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Tobacco is a leading commodity that forms the foundation of the rural economy, but its cultivation faces challenges in the form of labour intensity, significant capital requirements, and farmers' lack of understanding of systematic cost structures. This study aims to analyse the production cost structure and evaluate the economic efficiency of tobacco farming managed by the Batu Daun Farmer Group in Batuan Village, Sumenep Regency. The research method used a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through in-depth interviews with the head of the farmer group, field observations, and analysis of financial documents as secondary data. The analysis focused on identifying fixed and variable costs, as well as evaluating economic performance using the Break Even Point (BEP) and Revenue-Cost Ratio (R/C) indicators. The results showed that the total production cost was IDR 28,597,500 (fixed costs of IDR 3,450,000 and variable costs of IDR 25,147,500) for the production of 2,800 kg of tobacco with a gross income of IDR 70,000,000. The R/C ratio value of 2.44 (>1) indicates that the business is operating efficiently and profitably, while the BEP of 215.4 kg shows that actual production far exceeds the break-even point, meaning that the business is in an economically safe zone. The results of the study conclude that the tobacco farming business of the Batu Daun Farmer Group is economically viable and efficient.

Sentiment analysis on social media is widely used to represent public perceptions of sports performance, particularly in international competitions. This study aims to analyze the sentiment of YouTube user comments regarding the performance of the Indonesian National Football Team during the FIFA World Cup 2026 Asian Qualifiers. The data were collected from user comments on videos related to the matches and analyzed using a machine learning–based sentiment analysis approach. Sentiment classification was performed using the Naive Bayes algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed approach is able to effectively identify public sentiment toward the national team’s performance during the qualification matches. The findings of this study are expected to provide insights into public perceptions and contribute to sentiment analysis research in the field of sports.

Language is a means of communication between individuals and groups to convey ideas, concepts, or insights. Language can be expressed orally or in writing. Spoken language is temporary or contemporary, while written language is permanent. Spoken language is delivered without an intermediary media, whereas writing serves as an academic archive to ensure that the conveyed insights are preserved. Therefore, writing is done, for example, in encyclopedias, which contain collections of information about science, knowledge, history, arts, technology, and others in a broad and easily understandable manner. Writing books is very important in delivering accurate and easily understood information, so the use of language must adhere to linguistic rules. However, errors are often found that can disrupt clarity and accuracy of information. This research aims to identify types of sentence errors in the encyclopedia book titled “Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia.” The study examines the use of language in accordance with linguistic rules using a qualitative method and a descriptive approach, analyzing data from various chapters in the book in depth. The results show errors in sentence structure, punctuation, and incorrect terminology, which can reduce the quality of the information. The benefit of this research is to provide recommendations for writers and publishers to improve the encyclopedia so that it becomes more informative and easier to understand, as well as to enhance the quality of scholarly works in the field of historiography.

This study aims to examine the role of mathematics education in building numerical literacy in elementary schools, as well as strategies that can be implemented to enhance students' numerical skills. Numerical literacy is a fundamental skill needed by students to understand, interpret, and use numerical information in daily life. The research method used is library research, reviewing various related literature, including books and recent scholarly journals in the field of mathematics education. The results show that the integration of technology, the use of contextual approaches, and collaborative learning are effective strategies in improving students' numerical literacy. Technology helps simplify the understanding of abstract concepts, while contextual and collaborative approaches make mathematics more relevant and applicable. The implications of these findings are the need for further development in teacher training to integrate technology in teaching and the importance of involving students in more interactive and contextual learning processes. This study also suggests further evaluation of the implementation of these strategies in various educational settings.

