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The method used in this paper, when viewed from the nature of exploration is applied research, from the nature of explanation is non-causality research, and the method used is qualitative method.  The purpose of this paper is to introduce a path analysis research model. Path analysis research is widely used in social sciences such as business economics, management sciences and also in general education sciences.  By introducing this type of path analysis research model, the authors hope, this model can be used  by students and lecturers in Christian higher education. The path analysis research model includes applied research, where the relationship between causality variables and quantitative data processing and collection methods.  The path analysis research model can answer the direct influence or indirect influence of exogenous variables on endogenous variables; In contrast to regression models that only answer the direct influence of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. Path analysis research models are classified into: moderation model, mediation model and combined model of mediation moderation (modmed).  In the moderation model, in addition to exogenous variables and endogenous variables, there are also moderation variables.  In the moderation path analysis model, it is assumed that the moderation variable reinforces the influence of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. While in the mediation model there are exogenous variables, endogenous variables and mediation variables.  In the mediation model, the mediating variable is assumed to function to make the influence of exogenous variables on endogenous variables significant.  While the combined model (modmed) is a combination of moderation and mediation models.      

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the establishment of the Menara Pandang tourist attraction and the increase in the number of tourist visits to the Salib Kasih tourist destination. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation with several informants, namely the Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) of Salib Kasih and Menara Pandang, the Tourism Office of North Tapanuli, tourism workers, local business actors, and visiting tourists. The results of the study show that the establishment of Menara Pandang has a significant relationship with the increase in tourist visits to Salib Kasih. This relationship can be seen from the growth in the number of tourists coming after the development of the new facility, namely Menara Pandang. Supporting factors of this relationship include the proximity of the two tourist sites, the development of integrated tour packages, active promotion through social media, and support from the local government in providing facilities and infrastructure. With this integration, tourists who previously only visited Salib Kasih are now encouraged to also enjoy the attraction of Menara Pandang, thus extending their length of stay and giving a positive impact on the local economy. Furthermore, this study also found that the existence of Menara Pandang strengthens the image of Salib Kasih as a religious tourism destination as well as natural tourism with its unique features and attractions. Therefore, the development of additional strategic tourist attractions can be an effective step in increasing both attractiveness and the number of tourist visits, especially in religious and nature-based destinations. This research emphasizes the importance of collaboration among stakeholders in sustainable tourism development.

The daily exchange of informatics over the Internet has both eased the widespread proliferation of resources to ease accessibility, availability and interoperability of accompanying devices. In addition, the recent widespread proliferation of smartphones alongside other computing devices has continued to advance features such as miniaturization, portability, data access ease, mobility, and other merits. It has also birthed adversarial attacks targeted at network infrastructures and aimed at exploiting interconnected cum shared resources. These exploits seek to compromise an unsuspecting user device cum unit. Increased susceptibility and success rate of these attacks have been traced to user's personality traits and behaviours, which renders them repeatedly vulnerable to such exploits especially those rippled across spoofed websites as malicious contents. Our study posits a stacked, transfer learning approach that seeks to classify malicious contents as explored by adversaries over a spoofed, phishing websites. Our stacked approach explores 3-base classifiers namely Cultural Genetic Algorithm, Random Forest, and Korhonen Modular Neural Network – whose output is utilized as input for XGBoost meta-learner. A major challenge with learning scheme(s) is the flexibility with the selection of appropriate features for estimation, and the imbalanced nature of the explored dataset for which the target class often lags behind. Our study resolved dataset imbalance challenge using the SMOTE-Tomek mode; while, the selected predictors was resolved using the relief rank feature selection. Results shows that our hybrid yields F1 0.995, Accuracy 0.997, Recall 0.998, Precision 1.000, AUC-ROC 0.997, and Specificity 1.000 – to accurately classify all 2,764 cases of its held-out test dataset. Results affirm that it outperformed bench-mark ensembles. Result shows the proposed model explored UCI Phishing Website dataset, and effectively classified phishing (cues and lures) contents on websites.

