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Objective: Autoimmune diseases are complex disorders that arise when the immune system loses tolerance to self-antigens, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. To understand disease pathogenesis and to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, animal models are widely used in autoimmune research. This review aims to analyze various types of animal models employed in studies of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and multiple sclerosis (MS), with a particular focus on reproducibility and clinical applicability. Methods: This study was conducted through the selection and analysis of scientific literature published over the last ten years (2015–2025), using specific keywords including “clinical application,” “autoimmunity,” “animal models,” “humanized mice,” “lupus,” “rheumatoid arthritis,” “reproducibility,” and “translational research.” Literature searches were performed in major databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Results: Spontaneous models, such as NOD and MRL/lpr mice, exhibit close resemblance to human disease pathogenesis but are influenced by strain variability and environmental factors. Induced models, including collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), allow greater control over disease onset but do not fully capture the clinical complexity observed in humans. Humanized models demonstrate high translational relevance; however, their use is constrained by high costs and technical limitations. Conclusion: No single animal model is universally ideal for studying autoimmune diseases. Model selection should be based on biological relevance, reproducibility of outcomes, and the potential for clinical translation in autoimmune disease research.

Generation Z faces various challenges in determining their life direction amidst increasingly complex technological developments and social dynamics. As part of this generation, 12th-grade Vocational High School (SMK) students are in a crucial transition phase towards the world of work and further education, thus requiring the strengthening of a clear life purpose based on Islamic values. This community service activity aims to strengthen the role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in shaping the life purpose of vocational high school students as an effort to create competitive Muslim youth. The community service activity was carried out at SMK Abdi Negara Tangerang, targeting 12th-grade students using an educational, participatory, and reflective approach. The implementation methods included interactive lectures, discussions, self-reflection, and mentoring linked to the values ​​of Islamic Religious Education. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, short interviews, and documentation, while data analysis used a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the activity showed an increase in students' understanding of the importance of having a directed life purpose that is aligned with the values ​​of faith, morals, and social responsibility. In addition, students showed increased motivation, awareness of their potential, and readiness to face the future. This activity also strengthens the role of Islamic Religious Education as a means of character development and life orientation for students. Thus, this community service activity makes a positive contribution to shaping a young generation of Muslims with character, competitiveness, and a clear purpose in life.

This study investigates biomass-derived surface engineering of AISI 1020 steel for electromedical applications using galam wood charcoal and chicken bone waste as carburizing media. Surface modification is required to improve the mechanical performance of low-carbon steel, particularly in applications that demand high wear resistance and long-term durability. A pack carburizing approach was applied using various ratios of biomass-derived media at a treatment temperature of 800 °C for 2 hours. Chemical composition was analyzed using Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), surface hardness was evaluated using Micro Vickers hardness testing, and microstructural characteristics were observed using optical microscopy. The results show a significant increase in surface carbon content with increasing fractions of chicken bone powder, indicating its effectiveness as a carbon donor and diffusion promoter. The surface hardness increased from approximately 150 HV in the untreated condition to a maximum of about 860 HV in the treated specimen. Microstructural observations revealed the formation of a distinct carburized layer with increasing thickness and uniformity, consistent with enhanced carbon diffusion and surface strengthening. These findings demonstrate that biomass-derived surface engineering provides an effective and sustainable approach for improving the surface properties of low-carbon steel. The proposed method offers strong potential for environmentally friendly manufacturing of durable and reliable electromedical components.

Organizational commitment is essential for maintaining hospital performance, service quality, and healthcare continuity. Preliminary data from Brebes Regional General Hospital shows that 35% of medical doctors face issues with low organizational commitment, which may negatively impact the institution's effectiveness. This study examines how meritocracy strengthens the effects of transformational leadership and work motivation on medical personnel's organizational commitment. A quantitative approach with causal research design was used to analyze the relationships among these variables. The sample included 72 doctors, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) to assess both direct and moderating effects. The findings show that transformational leadership, work motivation, and meritocracy together significantly influence organizational commitment. Transformational leadership and work motivation each have a positive impact on organizational commitment. Additionally, meritocracy serves as a moderating factor, enhancing the connection between leadership and commitment, as well as work motivation and commitment. These results suggest that meritocratic systems based on competence, performance, and achievement improve leadership effectiveness and motivation, fostering greater commitment among medical staff. The study suggests that hospital management should implement meritocratic principles consistently in leadership and human resource practices, alongside developing transformational leadership and motivation strategies, to maintain high levels of organizational commitment among medical personnel.

