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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui implementasi penguatan pendidikan karakter religius dalam pembelajaran PAI di kelas XI IPS SMA Negeri 1 Kabupaten Mungka dan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam implementasi penguatan pendidikan karakter religius dalam pembelajaran PAI di kelas. XI IPS di SMA Negeri 1 Kabupaten Mungka. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Informan penelitian ini adalah guru PAI sebagai informan kunci dan informan pendukung yaitu kepala sekolah, perwakilan kurikulum, dan siswa kelas XI IPS. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data adalah reduksi data, penyajian data, dan inferensi data. Kemudian teknik keabsahan data penulis menggunakan triangulasi teknis dan triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor pendukung penguatan pendidikan karakter religius dalam pembelajaran PAI di kelas XI IPS adalah dukungan pemerintah kabupaten sebagai pembuat kebijakan terkait pendidikan agama di sekolah dukungan masyarakat, dukungan orang tua yang merupakan pendidikan pertama di pembentukan karakter religius anak, lingkungan di sekolah, dukungan teman sebaya yang membawa pengaruh baik. Sedangkan faktor penghambat penguatan pendidikan karakter religius dalam pembelajaran PAI kelas XI IPS adalah lingkungan di sekolah yang memberikan pengaruh buruk, kurangnya kemauan dan motivasi dari siswa itu sendiri untuk melaksanakan karakter religius dalam kehidupan.

Lansia yang tinggal di panti werdha merasa jauh dari keluarga dan harus beradaptasi dengan lingkungan panti, lansia yang tidak dapat beradaptasi menyebabkan masalah pada fungsi mental lansia seperti stres, upaya untuk mengurangi tingkat stres dengan terapi musik religi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi musik religi terhadap penurunan tingkat stress pada lansia di Panti Werdha LKS LU Beringin Hutuo Limboto. Desain penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode pra-eksperimental dengan one group pre post test design. Sampel sejumlah 30 lansia di Panti Werdha LKS LU Beringin Hutuo Limboto yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian diperoleh rata-rata tingkat stres sebelum terapi musik religi adalah 18.87 dan rata-rata tingkat stres sesudah diberikan terapi musik religi adalah 11,13, hasil uji t-tes berpasangan diperoleh nilai p-value 0,000 (< α 0,05) artinya ada pengaruh terapi musik religi pada lansia di Panti Werdha LKS LU Beringin Hutuo Limboto. Musik religi dapat menekan pelepasan hormon stres yang menyebabkan lansia menjadi lebih rileks dan bahagia sehingga terjadi penurunan tingkat stres. Maka dari itu, ada pengaruh terapi musik religi pada lansia Panti Werdha LKS LU Beringin Hutuo Limboto.  

The increase in the number of elderly population (elderly) in the city of Semarang, the increase in the elderly will bring problems due to the aging process which causes a risk of decreasing health status. The elderly will become the strength of a country if they are in a healthy, independent, active and productive condition. One solution to achieve this requires the optimal role of health cadres. As a religious institution, GKJ Jatingaleh Semarang has a service task, one of which is health care for the elderly. To support this service, the PPM FISIP UNTAG Semarang Team conducted PPM activities at the church. The purpose of the PPM activities is assisting in the formation of health cadres; provide medical examination services and provide medical equipment needed in examination activities. The method used is mentoring and practice of health checks. The results of these activities were the formation of a GKJ Jatingaleh health cadre team with 5 cadres as members; health checks have been carried out on 47 elderly residents of GKJ Jatingaleh; and delivery of medical equipment.

Islamic religious education as a business process that contains uniqueness and characteristics, namely activating, increasing and strengthening norms, believe me, that is the spiritual-spiritual foundation of a person, in his attitude and behavior, his behavior is manifested in accordance with the rules. Religion I believe that human values ​​are behaviors that express the whole person, both externally and spiritually, and are the underlying drivers of behavior. Education is an absolute process of maturing through information and training in various skills and values ​​related to life activities that are in accordance with educational goals. Namely increasing the nation's intelligence and developing the Indonesian people as a whole, namely people who believe in and fear God Almighty. As well as creating human beings who are honest, healthy, knowledgeable and responsible. The inquiry method is a series of learning activities that emphasize critical thinking and analysis to find an answer. The thinking process occurs with the process of interaction between teachers and students. This method is also called the heuristic method, which comes from the Greek word found heuristic