The increasing rate of divorce in rural areas indicates serious challenges in maintaining family resilience as well as the limited effectiveness of formal litigation-based dispute resolution. Judicial processes that tend to be procedural, time-consuming, and focused on legal termination often fail to address the substantive justice needs of the disputing parties. Consequently, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms that are more responsive to local social and cultural values are required. This study aims to examine the effectiveness and implementation of divorce mediation facilitated by the Village Government of Banra’as, Sumenep Regency, through the perspective of Progressive Legal Theory. This research employs a qualitative approach with an empirical research design. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews with village officials, community leaders, and individuals who had previously participated in the mediation process, as well as documentation related to divorce dispute resolution practices at the village level. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, focusing on mediation practices as a manifestation of living law within the community. The findings reveal that divorce mediation facilitated by the village government demonstrates a relatively high level of effectiveness in reducing divorce cases. This effectiveness is influenced by a familial approach, the utilization of local wisdom, and the strong internalization of religious values within the social life of the Banra’as community. From the perspective of Progressive Legal Theory, this mediation practice reflects a flexible and non-positivistic understanding of law that prioritizes humanity and substantive justice. Village-based mediation not only serves as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism but also functions as a social instrument to preserve family harmony and strengthen social resilience in rural communities.

Based on Law No. 11 of 2006 and Qanun Aceh No. 4 of 2010, the Government of Aceh has special authority in implementing prioritized health services for poor communities as part of its special autonomy. In practice, the Aceh Health Insurance (JKA) program provides health coverage for all Acehnese residents, including underprivileged groups, by covering insurance contributions and several referral and companion costs not fully guaranteed by the national health insurance system. This study aims to analyze the implementation system of JKA, examine the responsibility of the Aceh Government in providing health insurance for its citizens, and evaluate the government’s obligation to pay contributions for poor participants. This research uses an empirical juridical method with a sociological approach and utilizes both primary and secondary data. The results show that several provisions in the Qanun as the legal basis for JKA implementation are not fully aligned with field conditions and the Social Security Administrator Law. In practice, the Aceh Government bears insurance contributions and various referral costs for residents, including poor communities. Although the obligation to pay contributions for the poor has been implemented, funding for referral transportation, companions, and their consumption has not been fully covered, especially for inter-regional advanced healthcare services. Therefore, the Aceh Government needs to revise Article 43 of Qanun Aceh No. 4 of 2010 and evaluate the JKA program to ensure more targeted healthcare financing.        

In today's digital landscape, rapid and accurate access to information has become a fundamental requirement for educational institutions. Previously, SMP Swasta Karya Bhakti Medan relied heavily on conventional methods for disseminating information, such as verbal communication or limited printed media. This situation frequently resulted in delays in delivering news to guardians and limited the promotional reach to the broader community. Addressing these issues, this internship project focuses on the design and development of a school profile website as a solution for information digitalization. The system development process involved several stages, including field data collection, user-friendly interface design, and the coding implementation phase. The website is designed to host essential information, ranging from the institutional profile, vision and mission, and facilities, to student activity documentation. To ensure optimal accessibility, the site is hosted using the Netlify service, allowing for continuous online access. The final outcome of this project is a responsive and easily accessible digital information portal. The presence of this website is expected to enhance the school's image and facilitate parents and prospective students in obtaining valid information regarding SMP Swasta Karya Bhakti Medan without distance or time constraints.

The factors influencing lowland rice production in Padang City are the focus of this study. The study was conducted through a field survey of lowland rice farmers to obtain primary data relevant to farming activities. The analysis method used was multiple linear regression with the dependent variable being lowland rice production (Y) and independent variables including land area (X₁), seeds (X₂), fertilizer (X₃), labor (X₄), and farming experience (X₅). The research findings show that simultaneously all production factors, including land area, seeds, fertilizer, labor, and farming experience, have a significant effect on lowland rice production in Padang City. Partially, the variables of fertilizer and labor have a significant effect on lowland rice production, while land area, seeds, and farming experience have no significant effect. These findings indicate that the increase in lowland rice production in Padang City is more determined by input intensification efforts, particularly through appropriate fertilization and labor availability, compared to land expansion. As a result, agricultural policies need to be directed at increasing input efficiency to support the productivity and sustainability of rice farming.