The long-term care required by schizophrenia patients places a heavy burden on caregivers who are responsible for meeting the patients' needs. Performing these caregiving tasks often causes physical and emotional stress on caregivers, especially due to the long-term nature of the care. In situations like this, coping strategies play a crucial role in supporting the well-being of caregivers so that they are able to face the challenges that arise during the process of caring for schizophrenic patients. This study focuses on examining the correlation between coping strategies and the quality of life of caregivers who provide care for schizophrenic patients at the Aceh Mental Hospital Polyclinic. The research design applied was analytical with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 115 caregivers were sampled through accidental sampling from a total population of 4,035 families. Research data were collected using two measuring instruments, namely the Brief COPE questionnaire and The Schizophrenia Caregiver Quality of Life Questionnaire (SCGQoL). The research process took place at the Aceh Mental Hospital Polyclinic from March 6 to 24, 2025. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate methods. Based on the research results, it was found that 108 caregivers (93.9%) were in the low coping strategy category, while 80 caregivers (69.6%) had a moderate quality of life. Statistical testing with Chi-Square produced a p-value of 0.001, which indicates a significant relationship between coping strategies and the quality of life of caregivers. Therefore, it is hoped that health care institutions can improve mental health nursing interventions for patients' families, particularly through educational programs on managing schizophrenia patients at home and assistance in identifying adaptive coping resources for patients' families.

Consumer protection plays a crucial role in the insurance industry due to the complex, long-term, and trust-based nature of insurance products. Consumers are often in a vulnerable position because of limited access to information and a lack of understanding of policy terms, which increases the risk of losses, especially during claim settlement processes. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the importance of consumer protection in Indonesia’s insurance sector and to examine the role of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) as the regulatory and supervisory body in financial services. The findings indicate that low financial literacy, information asymmetry, and the dominance of standard contracts are key factors that underscore the need for consumer protection. Meanwhile, OJK plays a strategic role through regulation, supervision, dispute resolution, and financial education for consumers. This study concludes that the effectiveness of consumer protection in the insurance sector depends largely on the synergy between strong regulations, consistent supervision, and improved public awareness of consumer rights.

Learning style theories have long been used to understand individual differences in learning processes. Models such as VAK (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic) and Multiple Intelligences offer frameworks for adapting instructional strategies to students’ preferences. However, these approaches have been criticized for their reductionism and limited empirical validity, often neglecting the holistic nature of human learning. In contrast, the Islamic concept of fitrah provides a more comprehensive perspective, encompassing intellectual, spiritual, moral, and emotional dimensions in an integrated manner. This conceptual article aims to analyze and integrate Western learning style theories with Islamic perspectives to develop a more holistic learning paradigm. Through an extensive literature review and theoretical analysis, the article proposes an integrative model that bridges empirical approaches with spiritual values. Theoretically, this integration enriches academic discourse by connecting two distinct knowledge traditions. Practically, it offers a framework for educators and institutions to design adaptive learning processes that address learner diversity while fostering spiritual and moral development.

This research aims to describe the implementation of Physical Education learning at Madrasah Pondok Pesantren Miftahul Muta'alimin (Miftahul Muta'alimin Islamic Boarding School). Learning implementation in this research includes planning, implementation, and assessment/evaluation, as well as the obstacles and supports that influence these implementations. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation. The data validity was tested by using source triangulation. Observations and documentation were used as supporting data to strengthen the interview results. The research subjects consisted of the principals of Islamic Junior High Schools (MTs) and Islamic Junior High Schools (MA), a Physical Education teacher, and four students (two from each MTs and two from the MA). The data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research findings indicate that the implementation of Physical Education learning has followed the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages, but has not been optimal. Planning remains administrative in nature and has not fully adapted to student characteristics. Learning implementation includes an introduction, core, and closing phase, but lacks of method variation and active student involvement. Assessment/evaluation has covered cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects, but it is still limited to final assessments and it is not yet sustainable. Furthermore, limited infrastructure and teacher backgrounds pose challenges. Despite this, madrasah and Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) generally support the implementation of Physical Education (PE) learning.

