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This study aims to analyze the derivational affixes found in the Regina Caeli speech delivered by Pope Leo XIV. The main focus of the research is to identify the types of derivational affixes and determine their frequency, including both prefixes and suffixes. The research applies a mixed methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The quantitative aspect involves identifying and counting the types and frequency of derivational affixes found in Pope Leo XIV’s speech at Regina Caeli. The qualitative aspect focuses on analyzing the contextual meaning and function of those affixes within the speech. Data collection techniques include textual analysis.. Based on the analysis, a total of 13 types of derivational affixes were identified, consisting of one prefix and 12 suffixes. Furthermore, derivational affixes in this study are classified into four types: noun, verb, adjective, and adverb derivation. This study is expected to encourage English learners to understand and apply derivational affixes effectively, as doing so can significantly enrich vocabulary and enhance linguistic competence by recognizing root words and how new forms are created. This classification helps English learners expand vocabulary and understand how word forms are systematically built, thus enhancing their language skills.

Population density on the banks of the Ciliwung River, especially in the Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, continues to experience a significant increase. This study aims to analyze the impact of population density on flood frequency and environmental degradation in the area. The method used is a mixed approach with descriptive-analytical methods, then data is collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the high population density on the banks of the river narrows the water flow and increases the volume of household waste that is directly discharged into the river, thereby exacerbating the risk of flooding and reducing the quality of water and the surrounding environment. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of cooperation between the government, community, and other stakeholders in settlement planning, waste management, and environmental education and monitoring on an ongoing basis as an effort to mitigate flooding and improve the environment in the riverbank area

The rapid population growth in South Tangerang City has led to an increasing demand for housing, public facilities, and adequate community activity spaces. This phenomenon presents a challenge in providing proper and multifunctional spaces efficiently. This study aims to formulate architectural design strategies through a mixed-use development approach as a solution to mitigate the impact of population density in satellite urban areas. A mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, was employed. Data were collected through questionnaires, field observations, spatial analysis, and in-depth interviews with residents and area users. Quantitative analysis was used to measure spatial needs and activity patterns, while qualitative analysis aimed to understand social preferences and local cultural contexts. The findings indicate that integrating residential, commercial, and public facility functions within a single area can improve land-use efficiency, reduce daily mobility, and strengthen inclusive social interaction spaces. The proposed design strategies include vertical spatial organization, flexible zoning, and the provision of green open spaces that support social and ecological sustainability. This research provides a foundation for the development of adaptive, participatory, and sustainable architectural designs for high-density urban areas such as South Tangerang City.

This study examines the capacity of regional bureaucracies to implement inclusive economic development policies within the decentralised governance framework. As developing nations increasingly prioritize inclusive growth, the effectiveness of local government institutions becomes crucial for policy success. This research evaluates the bureaucratic capacity of regional governments through multiple dimensions including human resources, institutional frameworks, financial capabilities, and coordination mechanisms. Using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative assessments and qualitative case studies from selected regional governments, this study identifies key factors that enhance or constrain bureaucratic capacity in promoting inclusive economic development. The findings reveal significant variations in capacity across regions, with institutional quality, leadership commitment, and inter-agency coordination emerging as critical determinants of implementation effectiveness. The study provides recommendations for strengthening regional bureaucratic capacity to better serve inclusive development objectives.

Mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and foreign nationals (WNA) often give rise to legal issues, particularly in divorce cases involving the division of marital property. A key challenge arises from the restriction on land ownership for foreign nationals under the Basic Agrarian Law. This study examines Decision Number 146/Pdt.G/2021/PA.Dps, in which an Indonesian wife was accused of extortion against her foreign husband in the context of a mixed marriage divorce. Using a normative juridical method and a descriptive-analytical approach, the study finds that the wife’s act of withholding her husband’s documents does not constitute extortion, but rather a form of self-protection due to the husband's failure to provide financial support. The findings emphasize that the division of marital assets in mixed marriages must consider the provisions of the Marriage Law, the Compilation of Islamic Law for Muslim couples, and the Basic Agrarian Law, especially regarding land ownership by foreign nationals. Therefore, resolving property disputes in mixed marriages requires a careful legal approach to ensure compliance with applicable laws.  