The Pancasila Law of Indonesia is a unique and distinct legal concept for the Indonesian nation. The Pancasila Law is the result of Indonesia's long struggle for independence from colonization and the building of a free, democratic, sovereign, just, and prosperous nation. The Pancasila Law is not only based on constitutional documents or laws, but also has a strong philosophical and moral foundation that originates from Pancasila as the foundation of the Indonesian state. The concept of Pancasila Law in the three-dimensional prism, also known as the three aspects of trias politica, consists of functions, structure, and system. These three aspects are interconnected and cannot be separated from each other in carrying out their tasks and functions as the basis of the state law. Thus, the conclusion of the concept of Pancasila law is that it is a unique, complex, and holistic legal system that encompasses the values and principles of Pancasila as the foundation of the Indonesian state. Pancasila law combines legal, philosophical, and moral aspects while accommodating the cultural and religious diversity of Indonesia, and encourages societal participation in policy-making. Pancasila law is the result of the long struggle of the Indonesian people for independence and the building of a sovereign, democratic, just, and prosperous nation.

Desa Bedono yang terletak di Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak memiliki potensi wisata yang unik, yaitu makam terapung Syekh Mudzakir, desa tenggelam, mangrove, pulau burung, dan kuliner brayo. Namun, potensi wisata tersebut akan sia-sia jika tidak disertai dengan usaha untuk mengembangkannya menjadi desa wisata berkelanjutan berbasis masyarakat yang mampu mengangkat perekonomian masyarakat lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pengembangan desa wisata berbasis masyarakat di Desa Bedono. Metode penelitian menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari obeservasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Analisis SWOT diaplikasikan untuk mengetahui kelemahan, kekuatan, kesempatan dan tantangan pengembangan desa wisata Bedono sehingga dapat digunakan untuk menentukan strategi yang tepat dalam pengembangan desa wisata berbasis masyaakat di Desa Bedono, Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak. Dalam penelitian ini, proses reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan dilakukan secara bersamaan. Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai masukan dalam pengembangan desa wisata di Desa Bedono, Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak. Desa wisata yang merupakan salah satu produk wisata yang diharapkan dapat memberikan dorongan bagi pembangunan Desa Bedono secara berkelanjutan. Selain itu, pengembangan desa wisata juga diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat lokal di Desa Bedono, Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak dari segi ekonomi, sosial budaya, religi, dan lingkungan.  

This writing is motivated by the phenomenon from the observations in Nagari Mungo that tend to lead to the negative, such as dating behavior that has been done by many students even though they are still at school, fighting behavior that often occurs to solve problems between individuals that should be resolved in a good way and can be  reconcile well.  This is not in accordance with the concept of a spiritual attitude which shows one's thoughts, words, and actions that are always carried out based on divine values ​​or religious teachings.  This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach.  Collecting data in this writing the writer obtained through interviews, observation and documentation.  The data source for this writing uses the key informants of the Akidah Akhlak teacher, and the supporting informants are students.  Data analysis techniques that the authors do are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions.  Then the data validity technique uses Source Triagulation.  Based on the results of the study, it can be understood that the role of aqidah moral teachers in developing the spiritual attitude of students at the Al Munawwarah Li Binail Ummah Nagari Mungo Foundation, Luak District, 50 Kota District has an important role in developing students' spiritual attitudes, namely as role models, teachers, mentors, and motivators.

This will system has been running since ancient times, not only the Islamic religion regulates it, but every community has an understanding of wills. A will is a gift of property from a person to another person or to several people whose implementation is after the person's death. The type of research used is library research, because the study is focused on library materials by tracing and examining academic standard literature. Methods of data collection in the form of books, journals, and Islamic law compilation regulations (KHI). The results of the study show that Syafiiyah's legal view of wills applies to anyone who is not an heir. However, there are limitations to giving the will. Where, a person is only entitled to bequeath a small portion of his property. This is intended so that the will does not harm the heirs left behind. Meanwhile, the pillars in the will in the view of fiwih Syafiiyah are the person who inherits, the person who is inherited, the will and the presence of sighar or consent qabul. Whereas the will according to positive law states that the existence of article 195 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) can be realized in the current Indonesian context because in general the existence of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) includes article 195.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif dan bertujuan untuk: (1) Menguji kesadaran wajib pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (2) Menguji sanksi pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (3) Menguji pelayanan fiskus terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (4) Menguji religiusitas dapat memoderasi pengaruh antara kesadaran wajib pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (5) Menguji religiusitas dapat memoderasi pengaruh antara sanksi pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (6) Menguji religiusitas dapat memoderasi pengaruh antara pelayanan fiskus terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan : (1) Kesadaran wajib pajak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (2) Sanksi pajak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (3) Pelayanan fiskus berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (4) Religiusitas memperkuat pengaruh kesadaran wajib pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (5) Religiusitas memperkuat pengaruh sanksi pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak; (6) Religiusitas memperkuat pengaruh pelayanan fiskus terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak.