The background to the Islamic concept as rahmatan lil alamin or mercy for all of nature has a broad and deep meaning. Islam is expected to make a positive contribution to all living creatures and ecosystems on earth, not just limited to Muslims. The challenges faced today, such as the social, economic and environmental crises, demand a deeper understanding and real application of this principle. However, in reality, the understanding and application of this concept is often limited or distorted, thus hampering Islam's role in creating a peaceful, just and prosperous life. The research aims to clarify and expand understanding of the concept of Islam as rahmatan lil alamin and to explore its application in the modern era. This research aims to explore the core values ​​of Islamic teachings that support this concept, including the principles of humanity, tolerance and solidarity. The methods used include literature studies, in-depth interviews with religious and community leaders, as well as case study analysis from various Islamic communities. The research results show that the application of Rahmatan Lil Alamin's values ​​can overcome various social challenges, such as intolerance and discrimination, as well as encourage interfaith dialogue. It is hoped that this research can provide insight and practical recommendations to strengthen the role of Islam in creating a more peaceful and just world

The NNC (Nouthetic Nature Community) method is a new method that comes from combining Nouthetic which consists of the elements of Confrontation, Concern, and Change as well as the addition of Nature and Community elements, the author named the NNC method. The author created this new method based on the needs of members of a local church who were experiencing feelings of disappointment. One of the elements of NNC is Community which has an impact on services to the community, distribution of food to people in need, this community is named Dapoer Berkat. Dapoer Berkat community activities aim to ensure that each member experiences recovery through counseling, worship, prayer as well as the loving service of distributing food to the surrounding community. Dapoer Berkat chose this community service place in Ciangsana village, West Java because it is close to the community and in Ciangsana village there are quite a lot of elderly people who still work as janitors, rubbish collectors, and online motorbike taxis. The love of Christ drives Dapoer. Thanks to carrying out this ministry, love is a real action that can be felt by everyone.

Wonogiri Regency in Central Java Province has great potential for sustainable tourism development, particularly through the integration of nature and religious tourism. This study aims to analyze the development strategy of the Watu Cenik Tomb in Sendang Village as a pilgrimage destination, which involves the historical value of the tomb of the Kyai Solo Sumarto IX family, the natural landscape of the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, and cultural traditions such as Grebeg Syawalan. Using Richard Butler's Sustainable Tourism theory with the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model, this study applies a descriptive qualitative method through intensive interviews, observations, and documentation of stakeholders such as tourism managers, local communities, and tourists. The results of the study show that Watu Cenik has the potential to be an attractive pilgrimage destination, but its appeal is not yet optimal, with visits limited to private pilgrimages and the local community. The efforts of BUMDes Sendang Pinilih, such as the construction of homestays, shuttle services, and social media promotion, have increased visitor numbers, but additional facilities such as souvenir kiosks, local culinary offerings, photo spots, tour guides, and infrastructure improvements are still needed to attract more visitors and support the creative economy. The research conclusion emphasizes the importance of intensive digital promotion, integrated tour packages, and stakeholder collaboration to realize sustainable tourism that preserves cultural heritage while improving community welfare. Suggestions for further research include integrating mixed methods with quantitative analysis to measure economic impact and comparisons with similar destinations.

