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This study aims to examine and analyze how the implementation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) impacts employee performance improvement at Chatter Lounge Restaurant, Gumaya Tower Semarang. The background of this research stems from initial observations and interviews that revealed inconsistencies in SOP implementation, particularly in aspects of grooming and staff attitudes toward guests. A qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach was employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with four key informants, direct observations of operational activities, and digital documentation related to SOP practices. The data analysis followed the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, which includes three main stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that SOP implementation positively contributes to enhancing employee discipline, time efficiency, and accuracy in following service procedures, leading to a more standardized service quality. Nevertheless, the implementation is not yet fully optimal as several employees lack a comprehensive understanding of SOP content. Inhibiting factors include limited advanced training opportunities, one-way briefings that restrict interactive communication, and the absence of a performance-based reward system to motivate staff. The study highlights that while SOPs serve as a crucial guideline to improve consistency and professionalism, their effectiveness depends heavily on continuous reinforcement and employee engagement. Therefore, it is recommended that the restaurant management strengthen SOP implementation through ongoing training, more participatory internal communication, and the establishment of performance-based reward mechanisms to maximize employee motivation, ensure service excellence, and ultimately enhance guest satisfaction.

This research is motivated by the importance of an effective logistics recording and reporting system in supporting operational performance and security within the Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Unit of the North Sumatra Regional Police. Logistics items such as firearms, ammunition, and other operational equipment are classified as State-Owned Goods (BMN), which must be managed orderly, transparently, and accountably in accordance with prevailing legal provisions, such as Law No. 1 of 2004, Government Regulation No. 27 of 2014, and Police Chief Regulation No. 10 of 2011. Problems arise when the logistics system faces technical constraints, lack of personnel training, and weak oversight, which in some cases have led to the loss of strategic items such as firearms.The aim of this study is to analyze the implementation of the logistics recording and reporting system in the Brimob Unit of the North Sumatra Regional Police in accordance with legal provisions, assess its effectiveness in supporting operational duties, and identify existing challenges and improvement efforts. This research uses an empirical juridical method with a qualitative approach, through document studies and interviews with logistics and operational personnel.The research findings indicate that the recording and reporting system has been carried out in an orderly and accountable manner, utilizing both manual and digital systems in parallel. There is a strong commitment among personnel to comply with SOPs, use dual-recording as risk mitigation, and maintain regular reporting in accordance with standards. Nonetheless, challenges remain in the form of limited technological infrastructure, the need for continuous personnel training, and integration with national logistics systems. Strategic efforts have been made through capacity building, gradual digitalization, and strengthening of SOPs and internal audits. Overall, the system is considered effective in supporting the unit's tasks and reflects the principles of administrative law, namely legality, accountability, and orderly administration.

This study investigates the influence of sustainable leadership and customer-oriented culture on employee performance at PT Krakatau Sarana Properti (PT KSP), a subsidiary of PT Krakatau Steel operating in Indonesia’s commercial property sector. Amid rapid globalization and technological change, organizations are compelled to foster adaptive cultures and leadership approaches that ensure both operational excellence and long-term sustainability. Drawing on Organizational Behavior and the Resource-Based View, this research positions sustainable leadership as a strategic resource that not only directly enhances employee performance but also shapes a customer-oriented culture—an intangible asset vital for organizational competitiveness. Employing a quantitative, explanatory research design, data were collected from 95 employees using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The findings reveal that sustainable leadership has a significant positive impact on employee performance and customer-oriented culture. Additionally, customer-oriented culture exerts a strong influence on employee performance and partially mediates the relationship between sustainable leadership and employee performance. These results underscore the importance of integrating sustainability principles into leadership practices and embedding customer-centric values throughout the organization. The study provides both theoretical and practical contributions, offering a more holistic understanding of how sustainable leadership and organizational culture jointly drive superior performance. For PT KSP and similar organizations, investing in sustainable leadership development and cultivating a customer-oriented culture are recommended strategies to enhance employee motivation, adaptability, and long-term competitive advantage in a dynamic business environment.