The background of this research is that not all students can understand this problem-based learning, and also not all students are able to think actively in solving problems that occur. Students are less enthusiastic in participating in learning and students who play around or don't focus on learning. From the problems that exist, the researcher is interested in studying the application of problem-based learning in Islamic Religious Education Class X at SMAN 1 Kapur IX District and its inhibiting factors. This study aims to find out how the application of this problem-based learning strategy and its inhibiting factors. This type of research is a descriptive qualitative research that describes problem-based learning strategies in Islamic Religious Education Class X at SMAN 1 Kapur IX District. In collecting data researchers used observation techniques, interviews and documentation. Meanwhile, to analyze it, the researcher uses data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. Based on the results of the research conducted, the authors found that Islamic Religious Education teachers apply problem-based learning strategies starting from teacher planning in preparing lessons by making lesson plans which serve as teacher guidelines in teaching and learning activities carried out in the classroom. The application of problem-based learning strategies is carried out through three activities, namely preliminary activities, core activities and closing activities. The activity starts from the teacher entering the class by greeting, conditioning the class and then praying together after that the teacher explains the indicators and learning objectives. The core activities of student learning are given related to learning problems then students will observe and find solutions to the problems that occur. Closing activities at the end with the teacher and concluding student lessons, giving assignments and praying together. The inhibiting factors found were time allocation, students who were less able to solve problems that occurred and students playing games during learning.

The main problem in this paper is the unsatisfactory student learning outcomes caused by several factors, namely factors from within the students themselves, namely student interest, attention, talent and student IQ and factors from outside the student's self, namely environmental factors. This is evidenced by the lack of students' understanding of historical material about Islam in the modern era (1800-present). In addition, learning activities often only store event names, chronologies, years, and character names. Therefore it is hoped that the use of audio-visual learning media can arouse students' interest and not be boring. The purpose of this research is to find out how the learning outcomes are using audio-visual media in learning Islamic Religious Education Class XI SMKN 2 Bukittinggi. With the research hypothesis, Ha: learning outcomes with audiovisual media are better than learning outcomes without audiovisual media and Ho learning outcomes with audiovisual media are worse than learning outcomes without audiovisual media. Experimental design with group pre-test post-test design. Population and sample class XI. One class was selected as a random sample, namely class XI Boga 3 as the research object. Data collection techniques with testing. The sampling technique used is the sampling technique. Data analysis using statistical analysis. Class XI students of SMKN 2 Bukittinggi perform better when using audiovisual media, according to the author's research on the effect of audiovisual media on student learning outcomes on the topic of PAI. We can see this from the results of the analysis of the t-test (Paired Sample t-Test) with the final data obtained, namely t count = 8.926 > t table = 2.120 with a significant level α = 0.05, it can be concluded that the hypothesis Ha is accepted and Ho was rejected

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Inovasi Kepala Sekolah Dalam Pembinaan Karakter Religius Siswa Menuju Madrasah Juara di MTS Madinatul Ilmi Desa Lubuk Kertang. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kuatititatif dengan metode pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian bahwa pelaksanaan kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah MTS Madinatul Ilmi diwujudkan dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum, pengajaran, kesiswaan, guru dan tenaga administrasi, sarana dan prasarana, serta hubungan dengan orang tua murid dan masyarakat sekitar, cenderung dilakukan Kepala Sekolah dengan menerapkan sistem kepemimpinan demogratif. Pelaksanaan Inovasi Kepala MTs Madinatul Ilmi Dalam Pembinaan Karakter Religius Siswa Menuju Madrasah Juara adalah dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah meningkatkan sistem pengajaran, membuka dialog, memberikan penghargaan, melengkapi sarana prasarana dan fasilitas serta motivasi mengajar guru dan memonitoring siswa didalam dan diluar kelas. Adapun upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasinya adalah meningkatkan sistem pengajaran, membuka dialog, memberikan penghargaan, melengkapi sarana prasarana dan fasilitas serta motivasi mengajar guru dan memonitoring siswa didalam dan diluar kelas.  