The legal counseling activity on the technical aspects of preventing and reporting Ilegal online lending in Ngawen Village, Muntilan District, was motivated by the increasing number of Ilegal online lending cases that harm the community due to low legal and digital literacy. Rural communities often become victims because they do not understand the differences between legal and Ilegal loans and are unaware of the proper reporting mechanisms. This activity aims to provide residents with legal understanding regarding online lending regulations, improve digital literacy so that the community can identify Ilegal applications, and train residents to be courageous and capable of reporting Ilegal online lending practices to the relevant authorities. The implementation methods included socialization through interactive lectures, distribution of handout materials, and question-and-answer sessions. The activity was attended by 15 residents of Ngawen Village and featured two presenters from the Faculty of Law, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang. The results showed an increase in participants’ understanding of the characteristics of Ilegal online lending, its socio-economic impacts, and the reporting procedures to the Financial Services Authority (OJK), the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Kominfo), and the police. Participants also gained a better understanding of the importance of protecting personal data and verifying the legality of financial applications before using them. In conclusion, this counseling activity successfully enhanced the community’s legal awareness and digital literacy, fostering a more vigilant and legally empowered society capable of protecting itself from Ilegal online lending practices in the digital era.

The legal counseling activity on the technical aspects of preventing and reporting Ilegal online lending in Ngawen Village, Muntilan District, was motivated by the increasing number of Ilegal online lending cases that harm the community due to low legal and digital literacy. Rural communities often become victims because they do not understand the differences between legal and Ilegal loans and are unaware of the proper reporting mechanisms. This activity aims to provide residents with legal understanding regarding online lending regulations, improve digital literacy so that the community can identify Ilegal applications, and train residents to be courageous and capable of reporting Ilegal online lending practices to the relevant authorities. The implementation methods included socialization through interactive lectures, distribution of handout materials, and question-and-answer sessions. The activity was attended by 15 residents of Ngawen Village and featured two presenters from the Faculty of Law, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang. The results showed an increase in participants’ understanding of the characteristics of Ilegal online lending, its socio-economic impacts, and the reporting procedures to the Financial Services Authority (OJK), the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Kominfo), and the police. Participants also gained a better understanding of the importance of protecting personal data and verifying the legality of financial applications before using them. In conclusion, this counseling activity successfully enhanced the community’s legal awareness and digital literacy, fostering a more vigilant and legally empowered society capable of protecting itself from Ilegal online lending practices in the digital era.

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the most common health problems among primary school–aged children and may interfere with the learning process as well as children’s overall health status. This community service activity aimed to improve primary school students’ knowledge and awareness regarding ARI prevention through the implementation of the Faculty of Medicine Teaching Movement. The methods used were interactive lectures and demonstrations tailored to the characteristics of primary school children, including education on ARI, proper cough and sneeze etiquette, and correct handwashing practices. The community service program was conducted in three stages: planning and preparation, implementation, and evaluation and monitoring. The activity involved collaboration between lecturers and medical students from the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, who served as health education facilitators. The evaluation results showed a significant improvement in students’ knowledge, with the proportion of students in the good knowledge category increasing from 47.4% before the intervention to 78.9% after the intervention, along with an increase in the mean score of 28.4 points (p < 0.05). This activity not only enhanced students’ understanding of ARI prevention but also strengthened the role of medical students in field-based learning and promoted the development of health awareness within the school and family environment.