This research positions tourism as a key driver for rural economic transformation via the Community-Based Ecotourism model. Lubuk Langkap Nature Tourism Village, South Bengkulu, has excellent natural assets (pristine), such as clear rivers and tropical forests, supported by good social capital. However, this potential is structurally constrained by a Severe Institutional Crisis within the Village-Owned Enterprise, marked by informal management, lack of standard accounting, and vulnerability to moral hazard risk (misconduct). The Main Thesis asserts that this institutional crisis is not merely a technical issue but a major root problem that weakens Social Capital, damages community Capability, and risks permanent environmental damage. The study uses in-depth strategic analysis focusing on the New Institutional Economics and an integrated SWOT framework, employing interpretive descriptive qualitative methods. The analysis formulates an integrated Community-Based Ecotourism development strategy within a Governance framework that is Strengthened by Risk a system designed to become more resilient when facing shocks (moral hazard risk). The Integrated Action Strategy includes: (1) Establishing Exclusive Village-Owned Enterprise Regulatory Control Rights over the entrance gate and Environmental Carrying Capacity; (2) Implementing a physical Daily Public Financial Dashboard to prevent misconduct; and (3) Legalizing Village Regulations (Perdes) on Conservation Zoning and Maximum Daily Visitor Limits. Implementing a Niche Premium Operational Business Plan (OBP), detailing a High Pricing Strategy (including a Conservation Fee) and a fair Proportional Revenue Sharing Formula, is key to achieving improved welfare and ecological sustainability in South Bengkulu.

This study aims to determine the influence of tourist experience, service quality, and tourist attractions on revisit intention in Pancoh Ecotourism Village. This village is one of the developing ecotourism-based tourist destinations in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and attracts tourists through its unique nature and local culture. The research sample consisted of 100 respondents selected using a non-probability sampling technique with a purposive sampling approach, namely tourists who have visited Pancoh Ecotourism Village. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires, then analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS) method with the WarpPLS application version 8.0 to test the relationship between variables. The results showed that the variables of service quality and tourist attractions have a positive and significant effect on revisit intention. This indicates that improving service quality, such as friendliness, accuracy, and comfort, as well as the development of tourist attractions in the form of natural beauty, local culture, and supporting facilities can encourage tourists to revisit. However, the variable of tourist experience did not have a significant effect on revisit intention, which means that individual experience is not yet a major determining factor in influencing tourist decisions. These findings emphasize the importance of a destination management strategy that focuses on improving the quality of services and tourist attractions to strengthen the sustainability of Pancoh Ecotourism Village.

Kusalamitra Buddhist Pasastrian in Gunungkidul is one of the institutions that organizes non-formal education. Kusalamitra Buddhist Pasastrian is engaged in non-formal education and training that is social and religious in nature. The Kusalamitra Buddhist Pasastrian organizes religious education and training such as Dharma guidance, meditation practice, religious ceremony practice, guidance and training of Buddhist youth. The habituation of behaving based on Buddhist teachings is the main goal of this Pasatrian Education. One of the education and training programs at the Kusalamitra Buddhist Pasastrian is vipassanā bhavana training. Some students are diligent in implementing vipassanā bhavana, but some are not diligent. In addition, there are still some students who do not have good self-control (samvara). The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the implementation of vipassanā bhavana on the self-control (samvara) of students at the Kusalamitra Buddhist Pasastrian. This study is a quantitative study with a population of 44 students. The results of the study showed that the implementation of vipassanā bhavana had an effect on self-control (samvara), by 55% and the remaining 45% was influenced by other factors.

This study examines the application of Educational Data Mining (EDM) to predict the academic per-formance of first-year students at the Catholic University of Bukavu and the Higher Institute of Edu-cation (ISP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The primary objective is to develop a model that can identify at-risk students early, providing the university with a tool to enhance student support and academic guidance. To address the challenges posed by data imbalance (where successful cases outnumber failures), the study adopts a hybrid methodological approach. First, the SMOTE algorithm was applied to balance the dataset. Then, a stacking classification model was developed to combine the predictive power of multiple algorithms. The variables used for prediction include the National Exam score (PEx), the secondary school track (Humanities), and the type of prior institution (public, private, or religious-affiliated schools), as well as age and sex. The results demonstrate that this approach is highly effective. The model is not only capable of predicting success or failure but also of forecasting students' performance levels (e.g., honors or distinctions). Moreover, the use of the Apriori association rule mining algorithm allowed the identification of faculty-specific success profiles, transforming prediction into an interpretable decision-support tool. This research makes several significant contributions. Practically, it provides the University of Bukavu with a tool for student orientation and early risk detection. Methodologically, it illustrates the effectiveness of a combined approach to EDM in an African context. However, the study acknowledges certain limitations, including the non-public nature of the data and the geographical specificity of the sample. It therefore proposes avenues for future research, such as the integration of Explainable AI (XAI) techniques for more refined and transparent analysis of the results.