This research aims to develop and evaluate the performance of a steam plant prototype designed as an alternative source of electrical energy to support the Vessel to Grid (V2G) concept. Utilization of backup energy on ships is becoming important as electricity demand increases and demands for a more sustainable electrical system. This system relies on ESP32 microcontroller technology as a control center that functions to monitor and control several key parameters, including steam pressure, combustion temperature, boiler water level, and the generated electrical voltage. The research method used is an experiment with a static and dynamic testing approach. Static testing is carried out to measure the performance of main components such as the boiler, turbine, and generator separately, while dynamic testing focuses on evaluating the overall system by involving the integration of sensors and supporting actuators. The test data is then analyzed quantitatively to determine the system's response to variations in steam pressure, temperature, and other operational conditions. The results show that the steam produced by the boiler is able to rotate the turbine, thereby driving the generator to produce electricity. The maximum voltage achieved is 25.7 volts at a steam pressure of 50 psi. The highest energy conversion efficiency was recorded at 4%, while the lowest efficiency was 0.9%. These findings demonstrate that, despite its relatively low efficiency, the prototype can function as an alternative energy source and emergency backup solution. Thus, this research provides an initial contribution to supporting the implementation of the V2G concept through the development of a small-scale steam plant-based energy conversion system.

This study explores the alignment between science learning practices and children’s cognitive development stages based on Jean Piaget’s theory. Ten academic publications were systematically reviewed to examine how Piaget’s framework can be applied in science education. The findings highlight that integrating cognitive development theory is highly relevant for improving the quality of teaching and learning in schools. At the concrete operational stage (approximately 7–11 years), children learn best through direct experiences, manipulation of real objects, contextual media, and experiments that connect concepts with daily life. These methods help foster curiosity and reinforce conceptual understanding. As learners progress to the formal operational stage (around 11 years and above), they begin to think abstractly, reason logically, and analyze critically. At this level, student-centered approaches, inquiry-based methods, and constructivist learning become more effective in enhancing problem-solving, creativity, and higher-order thinking skills. The review also indicates that adapting instruction to developmental stages supports more meaningful and sustainable learning outcomes. In the Indonesian educational context, this approach can address challenges such as limited classroom facilities, diverse student learning styles, and a curriculum that is often overloaded. By applying Piaget’s insights, teachers can design learning strategies that bridge abstract concepts with concrete understanding, thus increasing student motivation and engagement. In conclusion, aligning science education with Piaget’s cognitive stages is an effective way to improve student performance and ensure long-term academic growth. The study provides valuable input for teachers, researchers, and policymakers in developing innovative, student-centered science and mathematics education.

Cahaya Amal Soleh Foundation is a social institution that focuses on community service through various institutional programs engaged in social, education, and community empowerment. However, a number of operational staff who do not have a financial background have difficulty in understanding and managing financial reports effectively. This study aims to assist staff through the On-the-Job Learning and Development Program (OLDP) themed Finance for Non-Finance with the SIAPIK (Islamic Boarding School and Social Charity Accounting Information System) application approach. The method used is a qualitative approach with a participatory model, involving direct training, transaction recording simulations, and evaluation of participant understanding. The results of the assistance showed a significant increase in staff understanding of basic accounting principles, transaction recording, and SIAPIK-based financial reporting. These findings indicate that a practical approach through an application based on the foundation's needs can improve the financial capacity of non-accounting staff. The implications of this activity reinforce the importance of digitizing the financial system of social organizations and the need for ongoing training for human resources so that accountable and transparent financial governance can be realized sustainably. In addition, the results of this program highlight that the integration of technology and participatory training can overcome barriers in financial literacy among non-finance staff. The SIAPIK application provides an accessible interface and structured modules that are easy to understand, thereby reducing the complexity usually associated with financial management. Staff who previously felt unconfident in processing financial transactions gradually gained competence and independence in applying accounting procedures. The training also fostered collaborative learning, where participants supported each other in solving case simulations, enhancing not only technical knowledge but also teamwork and problem-solving skills. Furthermore, the foundation’s management expressed that the program positively contributed to institutional performance by ensuring more reliable and transparent financial reporting.