 The Independent Curriculum was determined by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia has issued a decree number 347 of 2022 regarding guidelines for implementing the Independent Curriculum in madrasah. So the implementation of the Independent Curriculum at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah becomes a demand for madrasah. The research uses a library research. The data research related to the Independent Curriculum and the Decree of the Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia number 347 of 2022 concerning the Independent Curriculum. The Analyzing data of this research using a way to describe the data in the study (content analysis). The Independent Madrasah Ibtidaiyah curriculum implements learning according to the abilities of students which gives more space to develop student’s basic character and competence. The Character abilities that support interactive learning is by developing abilities and having characters in the form of noble character, diversity, independence, critical and creative reasoning. Have a focus on essential learning and adapts to the abilities of the students. The Independent Curriculum at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah was developed in Indonesia with the aim to improve the quality of education. Its implementation is adjusted to the needs and characteristics of students which can facilitate the learning process without feeling burdened in the implementation of learning in Madrasahs. It is because the process of implementing the Independent Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Curriculum is more profound, fun and independent. Implementation of the Independent Madrasah Ibrtidaiyah Curriculum in accordance with KMA RI No. 347 Year 2022 is supported by the existence of the Independent Learning platform which is easily accessible. The Independent Curriculum application contains teaching tools needed by students and teachers to facilitate the learning process.    

The purpose of this study was to find out how the implementation of Premarital Guidance at the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) of Kapur IX District and what materials were given by religious counselors at KUA of Kapur IX District during premarital guidance. The research method that the author uses in writing this article is a descriptive qualitative research method with data collection techniques through observation, documentation, and interviews. The sources of data from this study were extension workers at KUA Kapur IX District and books related to this research. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of Premarital Guidance at the KUA of Kapur IX District is carried out every Thursday starting at 10.00 WIB until it is finished. The methods used in providing premarital guidance to the bride and groom are lecture, discussion, and question and answer methods. In the implementation of premarital guidance at KUA Kapur IX District there were several supporting and inhibiting factors in achieving the successful implementation of the premarital guidance. The supporting factors are the willingness of the bride and groom, adequate facilities and infrastructure, and professional extension workers. And the inhibiting factor in the implementation of premarital guidance is that there are still prospective brides who are not punctual in following the guidance and there are still prospective brides who consider this premarital guidance not so important. The pre-marital guidance material given by the counselor to the bride and groom is material about the purpose of marriage, husband and wife's obligations, attitudes that support the realization of a happy/sakinah family, rules for husband and wife association, first night etiquette, mandatory bathing, times when it is forbidden to associate with the husband wife, things that are prohibited in the household, things that can disturb the harmony of the household, and so on.

This service aims to implement the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) teaching method on PAI material at the high school level. This service uses a qualitative descriptive method which is carried out in class XI, totaling 35 students which is carried out through the preparation, implementation and evaluation stages. The problems faced by students when learning tend to use the lecture method, especially in PAI lessons, students are only listeners without having to express students' opinions, this results in a decrease in student interest and activity when receiving lessons. The results of this service prove that students have empathy during the learning process and can express creativity in explaining material, hone students' confidence in expressing opinions and train students' cohesiveness with other students which makes the method effective. This model can be a stimulus for educators who want to apply the PAI learning method in the classroom.

The Sultanate of Langkat is one of the richest kingdoms in East Sumatra, besides the Sultanate of Deli and the Sultanate of Serdang which have several roles. This article aims to find out the initial process of the spread of Islam in Langkat through the Langkat Sultanate, historical heritage evidence, and who are the figures who played a role in spreading Islam in Langkat. The method used is the historical research method, namely the method by reviewing the themes surrounding historical research methods in detail which is strengthened by presenting the views of historians. The findings show that in the development of Islam, the role of the Langkat sultanate included, namely, in the aspect of Education, the Langkat sultanate built several madrasas as places to study religion and figures who played a major role including Sultan Musa, Sultan Abdul Aziz, Dewa Sahdan, and others .

This study aims to examine how strategies strengthen student morale through school programs. In analyzing the problem, this research uses descriptive method with observation, interview and documentation techniques. Some of the findings obtained from research that the strategy of strengthening students' morale is implemented in several aspects; firstly on the school's vision and mission where the school compiles the school's vision-mission and goals which imply faith, piety and religious values ​​to strengthen student morale, second on activities both habituation activities within the school environment or activities outside the school environment related to religious activities to increase religious values, third on school facilities and infrastructure, fourth on school rules which are arranged based on the school's vision-mission and goals. The research results show that the strategy is quite successful in strengthening student morale. There are several findings that can hinder the success of applying student moral values, such as: the number of students that is not balanced with the number of classes, the lack of optimal use of facilities, the lack of commitment from school members, especially the lack of parental cooperation in efforts to strengthen student morale.