This community service activity aims to improve students' understanding of the basic concepts of digital marketing and simple branding at Al-Ihsan Doglo Vocational School as a starting point for fostering an entrepreneurial spirit. This activity was carried out using a descriptive qualitative approach with methods of socialization, observation, interactive question and answer sessions, and documentation throughout the activity. The material provided included an introduction to information technology, digital marketing concepts, the use of social media as a promotional tool, and basic product branding principles that are easy for students to apply. The results of the activity showed an increase in students' understanding of digital marketing concepts, how to utilize social media productively, and an introduction to basic branding elements such as product names, logos, and brand images. The enthusiasm of the participants during the activity indicated that the socialization method used was effective in improving basic digital marketing literacy. This activity is expected to encourage students to be more creative, innovative, and ready to face the challenges of the business world in the digital era.

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents substantial potential for improving the quality of learning in elementary education, particularly through the application of AI prompts as instructional support in lesson planning and classroom implementation. Nevertheless, many teachers at Integrated Islamic Elementary Schools (Sekolah Dasar Islam Terpadu/SDIT) experience limited AI literacy and insufficient competence in designing pedagogically appropriate and effective AI prompts. This community service program aims to enhance AI literacy and strengthen the professional competence of teachers at SDIT Lukmanul Hakim Puring, Kebumen, in utilizing AI prompts to support instructional design, teaching materials development, and learning assessment. The program employed participatory methods, including socialization sessions, hands-on training, guided practice, and continuous mentoring. The results demonstrate a measurable improvement in teachers’ understanding and practical skills in constructing AI prompts aligned with pedagogical objectives. Furthermore, the integration of AI prompts contributes to increased instructional efficiency and pedagogical creativity. This program is expected to provide a sustainable model for supporting digital transformation in elementary school education.

Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad SAW constitutes a fundamental source of Islamic teachings that plays a crucial role in shaping value systems, particularly in the field of education. One of the most essential hadiths in Islamic educational discourse is Ṭalabul ‘Ilmi Farīḍah ‘Alā Kulli Muslim, which emphasizes the obligation of seeking knowledge for every Muslim. This article aims to comprehensively examine the ethics of seeking knowledge from the perspective of this hadith and its relevance to academic life among university students. This study employs a library research method by analyzing hadith compilations, classical and contemporary hadith commentaries, and scholarly literature in Islamic education. The findings indicate that the hadith Ṭalabul ‘Ilmi Farīḍah ‘Alā Kulli Muslim not only establishes the obligation of acquiring knowledge but also embodies fundamental principles of academic ethics, including sincerity, perseverance, honesty, respect for educators, and responsibility in applying knowledge. These ethical values remain highly relevant in fostering an academic culture of integrity within higher education institutions.

Philosophy learning has a strategic role in shaping students' critical, reflective, and rational thinking skills. However, the main challenge faced in this learning process is to determine assessment and evaluation methods that are in accordance with the character of philosophy that are abstract and argumentative. This study aims to describe the method, assessment, and evaluation of philosophy learning based on the results of an in-depth interview with STISIP lecturer Syamsul Ulum. The research approach used is qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, so that a comprehensive picture of philosophy learning practices in higher education is obtained. The results of the study show that discussion methods, case studies, and critical reflection are the most effective approaches in improving the quality of philosophy learning. The assessment is more focused on the student's thinking process, not solely on the final result, while the evaluation is directed at changing the way of thinking and the intellectual maturity of the students. These findings confirm that philosophy learning is not only oriented towards mastery of the material, but also on the formation of a critical, reflective, and ethical mindset that is an important provision for students in dealing with the complexities of academic and social life. Thus, philosophy learning plays a role as a means of intellectual development as well as student morals.

The aim of the research is to find out the process of developing knowledge learning media based on Android applications.Learning media is very much needed as a tool used in practical learning.Changes in educational progress require innovation in learning media to keep them up to dat and able to overcome new problems that arise. The research method used is the R & D research and development method with the 4D model. The stages of the 4D development model are 1) Definition; 2) Design; 3) Development; 4) Distribution. This research produces android-based textile knowledge learning media. The software used is iSpring Suite Toolkit Authoring based on Power Point; and Website 2 APK Builder.The iSpring Suit software is used in the design and development of learning media, while the Website 2 APK Builder software is used to change Android application programs. Based on the results of the learning media feasibility questionnaire, it can be seen that the textile knowledge learning media is very feasible to use, reaching 90%.