This study aims to analyze the profitability and operational efficiency of Sube Huter credit union. Profitability is measured by the Net Profit Margin (NPM) ratio, while operational efficiency is measured using the Operating Cost to Operating Income ratio and several other indicators related to operational costs. The data utilized in this research consist of secondary data from Sube Huter's credit union financial reports for the period 2020 to 2024. The analysis was conducted employing the financial ratio method to assess the cooperative's profitability and operational efficiency. The results indicate that the cooperative's profitability falls into the unhealthy category with a consistent NPM of 2%, while operational efficiency is categorized as less healthy with a Operating Costs to Operating Income value approaching 97-98%. The primary cause of low efficiency is high operational costs, particularly employee salary expenses that are not commensurate with revenue. However, the indicator of operating costs to total receivables still demonstrates healthy performance. This study recommends the implementation of more effective cost management, financial product development, and increased transaction volume to enhance the cooperative's profitability and operational efficiency.

This study aimed to determine and analyze the influence of financial ratios on profit changes in telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. The financial ratios used in this study encompass four main groups: liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, activity ratios, and profitability ratios. This study employed a quantitative approach with an associative nature because it attempted to examine the relationship and influence between these financial variables on profit changes. The population in this study comprised all telecommunications companies listed on the IDX, while the sample selection was conducted using a purposive sampling technique with specific criteria, resulting in 15 eligible companies. The research data were then analyzed using panel data regression using EViews 12 software, with the best model selected being the Random Effect Model (REM). The results showed that simultaneously, liquidity, solvency, activity, and profitability ratios significantly influenced profit changes, thus concluding that the company's overall financial performance plays a significant role in determining the dynamics of profit generated. However, partial test results showed that the influence of each ratio was different. The solvency ratio has a significant negative effect on profit changes, indicating that the higher a company's debt level, the greater the risk of profit decline. Conversely, the profitability ratio has a significant positive effect, confirming that a company's ability to generate net profit is a major factor in increasing profit changes. Meanwhile, the liquidity ratio and activity ratio were not shown to have a significant effect on profit changes, indicating that short-term liquidity and operational efficiency are not sufficient to be the primary determinants in driving profit changes in the telecommunications sector.  

Belawan Port is a strategic port in North Sumatra with export-import activities reaching 5,000 tons per year, making it an important terminal in supporting international trade and regional economic growth. This research examines the role of daily work reports in dry bulk cargo unloading operations at PT. Wahana Intradermaga Niaga Belawan as a Stevedoring Company (PBM) responsible for ensuring the smooth process of loading and unloading at the port. The research methodology employs library research approach and direct field observation. The dry bulk cargo unloading process involves the inaportnet system and operates for 24 hours with three work shifts. Activities include four main types of operations: stevedoring (transferring cargo from ship to wharf), cargodoring (transfer from wharf to warehouse), delivery (shipment outside the port), and receiving (acceptance from factory to warehouse). The daily report document is a list of all cargo unloading activities during 24 hours at wharf 112. Daily work reports function as structured documentation of daily activities, conveying work progress updates, supporting performance monitoring, and serving as a reference for operational evaluation. The report's usefulness includes strengthening accountability, reducing misunderstandings, early problem detection, consistency in task implementation, and orderly documentation of unloading activities. Operational preparation involves permit processing according to port regulations, equipment preparation such as hopper, conveyor belt, grab, excavator, wheel loader, and sling ropes. Supporting documents include Bill of Lading, Cargo List, Cargo Manifest, and various operational reports. Obstacles faced include the influence of bad weather, human resource constraints related to workforce professionalism, and land transportation barriers. Related institutions include cargo owners, PBM, shipping agents, port authorities, PT. Pelindo Belawan, and EMKL companies that coordinate to ensure smooth dry bulk cargo unloading operations.