This journal writing was conducted to discuss the topic of Islamic Inheritance Law, especially in terms of transferring assets through a mandatory will. This study uses normative juridical and empirical juridical methods with data in the form of secondary data. This research has the result that KHI (Compilation of Islamic Law), as a rational formulation of Islamic Inheritance Law, has practically explained the rules of Obligatory wills. Obligatory wills in KHI are an alternative in giving inheritance to adopted children. Then in the development of inheritance law in court institutions, in this case the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, actually made the Obligatory will as a way to provide inheritance shares for heirs of different religions. The obligatory testament rules as an alternative to the transfer of rights to the wealth of non-Muslim heirs must still pay attention to the principles. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia has expanded Article 209 KHI by adding parties that can receive a mandatory will, including heirs who are prevented from inheriting because they are non-Muslims.

Penelitian ini berjudul “Kajian Nilai dalam Tradisi sunatan Masyarakat Suku Sakai kelurahan Pematang Pudu Kecamatan Mandau Kabupaten Bengkalis”. Bagi masyarakat suku Sakai, sunatan merupakan kewajiban bagi setiap muslim baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, tanpa disunat masyarakat Sakai menganggap keislaman seseorang tidak sempurna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pelaksanaan tradisi khitan pada masyarakat Sakai dan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam tradisi sunatan bagi kehidupan sosial masyarakat Sakai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode etnografi. Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan beberapa hal di bawah ini: Pertama, proses pelaksanaan tradisi sunatan pada masyarakat suku Sakai dilakukan dalam tiga prosesi yaitu persiapan, pelaksanaan dan pasca pelaksanaan. Kedua, nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam tradisi sunat suku Sakai meliputi aspek: religi, identitas sosial, solidaritas sosial dan harmonisasi tradisi leluhur dengan ajaran Islam, nilai keimanan, nilai kesehatan, nilai turun temurun. Ketiga, tradisi khitanan sudah mulai jarang dilakukan untuk mengiringi praktik sunatan. Pasalnya, ada cara baru yang lebih mudah dan nyaman untuk menyunat anak laki-laki, yaitu orang tua hanya perlu membawa anaknya ke dokter atau rumah sakit untuk disunat.  

Pendidikan karakter semakin mendapatkan prioritas dengan diberlakukannya Peraturan Pemerintah no 87 tahun 2017 tentang Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter yang merupakan gerakan pendidikan di bawah tanggung jawab sekolah untuk memperkuat karakter siswa (Pasal 1 PP no.87/2017). Penyelenggaraan Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter dilaksanakan dengan prinsip manajemen berbasis sekolah yang merupakan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah dan guru, sebagai pemenuhan beban kerja guru dan kepala sekolah (Pasal 6 ayat 3,4,5 PP 87/2017). Sesuai arahan presiden Joko Widodo bahwa pendidikan karakter pada jenjang pendidikan dasar mendapatkan porsi yang lebih besar dibandingkan pendidikan yang mengajarkan pengetahuan, untuk Sekolah Dasar sebesar 70 persen sedangkan untuk Sekolah Menengah Pertama sebesar 60 persen. Ketertarikan peneliti untuk mengkaji pendidikan karakter didasari oleh adanya penurunan karakter siswa kelas tinggi dibanding karakter siswa kelas rendah. Fokus kajian utama penelitian ini adalah manajemen penguatan pendidikan karakter di Sekolah Dasar yang meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Kajian dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan.  Hasil penelitiannya bahwa pertama, Perencanaan Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter Peserta Didik Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di SMP IT Al-Manar Bun Kobar telah dilaksanakan dengan baik melalui penyusunan tujuan, strategi dan pemetaan kebijakan serta pemetaan prosedur dan penyempurnaan program menggunanakan rancangan RPP dan silabus; kedua, pelaksanaan Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter Peserta Didik Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di SMP IT Al-Manar Bun Kobar berjalan dengan baik melalui kegiatan kegiatan bersifat religius, penanaman nasionalisme, peduli sosial dan kepedulian terhadap lingkungan; ketiga, evaluasi Perencanaan Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter Peserta Didik Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di SMP IT Al-Manar Bun Kobar  melalui kegiatan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan kegiatan dengan melaksanakan refleksi, analisis dan rencana tindak lanjut berbasis pendidikan kewarganegaraan.