This study investigates the metaphorical expressions in the song Golden Hour by JVKE using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The research aims to identify and analyze metaphors that represent emotional experiences, particularly romantic feelings, through the use of concrete and sensory imagery. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the lyrics of Golden Hour were analyzed to uncover how metaphorical language shapes the expression of love and emotional transitions. The findings reveal several dominant metaphor categories such as LOVE IS LIGHT, LOVE IS A JOURNEY, and EMOTION IS ELEVATION. These metaphors transform abstract emotions into vivid, relatable experiences by linking them to concepts like time, nature, and movement. The study concludes that metaphor in song lyrics functions as a cognitive and poetic device that enhances meaning and emotional resonance. The implications of this research highlight the relevance of metaphor analysis in understanding language, thought, and culture, especially in modern musical texts.

Quality education is the key to improving skills and knowledge for students. However, there are still many challenges faced in improving the quality of education, especially at the primary level. Collaborative Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Lecturers and Teachers in book writing can be one of the strategies to improve the quality of Education. This research aims to be active through collaboration in writing Madrasah Science Competition books between Tarbiyatut Tholabah Islamic Institute Lecturers and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 02 Mazro'atul Ulum teachers. The results of the service showed an increase in the quality of lecturers and teachers in presenting learning and academic materials in order to provide excellent service for students, especially Madrasah Science Competition participants. And the most important thing is the creation of a collaborative book masterpiece entitled Madrasah Science Competition which contains a summary of material from science, social studies, mathematics, Arabic English and religious sciences such as Fiqh, Aqidah, Islamic Culture History and the presentation of sample questions and discussions. Moreover, the project has had a positive impact on the educators involved. It has allowed them to deepen their understanding of the subjects and improve their ability to present complex concepts in an accessible way. The collaborative nature of the project has fostered a supportive learning community, where educators learn from one another's expertise and experiences. The resulting Madrasah Science Competition book is not only a valuable educational resource but also a testament to the power of collaboration in enhancing the quality of education.

This study aims to examine the process of enacting Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the Capital City, which was completed in a relatively short period of only 42 days. The main focus of this research is to assess whether the legislative process was in accordance with the principles of proper law-making as stipulated in Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Laws and Regulations. This study employs a normative legal research method with a literature-based approach, relying on the analysis of legislation, legal literature, and relevant official documents. The findings indicate that the drafting process of the Capital City Law was conducted hastily and did not fully comply with the applicable provisions. This is reflected in the limited public participation, the lack of transparency in the deliberation, and the absence of democratic principles that should guide the law-making process. The fact that the bill was deliberated in only 42 days demonstrates a legislative process that was neither ideal nor substantive in nature. Moreover, the accelerated process tends to reflect a conservative and elitist character, in which the aspirations of the wider community were insufficiently accommodated. In conclusion, the enactment of Law Number 3 of 2022 cannot be considered ideal from the perspective of constitutional law or democratic principles. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate and reform legislative mechanisms to ensure that future law-making processes are more participatory, transparent, and truly reflective of the interests of the people.