Profit growth serves as a primary benchmark for evaluating financial standing, particularly within the healthcare industry which demands elevated levels of efficiency and superior financial stewardship. As healthcare companies face increasingly competitive environments and high operational costs, the ability to generate sustainable profits becomes a critical determinant of long-term viability. This study aims to examine the impact of Return on Equity (ROE) and Total Asset Turnover (TATO) on the profit growth of healthcare companies registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. The research employed a quantitative approach using secondary data, with a sample of 10 companies selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression, supported by classical assumption testing, t-tests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination (R²). The results revealed that ROE had a positive and partially significant effect on profit growth, while TATO showed a positive but not significant influence. However, when tested simultaneously, both variables demonstrated a significant relationship, with the model explaining 23.9% of the variance in profit growth. These findings suggest that profitability ratios, particularly ROE, play a more decisive role in determining financial performance in healthcare companies compared to activity ratios. The study highlights the importance for healthcare firms to optimize equity utilization in order to enhance sustainable profit growth and shareholder value.

Preventing accidents during drilling and well service operations is a constant and primary concern for every company or contractor operating in the upstream business. Accident analyses often identify a number of causative factors and/or anomalies, where equipment-related items play a significant role. This article concentrates on the rig inspection process as a consistent method for detecting equipment-related anomalies before operations commence. These inspections allow necessary repairs to be made in a timely manner, thereby limiting the occurrence of accidents after the rig becomes operational. When thorough and systematic rig inspections are performed, the percentage of accidents where equipment failure is the primary cause remains very low. However, the factor of equipment condition contributing to accidents still persists in a significant number of cases. Drilling rig mast inspection is a crucial component in maintaining the safety and efficiency of drilling operations. This inspection process aims to detect structural anomalies and equipment conditions that could affect rig performance. In this study, we analyze the inspection methods applied to rig masts, including visual inspection, non-destructive testing, and condition monitoring. The results of these inspections are expected to identify potential risks and enable necessary repairs before operations begin. Through the implementation of systematic and standardized inspection procedures, companies can reduce the likelihood of accidents and equipment failures, thereby enhancing workplace safety. This study also discusses the importance of training for inspection personnel to ensure they possess the necessary knowledge and skills to detect potential problems that may arise. Thus, drilling rig mast inspection contributes not only to safety but also to overall operational efficiency.

The research aim was to examine the regional financial performance of the Local Government of Sikka Regency. This research employed a descriptive quantitative method. The population of this study consisted of Budget Realization Reports (APBD) of the Local Government of Sikka Regency, with the sample covering five fiscal years from 2019 to 2023. Data were collected through documentation. The financial performance of the Local Government of Sikka Regency, as measured by the independence ratio, was categorized as very low with an instructive relationship pattern, where the role of the central government was more dominant than the independence of the local government. The effectiveness of the regional financial performance of Sikka Regency in 2019 – 2023 had an average of 85,90%, which fell into the less effective category. The allocation of funds in Sikka Regency was still unbalanced, as most of the APBD was allocated to operational expenditures with an average of 68,48%, while capital expenditures accounted for only an average of 13,4%. The revenue growth of the Sikka Regency Government from 2019 to 2023 tended to fluctuate, which occurred due to the suboptimal revenue received by the local government

The Regional Drinking Water Company (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum/PDAM) Lae Nciho, Dairi Regency, faces significant challenges related to the low level of financial literacy and financial behavior of its human resources, which negatively affect financial performance, particularly the Return on Equity (ROE) indicator. A lack of understanding and discipline in internal financial management has led to waste and operational inefficiency. This phenomenon highlights the importance of improving financial literacy and financial behavior as a strategic effort to enhance the company’s efficiency and profitability. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the influence of human resources’ financial behavior and operational efficiency on financial performance, with financial literacy serving as a moderating variable. This research applies a quantitative descriptive approach, using data analysis with the SEM PLS 3.0 method. The study involved a total population and sample of 70 employees of the Regional Drinking Water Company (Perumda Air Minum) Lae Nciho in Dairi Regency, particularly those working in finance and operations divisions, selected through purposive sampling techniques. The findings reveal that, partially, the variables of human resources’ financial behavior and operational efficiency significantly influence financial performance and affect financial literacy. Moreover, financial literacy significantly influences financial performance. However, simultaneously, financial behavior and operational efficiency do not significantly affect financial performance when moderated by financial literacy.