Mastery of English is one indicator of the readiness of the young generation to face global challenges, there are still many factors as students in mastering the English especially in speaking. Even EFL is taught since in the school to collage, the students still have trouble, the use of appropriate method should be applied to overcome the problem during teaching and learning EFL classroom by the teacher. The use of code-switching is the way to motivate the students in order to be active in speaking class. the aims of this study was to findout the use of Code switching strategy in EFL in speaking ability of students. In this study, there were 40 students of the midwifery study program and 3 English Lectures at STIK Bina Husada Palembang as study sample in the 2024/2025 academic year.  The methodology used was mixed method and in collecting the data The instrument used were questionnaire  that distributed to the midwifery students in second grade and Enlish lecturers in STIK Bina Husada and the speaking test was also given to the students as pre and post test. From the obtained results of the questionnaire showed that the students often used code-switching to explain the information more clearly, it can motivated them to be active event they were still trouble in limited of vocabulary and the English lecturers believed that code-switching in EFL class to help them conveyed the materials clearly to the students. And from the speaking test showed there were positive effect of this strategy to make students more in speaking that it can be seen from the development of students speaking in the class.

This study investigates the implementation and effectiveness of artificial intelligence-driven adaptive learning platforms in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms across urban and rural Indonesian educational settings. Through a mixed-methods approach involving 247 students and 12 teachers from eight institutions, this research comparatively analyzes three prominent AI language learning platforms: LinguaLearn AI, AdaptEd English, and AI Tutor Pro. The findings reveal significant differences in learning outcomes, with AI-enhanced platforms demonstrating a 27% improvement in language proficiency compared to traditional methods. However, implementation challenges including digital literacy barriers, internet connectivity issues, and cultural adaptation requirements were identified, particularly in rural contexts. The study proposes a contextually responsive framework for integrating AI language learning technologies in developing EFL environments, contributing to the growing discourse on educational technology in linguistically diverse settings. This research highlights the potential of AI to personalize language acquisition while emphasizing the necessity of culturally and infrastructurally appropriate implementation strategies.

This study aims to analyze the development, challenges, and opportunities of Ro-Ro ships in the maritime transportation system in Indonesia. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia needs an efficient mode of sea transportation to connect areas between islands. The method used is a mixed approach, with quantitative analysis of shipping statistics and vehicle volume, as well as qualitative analysis through in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The results of the study show that Ro-Ro ships have advantages in loading and unloading efficiency and travel time, especially on congested routes such as Merak-Bakauheni and Ketapang-Gilimanuk. However, there are major challenges in the aspects of port infrastructure, licensing regulations, and digitization of public services. This study recommends investment in port infrastructure, bureaucratic simplification, and the development of strategic routes and digital information systems to support the optimization of Ro-Ro ships as an efficient and sustainable mode of maritime transportation in Indonesia.

This study aims to assess the feasibility of facilities and infrastructure at the Dok IX Flats (Rumah Susun) located in Tanjung Ria Sub-district, North Jayapura District, Jayapura City, based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-1733-2004, as well as residents’ perceptions. The research uses a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through field observations and questionnaires distributed to 43 respondents using the Likert scale. The results show that, in general, the housing complex is considered feasible, with an average score of 70 or 76.1%. Facilities such as education, health, worship, green open space, road access, and drainage are considered adequate. However, inconsistencies were found in the disaster mitigation system. Although categorized as "Feasible," field observations revealed damaged evacuation routes and the absence of essential firefighting equipment (APAR). In conclusion, the Dok IX Flats are generally suitable for habitation, but urgent improvements are needed, particularly in the disaster mitigation aspect, to ensure the safety and comfort of the residents.

This study aims to analyze the level of efficiency and effectiveness in managing tax revenues in Indonesia and its contribution to national economic development. Taxes are the primary source of state funding and play a crucial role in supporting development programs and welfare distribution. However, there remains a gap between tax potential and realization, indicating the need to evaluate the current tax administration system. This research adopts a descriptive quantitative approach using secondary data from DJP, BPS, and the Ministry of Finance covering the 2019–2023 period. The findings show that tax collection effectiveness has been relatively high in the last two years, as indicated by revenue realization exceeding targets. Nevertheless, efficiency remains low due to suboptimal digital systems and limitations in human resource capacity. Effectiveness is also strongly influenced by information technology and the performance of tax officials. The study concludes that tax reform focused on digitalization and transparency must be strengthened to support sustainable economic development. These findings have important implications for future fiscal policies and suggest opportunities for further research using mixed-method approaches.