This study examines the utilization of Aloe vera as a herbal medicine by the community of Sobawagoli Village, Indonesia. The research aims to document local knowledge related to the processing, application, and perceived benefits of Aloe vera in traditional healthcare practices. A qualitative descriptive approach with a case study design was employed. Data were collected through direct field observations, in-depth interviews with community members, and documentation of preparation methods. The findings reveal that Aloe vera is widely used for both internal and external treatments, including digestive disorders, internal heat, hypertension, burns, skin inflammation, and natural skin and hair care. The plant is processed through simple methods such as boiling, blending, and direct topical application, reflecting the accessibility and practicality of herbal medicine in rural settings. Community perceptions toward Aloe vera are highly positive, viewing it as a safe, effective, and culturally embedded alternative to chemical medicines. These practices are supported by empirical experiences and align with recent scientific studies highlighting the therapeutic properties of Aloe vera. The study underscores the importance of preserving indigenous herbal knowledge and integrating it with modern health education to promote sustainable, community-based healthcare systems.

This study aims to strengthen students’ networking competencies through the implementation of straight and cross LAN cable assembly training at SMKN 53 Jakarta. The background of this research is based on the need to enhance students’ practical skills in basic computer networking, particularly in understanding cable configurations and applying crimping techniques according to industry standards. Many students experience difficulties in differentiating wiring standards and applying correct crimping procedures, which impacts their readiness for industry practice. This research employed a practical training approach combined with demonstration and hands-on methods. The participants were students of the Computer and Network Engineering program. Data were collected through observation, performance assessment, and competency tests before and after the implementation. The findings indicate a significant improvement in students’ understanding of cable color standards (T568A and T568B), accuracy in assembling straight and cross cables, and testing results using LAN testers. Students demonstrated higher levels of technical accuracy, problem-solving skills, and work discipline after the intervention. The implementation of structured practical activities proved effective as a medium for strengthening networking competencies. The study implies that continuous practice-based learning aligned with industry standards is essential in vocational education to improve students’ technical readiness and employability in the networking field.

The development of automation and robotics technology has driven innovation in various industrial fields, particularly in automatic sorting systems. Manual sorting processes often lead to inefficiencies and human errors, creating the need for an automatic, fast, and accurate system. This research employs a qualitative method which includes experimentation, testing, and system documentation. The system is designed as a robotic arm for sorting objects based on color, utilizing a TCS3200 color sensor and an ESP32 microcontroller. An ultrasonic sensor detects the presence of objects, while the sorting results are displayed through a real-time web monitoring system. The test results show that the prototype successfully sorts four primary colors (red, green, blue, and yellow) with a high level of accuracy. This research is expected to serve as a reference for the development of automation systems and robotics learning tools in both educational and industrial applications. In addition, this research also contributes to the development of technology that can increase efficiency and accuracy in industrial production processes and provide more environmentally friendly solutions by reducing the need for manual labor.

The Public Speaking and Computer Network Cabling Training Activity at SMP YPK Sele Be Solu aims to improve students' competence in communication and technical skills in computer networking. The activity was carried out using an experiential learning approach with stages of observation, socialisation, hands-on training, and evaluation. The results of the activities show an increase in students' confidence in public speaking and basic technical skills in network cabling, including LAN cable installation, RJ-45 connectors, and cable testing. Intensive mentoring during the training helped students overcome difficulties and optimise their understanding. This activity demonstrates that combining soft skills and hard skills training through direct experience can improve students' overall competence, motivate learning, and prepare students to face academic and digital challenges in the future. In addition, this activity also strengthened cooperation between schools and universities in supporting the improvement of skills-based education quality. The enthusiasm of students during the training showed that practice-based learning methods are very effective at the junior high school level. With this activity, students have a strong foundation to develop their interests and potential in the fields of communication, information technology, and readiness to face the rapidly developing digital world.