This study aims to analyze the influence of work discipline, job satisfaction, and motivation on the performance of billman employees at PT. PLN Electricity Services ULP Kediri City. Employee performance plays a strategic role in ensuring the company’s service quality and operational sustainability, particularly in the field of billing services which directly impacts customer satisfaction and company revenue. The research employs a quantitative approach with a multiple linear regression method to assess both partial and simultaneous effects of the independent variables. The population of this study consisted of all 33 billman employees of PT. PLN Electricity Services ULP Kediri City, and due to the small size, a saturated sampling technique was used so that the entire population served as respondents. Primary data were collected through questionnaires distributed to all employees and then analyzed statistically. The findings indicate that, partially, work discipline has a negative and insignificant effect on employee performance, suggesting that discipline alone does not guarantee productivity improvement. On the other hand, job satisfaction and motivation both have a positive and significant effect on employee performance, showing that intrinsic and psychological factors contribute more strongly to optimal work outcomes. Furthermore, when tested simultaneously, work discipline, job satisfaction, and motivation collectively exert a positive and significant influence on employee performance. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.786 indicates that 78.6% of variations in performance can be explained by the three variables, while the remaining 21.4% is influenced by other factors outside this research model. These findings emphasize the importance of fostering job satisfaction and motivation through supportive management policies to enhance employee contributions and organizational effectiveness.

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how the operational budget planning process is applied to the Mebel Serba Usaha (Mebel Serba Usaha) business, which falls into the micro, small, and medium-sized business category. A quantitative descriptive approach was used, collecting data through direct interviews and observing business activities. The obtained data was then examined to determine costs. Furthermore, sales records over the past four years were evaluated for their use. The analysis revealed that Mebel Serba Usaha has never created an operational budget. This situation makes it difficult for the company to manage its finances, which ultimately impacts performance and profitability. The study shows that an operational budget is a crucial tool for more targeted financial management. Operational budget planning helps companies develop long-term business plans and organize and monitor expenses. The results of this study also emphasize that the absence of a budget tends to make companies lack a clear reference point for determining sales targets and controlling production costs. With structured budget planning, companies can more easily identify spending priorities, estimate cash flow, and assess the efficiency of resource use. Furthermore, implementing an operational budget can improve managerial discipline because every financial decision is based on careful planning, not just on immediate needs. Another benefit is increased transparency in fund management, thereby minimizing the risk of waste or misallocation of costs. Therefore, this study provides a practical contribution in the form of recommendations on the importance of implementing an operational budget for micro, small, and medium enterprises, particularly in maintaining sustainability and increasing competitiveness amidst increasingly fierce business competition.This research is expected to be a reference for other MSMEs in developing a more effective and sustainable financial system.

This study aims to analyze the influence of business capital on the development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) at CV Kakarak Food located at Jl. Gunung Batu No. 117T, Sukaraja, Cicendo, Bandung, West Java. This study uses a quantitative method with an associative descriptive approach. Primary data were obtained through distributing questionnaires to 30 respondents who are employees at CV Kakarak Food, while secondary data were obtained from company documentation and relevant literature. The data analysis technique used was simple linear regression to test the partial effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of this study indicate that venture capital has a positive and significant influence on the development of MSMEs. The availability of venture capital helps streamline operational activities, strengthen production capacity, improve product quality, and support business expansion efforts to a wider market. Furthermore, venture capital also contributes to increasing company competitiveness in facing the dynamics of the food industry. Therefore, it can be concluded that increasing venture capital is a crucial aspect that must be considered in encouraging the growth and sustainability of MSMEs, particularly CV Kakarak Food and similar MSMEs in the food sector. This research is expected to provide input for business owners, the government, and related parties in designing MSME development strategies oriented towards capital strengthening, thus creating more stable, independent, and highly competitive businesses in the future. Furthermore, the results of this study can also serve as an academic reference for further research and as evaluation material for MSMEs in determining managerial policy priorities.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, but often face challenges in effective financial management. often face challenges in effective financial management. This research This study aims to analyse the application of management accounting in increasing turnover, net profit, and cash management in Labang Iced Tea Pot MSMEs in Bangkalan Regency, East Java. Bangkalan Regency, East Java. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. documentation. The results showed that the application of management accounting helps Labang Iced Tea Poci in determining the optimal selling price, managing cash flow, and increasing the efficiency of operational costs. cash flow, and improve operational cost efficiency. By analysing the break-even point, budget management, and recording break-even analysis, budget management, and systematic financial recording, this MSME is able to increase net profit to Rp 254,000 per day on the able to increase net profit up to IDR 254,000 per day at certain pricing strategies. pricing strategy. In addition, structured cash management allows the business to maintain liquidity and avoid deficits. maintain liquidity and avoid operational deficits. This research concluded that management accounting plays an important role in improving financial performance and support the sustainability of MSME businesses. The implementation of management accounting not only improves the efficiency of financial management, but also serves as a foundation for better strategic decision-making. the foundation for better strategic decision-making.