This study aims to examine the legal protection of property brought into marriage that is mixed with joint property as a result of joint management in a marriage. In many cases, this mixing causes unclear legal status of the assets, especially during divorce or inheritance division. This study uses empirical normative legal methods with a qualitative descriptive approach. The data obtained were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing techniques. This study shows that legal regulations in Indonesia related to the protection of property brought into marriage that is mixed with joint property due to joint management in marriage, and highlights the inconsistency of court decisions in such disputes and their impact on household economic stability. Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law have distinguished between property brought into marriage and joint property, practice in the field shows that mixing of property due to joint management often causes conflict during divorce. Inconsistency in court decisions arises due to the unclear norms in Article 37 of the Marriage Law which provide room for different interpretations by judges. This has an impact on legal uncertainty and potential injustice, especially for parties who are socially or economically weaker. Mixed property disputes also affect household economic stability, exacerbate social inequality, and cause psychological burdens for family members, including children. This study recommends the need for more detailed regulatory updates, the issuance of technical guidelines by the Supreme Court to unify decision standards, and increased legal education for the community to prevent conflicts through marriage agreements.

Digital marketing plays a crucial role in enhancing the competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the digital era. This study aims to analyze the extent of digital marketing implementation by MSMEs in Sinarsari Village and to design strategies for improving entrepreneurs' capabilities in optimizing digital marketing. The research uses a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings reveal that most MSMEs have utilized digital platforms such as social media, messaging apps, and online marketplaces to promote their products. The implementation of digital marketing has proven effective in increasing product visibility, expanding market reach, boosting sales, and improving income. However, several challenges remain, including limited technological knowledge and a lack of understanding of effective branding. Therefore, training programs and mentoring are necessary to help MSME actors optimize their digital marketing strategies. With a more strategic and effective application of digital marketing, MSMEs can grow sustainably and strengthen their position in both the local and national economy.

Office management is a key component in ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of administrative services in both public and educational institutions. The increasing demands for service speed, accuracy, transparency, and professionalism necessitate an integrated and adaptive office management system. This study aims to explore how office management contributes to enhancing administrative service quality through a library research approach. Data were obtained from academic journals, theses, institutional reports, and theoretical literature. The analysis reveals that effective office management encompasses structured planning, proper document management, digital information systems, and staff competency development, all of which contribute significantly to improved service quality. Moreover, standard operating procedures and the integration of manual and digital systems enhance consistency and service reliability. The study supports the theoretical proposition that office management functions planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling are directly correlated with administrative performance indicators. Practical implications include the urgency of digitizing records, implementing standardized workflows, and continuously training administrative personnel. Limitations of this research lie in its purely conceptual and literature-based nature, thus future studies are recommended to adopt empirical or mixed methods approaches for broader generalizability. These findings reaffirm the importance of repositioning office management from a support function to a strategic pillar in administrative service improvement efforts.

Tourism is a sector that contributes significantly to economic growth in Bangka Belitung. This article explores the level of visitor satisfaction as a key indicator in improving the competitiveness of the tourism sector in this region. This study applies a mixed approach, combining quantitative methods to gain in-depth insights into the factors that influence visitor satisfaction. Through a survey involving 100 respondents who visited various destinations in Bangka Belitung, the results show that service quality, natural beauty, and adequate facilities have a positive effect on tourist satisfaction. High satisfaction not only encourages tourists to return, but also increases word-of-mouth recommendations, which are very important in tourism marketing. In addition, with increased satisfaction, the competitiveness of tourism in this area is also raised, making it more attractive compared to other destinations. This study recommends that tourism managers focus on improving service quality, infrastructure development, and ongoing promotion to attract more tourists. Thus, tourist satisfaction is not only a goal, but also an important strategy in strengthening Bangka Belitung's position as a competitive tourist destination.

This study explores the influence of social interactions in the school environment on the emotional development of fifth-grade students at SDN 060875 Medan. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design (30 participants), data were collected through participatory observation, emotional intelligence scales (EIK), and interviews. Results revealed a significant positive correlation between social interaction and emotional regulation (r = 0.62; p < 0.05). Cooperative interactions (65% of total interactions) and partner diversity were critical for developing empathy and self-awareness. Teachers functioned as emotional models through emotion coaching techniques, while a mastery goal-oriented classroom climate strengthened this relationship. Practical implications include integrating social-emotional learning (SEL) into cross-group collaborative activities and structured peer mentoring programs. This research affirms social interaction as a constitutive foundation for emotional development in Indonesia’s socio-cultural context.