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of implementing Solar-Powered Street Lighting (PJUTS) as an alternative lighting solution in Campus C of UNINDRA PGRI. The background of this research is driven by the high operational electricity costs of the existing conventional street lighting system and the need to transition toward clean energy. The analysis methods include a technical comparison of off-grid systems, an economic evaluation based on cost savings, and an assessment of environmental impacts. The technical analysis indicates that PJUTS is highly feasible due to its ability to operate independently without reliance on the national electricity grid, thereby ensuring lighting continuity during power outages. From an economic perspective, although the initial investment (CAPEX) is higher than that of conventional street lighting, the project is considered feasible as it eliminates monthly electricity bills permanently, resulting in long-term budget efficiency and financial benefits. The Payback Period analysis shows that the initial investment can be recovered through cumulative operational cost savings. Environmentally, the implementation of PJUTS significantly contributes to carbon emission reduction and supports the Green Campus vision through the utilization of renewable energy. Overall, the transformation of the existing street lighting system into PJUTS represents a strategic and feasible initiative that fulfills effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability criteria.

This study examines the extent to which West Java Province has achieved Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 on clean and affordable energy in the electricity sector. The study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to evaluate policies and achievements in terms of energy access, renewable energy use, energy efficiency, and the dynamics of cooperation between government agencies. The results show that the electrification rate in West Java has almost reached 100% thanks to government policies such as the free electricity program for underprivileged communities. However, the share of renewable energy in the province was still around 15% in 2022, which has not yet reached the target of 17% by 2025. Furthermore, energy efficiency is also an important issue because primary energy consumption in West Java increased in 2022. This study emphasizes the need to enhance inter-agency cooperation, innovation in local policies, and political commitment to achieve SDG 7 targets in line with national directives.

The phenomenon of authority trap occurs when local governments are burdened with achieving SDG 7 (“Affordable and Clean Energy”) targets without being granted adequate authority and resources. This study examines the context of West Java Province and Bandung City, which face complex clean energy governance due to fragmented authority across levels of government. At the national level, Government Regulation No. 40/2025 reinforces emission reduction and the transition toward Net-Zero Emissions by 2060. West Java has established RUED No. 2/2019, which sets a minimum renewable energy share of 17% by 2025. However, the technical responsibilities for implementation (such as electrification and energy conservation) lie at the regency/municipal level. The analysis highlights fiscal disparities, PLN’s dominance, and national regulations that override local authority. Local innovations such as rooftop solar PV, solar-powered street lighting, the Green Building Mayor Regulation, and PPP schemes are evaluated for their effectiveness. This qualitative study combines policy document analysis and literature review. The findings show that the absence of strong local regulation (regulatory void) and the central dominance of PLN reinforce the authority trap, hindering synergy among stakeholders. The recommendations emphasize strengthening institutional collaboration, aligning local and national regulatory frameworks, and promoting innovative financing mechanisms to enable Bandung City to break free from the authority trap in achieving SDG 7 targets.

The concept of force majeure is essential in business agreements in Indonesia, as it regulates the release of contractual obligations that cannot be fulfilled due to events beyond their control such as natural disasters, pandemics, conflicts, or government policies. This study examines force majeure clauses in business agreements in Indonesia from a normative juridical perspective, focusing on the legal framework, its application practices, and its legal implications for contractual certainty. Using normative juridical qualitative methods, data were analyzed from the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) Articles 1244–1245 and 1444–1445, legal doctrine, and literature. The results of the study underlined that the force majeure clause has a strong legal basis in the Civil Code, which exempts the affected party from the obligation of compensation if the failure to perform the obligation is caused by events beyond his control. The application of this clause in the contract allows for the revision, postponement, or termination of a temporary contract, thereby guaranteeing legal certainty and protecting the principles of good faith and contractual fairness. In addition, the formulation of detailed clauses in the contract is crucial to prevent potential legal disputes down the road and ensure fair protection for all parties involved in the business agreement.

