inheritance distribution, and leadership regeneration. The ritual is traditionally performed by offering food to parents who have reached the status of saur matua, symbolizing gratitude and respect. It is also accompanied by requests for blessings, advice, and public acknowledgment of mistakes, thus fostering peace, forgiveness, and social harmony within the community. However, in contemporary practice, the meaning of this tradition has gradually shifted toward a more formalized ceremony that emphasizes social status rather than its original spiritual and communal values. This study employs descriptive qualitative methods, combining field research with theological reflection, to examine how the values inherent in sulang-sulang hariapan can be understood in the light of the Gospel. The findings indicate that the tradition has profound potential to serve as a contextual medium for Christian faith expression. Therefore, it is crucial to revitalize its theological meaning so that the tradition remains relevant and transformative in strengthening family bonds and nurturing leadership in the modern era.

This study aims to understand the perspectives of pastors from the Punguan Kristen Batak Church (GPKB) regarding disability-friendly services for congregants. As a faith community, the church has a significant responsibility to create an inclusive environment where every member, including those with disabilities, is accepted and served equally. People with disabilities are seen not only as part of human diversity but also as part of the whole body of Christ, and therefore, their service must be prioritized in church life. This research uses a qualitative descriptive analytical approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews with six pastors from GPKB districts in Indonesia to explore theological understanding, practical experience, and challenges in serving congregants with disabilities. Data analysis was conducted thematically to identify patterns of views, service practices, and obstacles that arise. The results show that 84% of pastors have a positive perspective on inclusive service and support congregants with disabilities. However, the study also found challenges such as inadequate physical facilities, minimal service strategies, and limited theological understanding of disabilities. In conclusion, a paradigm shift, capacity building for pastors, and ongoing institutional support are needed to create an inclusive and disability-friendly church.

This research examines the role of family quality time in dealing with children with special needs (ABK) from the perspective of John 9:2-3. Based on analysis of the text, this research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with library study methods to collect and analyze data from various relevant sources. The results of the discussion show that children with special needs are God's initial creation, and there is a need for a deep understanding of human diversity and rejection of stigmatization related to children's conditions. In this context, the role of the family is very important in supporting, protecting and treating children with special needs with appropriate love and respect. The perspective of John 9:2-3 shows that the physical or mental condition of children with special needs is not the result of sin, but is an opportunity to demonstrate God's power and demonstrate God's love and deep concern for children. Therefore, implementing the role of family quality time involves several approaches, including giving full attention when together, involving children in family activities, and reading and meditating on the Bible together. So, this approach has great potential to promote the well-being and development of children with special needs, as well as strengthen healthy and inclusive intrafamilial relationships. Thus, the role of family quality time in dealing with children with special needs is important morally and spiritually, as well as in forming a strong foundation for children's growth and happiness in the family context.

Drug abuse among adolescents in Jayapura City is a pressing issue with significant repercussions for health, society, and the future of younger generations. Due to Jayapura's strategic position as a border city with Papua New Guinea, it faces a heightened risk of cross-border drug trafficking, making it particularly vulnerable. This study explores the various factors contributing to the rise in drug abuse among adolescents, including individual, family, and peer group dynamics, socio-economic conditions, weak legal enforcement, and the influence of globalization. The findings suggest that a multifaceted approach is essential in addressing the problem. Repressive measures alone are insufficient, and should be complemented by preventive, rehabilitative, and educational strategies. Such approaches must emphasize child protection principles and ensure justice that is both substantive and forward-thinking. Progressive and responsive legal frameworks, aligned with the goals of criminal punishment, are necessary to effectively combat drug abuse in Jayapura. Moreover, these frameworks should prioritize adolescent recovery, recognizing that these individuals are the future of the nation.

Legal uncertainty in the implementation of the carbon tax poses significant challenges to Indonesia’s investment climate, particularly in the non-renewable energy sector. This study aims to examine how the postponement of carbon tax implementation, despite the operation of carbon trading instruments, affects foreign investors’ expectations from the perspective of investment law. The research employs a normative juridical (dogmatic) approach combined with a light event study on major policy milestones between 2021 and 2023, including Presidential Regulation No. 98/2021, Ministerial Regulation of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 16/2022, OJK Regulation No. 14/2023, the launch of IDXCarbon, and the announcement of the carbon tax delay until 2025. The findings reveal varied market responses in fossil-based utility firms’ stocks and bonds, indicating the presence of an uncertainty premium. From a legal standpoint, the asymmetric configuration between delayed fiscal instruments and the ongoing non-fiscal instruments potentially undermines the principle of legal certainty under Investment Law No. 25/2007, while also raising risks related to Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) and legitimate expectations. Nevertheless, the state’s right to regulate remains a crucial foundation for balancing investor protection with the imperative of energy transition. This study underscores the importance of policy consistency and transparency to maintain investment attractiveness and strengthen the legitimacy of Indonesia’s climate regulation.