Coastal environmental pollution is an increasingly complex problem in Indonesia, especially due to uncontrolled waste disposal. This study aims to analyze the impact of waste disposal on the environment in the coastal area of Putra Deli Beach, Deli Serdang Regency. The research approach used is mixed-method with data collection through direct observation, semi-structured interviews, and literature study. The results showed that plastic waste dominates the types of waste found at the research site and is the main cause of marine ecosystem pollution. The impacts include damage to marine biota habitat, decreased tourist attraction, public health problems, and economic losses for local businesses. The lack of waste management facilities and low environmental awareness also exacerbate this condition. Therefore, an integrated waste management strategy based on community and stakeholder collaboration is needed to maintain the sustainability of the coastal environment.

Limited land in the urban area of Jayapura Regency is a major challenge in the provision of Green Open Space (RTH), even though the existence of RTH is very important to maintain ecological balance and the quality of the community's living environment. In this context, the Dosay Public Cemetery (TPU) has great potential to be optimized as an alternative green space that is multifunctional-ecological, social, and aesthetic. This study aims to assess community perceptions of the utilization of TPU Dosay as a green space, as well as to formulate a strategy for its sustainable development. The approach used was mixed methods, with data collection through a survey using a Likert scale to 35 respondents, open interviews with 9 key informants, as well as SWOT and AHP analysis. The results showed that most people support the development of TPU Dosay as a reflective green space that is comfortable and ecologically valuable. From the results of AHP analysis, policy and regulation aspects are the top priorities in the development strategy, followed by vegetation and accessibility aspects. Strategic recommendations include the preparation of adaptive vegetation zoning, strengthening the local policy framework, active involvement of indigenous communities, and cross-sector collaboration between local governments, academics and the private sector. With the right strategy, the development of TPU Dosay is expected to be an innovative solution in overcoming the shortage of green spaces in Jayapura Regency.

This study examines the comparative analysis of civil law systems between Indonesia and Malaysia, which adhere to the Civil Law and Common Law systems, respectively. Indonesia implements the Civil Law system, inherited from Dutch colonial rule and based on the Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW), whereas Malaysia adopts the Common Law system, derived from the English legal tradition. The fundamental difference between these systems lies in their sources of law, where Civil Law prioritizes codification through written statutes, while Common Law relies on jurisprudence and judicial precedents. Additionally, Malaysia employs a mixed legal system, incorporating elements of Customary Law and Islamic Law in specific legal matters. This study further explores the potential for harmonization of civil law between Indonesia and Malaysia through the Private International Law (PIL) framework, which facilitates cross-border dispute resolution based on the lex patriae and lex domicilii principles. By employing a Juridical-Normative methodology and adopting Comparative, Analytical, and Conceptual approaches, this research underscores the significance of understanding legal system differences to enhance legal cooperation between the two nations.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the National Cash Social Assistance (BST) policy on the purchasing power of communities in Surabaya. BST is a social protection program launched by the Indonesian government in response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The policy targets low-income and vulnerable groups through direct cash transfers, with the goal of maintaining basic consumption levels and preventing a sharp decline in household welfare. This research examines the extent to which the BST program has achieved its objectives, particularly in enhancing or sustaining the purchasing power of its beneficiaries in urban settings. The study employs an evaluative approach using a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews involving aid recipients and local-level implementers. The findings indicate that the BST program had a positive short-term impact on household purchasing power, particularly in meeting essential needs such as food and utility expenses. However, several implementation challenges were also identified, including issues of inaccurate beneficiary targeting, delays in distribution, and the relatively small amount of assistance compared to actual household need. These results highlight that the effectiveness of social policy is not solely dependent on budget allocation but also on the precision of its implementation on the ground. Consequently, the study recommends improvements in beneficiary data updating, enhanced transparency in aid distribution, and the development of more adaptive program designs that reflect local socio-economic conditions. The findings are expected to serve as a valuable reference for policymakers in designing more efficient and sustainable social assistance programs in the future.  

The research was designed to determine: (1) how well employees master competencies in implementing SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) and (2) which employee competencies whose achievements have been identified are not optimal. The methods used are quantitative and qualitative or mixed methods with data collection techniques in the form of questionnaires, observations and interviews with subjects in accordance with the research criteria. The quantitative data analysis technique is based on a questionnaire, while the qualitative analysis technique is based on interview transcripts with subjects, data reduction validated by the subject, data exposure, data presentation, and conclusions. (1) The research results show that employees overall have very good results, with results reaching 68%. This means that employee competency mastery is very good. Of the three employee competency indicators, the knowledge aspect obtained very good results, namely 66%. Then, the skill aspect also gets very good results at 75%. The next indicator is attitude or implication, which results in very good results at a percentage of 54%. (2) The highest level of employee competency is in the skills aspect, while the lowest level of employee competency or needs to be optimized is in the attitude indicator.