The community service program conducted by students during the Field Work Practice (PKL) at TPQ Nurul Huda, Riam Mengelai Village, is implemented as a tangible contribution to student guidance, focusing on enhancing religious competence, discipline, and worship skills. This program was motivated by the need to improve the quality of religious education systematically and according to the skill level of each student, making learning more effective and targeted. The objective of this service is to optimize student guidance by improving Quran reading skills, daily prayer memorization, moral development, and active participation in religious activities according to each class’s ability. The implementation method includes initial observation, planning a guidance program based on skill levels, direct teaching and learning, individual and group mentoring, and periodic evaluation. Students are divided into four classes according to their ability: Class 1 for students at IQRA’ levels 1 and 2, Class 2 for IQRA’ 3 and 4, Class 3 for IQRA’ 5 and 6, and Class 4 for students who can read the Quran fluently. Each class receives materials tailored to their level, ranging from introduction to Arabic letters, Quran reading, daily prayer memorization, to moral development and worship practices. This class-based guidance approach allows PKL students to provide focused attention, ensuring optimal learning outcomes. The results show significant improvements in students’ discipline, learning motivation, Quran reading skills, prayer memorization, and moral understanding. Class-based guidance according to skill levels provides each child with an appropriate learning experience, enabling maximal development. PKL students gain practical experience in early childhood religious education, lesson development, and classroom management. This program is expected to serve as a systematic, effective, and sustainable model for student guidance at TPQ Nurul Huda.

This training aims to equip students of to enhance the graphic design skills of students at SMK XI DKV Pangeran Antasari through Adobe Photoshop training. This activity is conducted in response to the growing need for graphic design proficiency among students in the digital age. This service adopts a practical qualitative research method with a direct approach, enabling participants to immediately apply the acquired knowledge. The methods employed include interactive workshops, practical demonstrations, and skills evaluation. The results of the activity demonstrate a significant improvement in students' abilities, with 85% of participants capable of producing simple designs independently. It is therefore expected that upon completion of this training, participants will be able to enhance their creativity in learning, particularly in the field of graphic design, as a primary foundation for becoming professional designers in the workforce."

The implementation of the 6S work culture (Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, Shitsuke, and Safety) to improve neatness and work safety in the production environment of PT. Adonia Footwear Indonesia has challenges faced, namely a poorly organized work area, lack of attention to cleanliness, and minimal employee discipline in using personal protective equipment. This field experience practice aims to integrate the theory obtained during lectures with real practices in the industrial world, especially in the implementation of the 6S work culture. Using a qualitative descriptive method with a mentoring approach that includes initial observation, interviews, documentation and Literature Study. The results of the activity show that the implementation of 6S has a positive impact on the condition of the work environment. The production area becomes neater and cleaner, employee awareness of the importance of work discipline increases, and the risk of work accidents can be minimized. Therefore, mentoring for the 6S work culture has proven effective in supporting the creation of a productive, safe, and sustainable work environment in the shoe industry sector.

The shoe manufacturing industry demands a planned, integrated, and consistent production system in maintaining product quality. One of the crucial stages is the gluing process between the outsole (rubber) and the midsole (phylon), which determines the adhesive strength, comfort, and durability of the shoe. This study aims to analyze the implementation of internship activities in a series of gluing processes in the Stockfit Department of PT X. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through direct observation, involvement in production activities, and systematic field recording during the internship period. The analysis was carried out by linking the field findings with the operations management theory of Heizer and Render, the Crosby concept of quality management, and the principles of continuous improvement from Deming and Imai. The results of the study show that the gluing process has been systematically arranged, starting from material adjustment, primary application, the use of two types of glue, the rubber cutting process, to the final pasting. However, problems were found such as dependency between processes, inconsistency in glue thickness, as well as the influence of machine conditions and operator skills. These problems have the potential to reduce production efficiency and the quality of the final product. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen process control and apply the principle of continuous improvement to improve overall production performance.