Pacu Jalur is a traditional longboat race of the Malay community in Kuantan Singingi, Riau, which has served as a symbol of local cultural identity since the 17th century. In the last three years, this tradition has gone viral on TikTok, reaching millions of international viewers through hashtags such as #pacujalur and #indonesianboatracing. This study aims to analyze the role of Pacu Jalur’s virality as an instrument of Indonesia’s cultural diplomacy in the digital era. The method used is literature study with a thematic analysis approach, combining theories of soft power, digital cultural diplomacy, and cultural identity. The results show that Pacu Jalur’s virality expands cultural exposure to global audiences and strengthens local identity, while simultaneously highlighting the collective values of solidarity, teamwork, and aesthetic traditions embedded in the longboat race. At the same time, this phenomenon raises potential risks of cultural distortion due to commercialization, over-simplification of meaning, and the dominance of digital content logic that prioritizes visual appeal and entertainment value over historical and spiritual dimensions. These findings underscore the dual nature of viral cultural content: as both an opportunity for cultural diplomacy and a challenge for authenticity preservation. Therefore, this research highlights the importance of digital literacy, strategic collaboration between cultural stakeholders, and adaptive policy frameworks to ensure that the viral presence of Pacu Jalur on global digital platforms reflects authentic cultural values and serves as a sustainable instrument of Indonesia’s soft power in the contemporary international arena.

This study aims to examine the influence of firm size, profitability, and liquidity on the capital structure of PT Krakatau Steel Tbk during the 2017–2024 period. The independent variables in this study consist of firm size, measured by the natural logarithm of total assets (Ln Total Assets), profitability measured by Return on Equity (ROE), and liquidity measured by the Current Ratio (CR). The dependent variable is capital structure, proxied by the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER). A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing multiple linear regression analysis to test the hypotheses. The data used were secondary in nature, comprising quarterly financial statements of PT Krakatau Steel Tbk obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and other official sources. The empirical findings reveal that, partially, firm size has a negative and statistically significant effect on capital structure. This suggests that larger firms tend to rely less on debt financing. Profitability exerts a positive and significant influence on capital structure, indicating that more profitable companies are more likely to use debt to finance their operations. Conversely, liquidity exhibits a negative yet statistically insignificant impact on capital structure, implying that liquidity does not have a substantial effect on the company's capital structure decisions. Simultaneously, the three independent variables collectively have a significant effect on capital structure. The model’s coefficient of determination (R²) indicates that 26.7% of the variation in capital structure can be explained by the independent variables, while the remaining 73.3% is attributable to other factors not included in this study. These findings contribute to the understanding of financial decision-making within capital-intensive industries.

Appendicitis is a common health problem in Indonesia. Appendicitis requires surgery because it's an acute inflammation. Appendicitis can be treated with surgery to remove the appendix, namely appendectomy, by performing surgery on the abdominal tract. Appendectomy is a clean-contaminated surgery that can cause surgical wound infection in around 5-15% of cases. Prophylactic antibiotics are included in infection prevention. It is important to evaluate the use of prophylactic antibiotics in appendicitis surgery patients to reduce drug side effects and prevent surgical site infections. Infections can be caused by microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria, and antibiotics are the most commonly used drugs to treat such infections. SSI can cause morbidity, mortality, increased length of stay, and increased patient care costs. The researchers chose Arun Lhokseumawe Hospital as the research site because no research had ever been conducted at Arun Lhokseumawe Hospital on the use of prophylactic antibiotics in appendicitis surgery patients. Preliminary survey results based on Arun Lhokseumawe Hospital medical records from 2020 to 2022 showed that 202 patients underwent surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of prophylactic antibiotic use in appendicitis surgery patients using the Gyssens method at Arun Lhokseumawe Hospital from 2020 to 2022. This study was observational in nature, using total sampling as the sampling technique. The Results of the study showed that the most frequently used type of prophylactic antibiotic was Cefotaxime (53.5%) and the appropriateness of antibiotic use was category 0 (97%) because it was appropriate and category IVA (3%) because there were other antibiotics that were more effective. It can be concluded that Cefotaxime is the most frequently used antibiotic, and the appropriateness of prophylactic antibiotics at Arun Hospital in Lhokseumawe City is already appropriate.