This study analyzes the implementation of cultural preservation policies in Lebak Regency in the context of the Seren Taun tradition as part of efforts to maintain local wisdom and sustainable development. The approach used is qualitative with a case study method, through interviews, observations, and documentation studies of local governments, traditional leaders, and the Kasepuhan Citorek community. Data analysis was carried out using the Miles and Huberman model, including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that the implementation of cultural preservation policies in Lebak has been regulated through Regent Regulation Number 435 of 2022 concerning Regional Cultural Promotion, which emphasizes the importance of indigenous peoples' participation. The implementation of this policy is analyzed using Edwards III's theory, which includes communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The Seren Taun tradition has proven to play an important role in strengthening cultural identity, fostering social solidarity, maintaining food security, and teaching ecological awareness. However, challenges such as budget constraints, low cultural documentation, and shifting values of the younger generation remain major obstacles. This research emphasizes that synergy between the government, customary institutions, and communities is the key to the success of sustainable and inclusive cultural preservation in Lebak Regency.

This study examines Banten Lama as a political symbol that shapes regional identity in Banten Province. As the former center of the Banten Sultanate from the 16th to the 18th century, the site holds not only historical and religious significance but also functions as a symbolic space influencing political legitimacy and the construction of collective identity in contemporary Banten society. Using a qualitative approach with a case study design, this research analyzes how local government, political elites, and communities negotiate the symbolic meanings of Banten Lama through ritual practices, public discourse, and revitalization policies. Data were collected through literature review, non-participatory observation, visual documentation, and examination of policy documents. The findings reveal that Banten Lama operates as a symbolic arena that intertwines historical narratives, Islamic spirituality, and political interests. The government employs symbols of the former sultanate to construct moral legitimacy and a religious political image, while local communities interpret Banten Lama as a spiritual space and a source of economic livelihood. Although the use of historical symbols strengthens regional identity, it also gives rise to symbolic politics that often dominate public space without being accompanied by substantive policy outcomes. This study concludes that the governance of Banten Lama requires participatory and culturally grounded approaches to ensure the sustainable preservation of its historical and social values.

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a form of evaluation that demands the physical and mental readiness of nursing students. Academic pressure, the demands of clinical performance, and the fear of failure can trigger anxiety, potentially disrupting sleep patterns. Poor sleep patterns can impact nursing students' concentration, memory, and academic performance.  This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study were students of the Faculty of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Semarang who were taking the OSCE exam. The sample size was 119 respondents, taken using a proportionate random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) questionnaire to measure anxiety levels and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep patterns. Data analysis was carried out univariately and bivariately using the Spearman Rank statistical test. The results showed that most respondents were 20 years old (83.2%) and female (82.4%). Most students experienced mild anxiety (43.7%) and had good sleep quality (58.8%). The Spearman Rank test results showed a correlation value (r) = 0.898 with a p-value = 0.000 (p <0.05), which means there is a very strong and significant relationship between students' anxiety levels and sleep patterns in facing the OSCE exam.  There is a very strong and significant relationship between students' anxiety levels and sleep patterns during the OSCE.

Children living in coastal areas face various challenges in developing their literacy and creative potential due to limited access to non-formal educational facilities and adequate learning resources. This condition results in low stimulation of reading, writing, communication, and creative expression skills from an early age. This community service activity aims to develop the potential of coastal children through basic literacy learning and community-based creative arts in Wawatu Village, North Moramo District, South Konawe Regency. The method applied is a community-based participatory approach with an experiential learning design, actively involving children in various educational activities such as shared reading, storytelling, drawing, coloring, singing, reading children’s poetry, and group-based educational games. Data were collected through participatory observation, brief interviews with children, parents, and community leaders, as well as simple questionnaires to assess participants’ responses and satisfaction levels. The results indicate high enthusiasm among the children, with most participants stating that they were very happy and happy to take part in the entire series of activities. The children became more active in interacting, more confident in expressing their opinions, and showed increased interest in reading and artistic activities. In addition, parents and community leaders expressed positive responses, as the program was considered to provide a contextual and meaningful alternative learning experience. This activity demonstrates that the integration of basic literacy learning and community-based creative arts is an effective approach to holistically developing the cognitive, social, and emotional abilities of coastal children while strengthening the role of the community in supporting children’s sustainable growth and development.