Auditors' compliance with the Public Accountant Professional Standards (SPAP) is the main concern in maintaining the quality and trust of the audit process, especially in the face of increasingly complicated audit tasks. This study aims to evaluate the level of integ-rity and skepticism of auditors in supporting compliance with SPAP. This study uses a de-scriptive qualitative approach with observation methods and document studies. The object of the research is the Public Accounting Firm Dra. Yati Ruhiyati, data was obtained from direct observation during the field professional practice period and analysis of relevant audit documents. The results of the study show that the integrity of auditors can be seen from consistency in carrying out audit stages, compliance with established procedures, and clarity in audit documents. The professional skepticism of auditors can be seen from the cautious attitude in evaluating audit evidence, including the application of additional checks before drawing conclusions. These findings show that compliance with SPAP is not only formal, but also highly dependent on the auditor's professional attitude. This study shows the importance of increasing the integrity and professional skepticism of auditors as part of efforts to improve quality and compliance in audit practices in Public Accounting Firms.

Dynamics of social interaction within the alleyways of urban neighborhoods, which serve as unique social spaces amid the ongoing processes of modernization. Conducted in the alleyways of Makassar City, this research employs an ethnographic approach through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and field note documentation. The findings reveal that alleyways function not only as physical pathways but also as vibrant social arenas where communal activities—such as neighborhood gatherings, mutual aid, and small-scale household economies—take place. Modernization introduces significant changes to these patterns of interaction. On one hand, infrastructural development, technological penetration, and increased mobility foster new forms of interaction that are more practical and individualistic. On the other hand, core values of solidarity, including mutual support and close neighborly relations, continue to persist through community-based initiatives, local empowerment programs, and informal shared activities. The study concludes that alleyways represent hybrid social spaces where tradition and modernity intersect, demonstrating residents’ efforts to maintain social cohesion despite the pressures of social change. These findings are expected to contribute to policy development and inform local authorities in designing culturally sensitive alleyway development programs.

This study aims to describe the implementation of worship training through fieldwork practice (PKL) activities carried out at the Sibau Hulu Mosque. The focus of the activities includes reading the Qur'an and performing congregational prayers as an effort to strengthen religious values ​​and foster spiritual discipline within the community. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach with observation, participation, and documentation techniques during the Qur'an reading and congregational prayers activities, which provide a positive contribution in increasing worship awareness, forming better worship habits, and strengthening social interactions among mosque congregations. In addition, this activity also encourages active participation, cooperation, and internalization of Islamic values ​​in daily life. Thus, religious-based PKL activities have an important role in supporting worship training and spiritual character formation within the Sibau Hulu Mosque community, which in turn can strengthen Islamic brotherhood at the local level. This activity is also expected to serve as a model for other mosques in improving worship development and spiritual character of the congregation.

PT UVW uses jigs in the vacuum metalizing process that require washing, which is currently done manually, resulting in inefficiency and risks to operators, thus, jig washer machine was created in order to reduce the risk for operators and increasing efficiency, which based on horizontal mixer. This study analyses the effect of agitator design on fluid flow patterns in a jig washing machine to obtain an optimal design. Two agitator design alternatives were developed and tested using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations at rotational speeds of 70, 75, and 100 rpm, followed by prototype fabrication and performance testing. Simulation results show that the second design produces a higher fluid velocity (20.4 m/s) and a more turbulent and uniform flow pattern compared to the first design (1.7 m/s). Field tests confirmed that the second design achieves higher washing effectiveness (97.14%) with reduced water consumption and shorter washing time. The optimally designed agitator washing machine increases productivity by six times compared to manual washing and reduces operator exposure to hazardous chemicals. This study recommends the second agitator design for improving washing efficiency and effectiveness.