This study investigates the factors influencing financial distress in plantation sub-sector companies in Indonesia. The data collection method involves a literature study and documentation, while the data analysis techniques encompass classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, and heteroscedasticity), multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing (partial, simultaneous, and coefficient of determination). The findings reveal that leverage, liquidity, and profitability both simultaneously and partially have a positive and significant effect on financial distress. These results offer valuable insights into the factors that affect financial distress in the plantation sub-sector, providing a clearer understanding for investors and company management. This study emphasizes the importance of managing leverage, liquidity, and profitability effectively to avoid financial distress, which could disrupt the operational continuity of companies. Additionally, the study serves as a reference for making informed decisions related to financial stability and strategic planning, assisting in mitigating the risks associated with financial distress. By managing these financial factors, companies can improve their resilience and sustainability in the face of challenges, contributing to long-term business success. Furthermore, understanding the role of financial management in preventing financial distress is essential for plantation companies to maintain stable growth. As companies face various financial pressures, the study highlights how proactive financial strategies can help ensure sustained performance and profitability, ultimately supporting their competitive advantage in the industry.

This research is motivated by the decline in employee performance at PT Tracon Industri which is allegedly caused by weak teamwork and low work motivation. The main objective of this study is to analyze the influence of teamwork and work motivation on employee work performance, both partially and simultaneously. This study uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive method. A total of 53 respondents from the operational division were involved through saturated sample techniques. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire, then analyzed through validity, reliability, classical assumptions, multiple linear regression, as well as t-test and F-test with the help of SPSS software version 25. The results of the study show that teamwork and work motivation have a positive and significant influence on employee work performance. Partially, teamwork had a tcal value of 4.337 and work motivation of 5.511, both greater than the ttable of 1.674, with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Simultaneously, the two variables contributed 84.3% to work performance. These findings indicate that increased team synergy and work motivation are key factors in driving productivity and achieving organizational goals. Based on these results, companies are advised to strengthen the culture of cooperation and create an effective motivation system to continuously improve work performance and support the company's operational success.

Stock returns represent a crucial parameter that serves as a reference for investors in evaluating company performance. A decline in returns has occurred in several mining companies listed on the IDX, despite the sector’s vital role in the national economy. This study aims to examine the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Firm Size on the stock returns of mining companies listed on the IDX during the 2022–2024 period. The sample was determined using purposive sampling, resulting in 56 observational data after outliers were removed. To meet the assumptions of classical tests, several variables were transformed using natural logarithms, and data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results indicate that CSR, ROE, and Firm Size have no significant effect on stock returns, whereas ROA and DER show a significant positive effect. These findings suggest that investors tend to emphasize financial fundamentals, particularly profitability and capital structure, rather than non-financial aspects such as CSR activities. The implication for companies is the need to enhance operational efficiency and optimize financial structures to attract investors and improve returns. Future researchers are encouraged to incorporate external variables such as global commodity prices, market risk, and macroeconomic indicators, as well as expand the observation period and apply more diverse methodological approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of stock return dynamics in the mining sector.