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The research method used was a qualitative experiment, starting with taking broken piston rings No. 2 and 3, cutting the piston rings and testing them with hardness tests and composition tests carried out at the Indonesian State Maritime Polytechnic and Undip Central Java Integrated Lab. From the results of this research, it can be concluded that the used broken ring number 3 has the highest hardness of 140.26 HB and the used ring number 2 is 131.50 HB, so it can be concluded that the piston ring that has been used and exposed to high heat causes an increase in hardness and causes it to break. The composition test results showed that the carbon content of the new ring no. 2 was the highest at 15.30% and that in the used ring no. 2 was 12.08% because the compression ring was in direct contact with the compression chamber or in contact with heat. For the used number 3 piston ring, the carbon content is 10.43 and the new one is 11.02 because it is positioned below the compression ring and is not in direct contact with heat. for the used ring no.2, the Silicon (Si) content is low, namely 2.15% compared to the new one, 2.75% because the nature of Silicium is that it is resistant to high temperatures and as a compression ring compared to ring no.3, fracture occurs because there are no Manganese or Phosphate elements. which is wear resistant, strong and elastic. The microstructure of piston ring No. 2 is broken and the new two piston rings are less dense and have rough gaps. The broken piston ring structure of No. 3 and the new one looks a bit gray and has high levels of graphite iron and carbon elements.

The implementation of this service activity is carried out by providing material regarding the preparation of proposals and planning for a Potato Processed Food Products Business. The delivery of this training material is carried out by means of lectures and discussions. Assistance is provided by providing direction on how to start business planning, marketing and business development strategies, as well as preparing business proposals. The aim of this assistance is to foster and develop the entrepreneurial spirit at the Indonesian Christian University of Toraja so that students are increasingly interested in entrepreneurship. The form of activity is in the form of guidance in creating a business, such as determining a business idea first/determining the product to be sold, developing a business idea (market segmentation), marketing strategy, finance, and making a business proposal. After that, a business and product proposal presentation was carried out to find out to what extent the students were able to prepare a business proposal for processed potato products.

One of valuable asset of the nation is various caltural since all we know that Indonesia has rich variaty culture widely spreaded in the nation, from Sabang to Marauke. The country of Indonesia has enormous cultural capital, has the potential to function as a source of accelerating national development more quickly.A qualitative method used in this type of reseach and included checking incident. It is a technique that combines qualitative and descriptive analysis and is used to conduct this kind of research. Findings are presented in descriptive narrative, and the authors emphasize the natural and holistic focus and multi-method research.Family can take an important role in developing their childrent's socializing skill by helping the children to understand how to respect the tradition of Ash Table, and also introducing the kids  the value of religion  and culture that related to their ritual.Moreover, family has a good chance to take a part as a model for others by maintaining the consistency this routine excercise to practice. This practice has the ability to lead the family to be solid and an excellent reminder of their background of ancestors and spiritual that they share to one each other.

Warm water compresses given to a woman's lower back in the area where the fetal head presses on the spine will reduce pain, heat will increase circulation to the area thereby correcting tissue anoxia caused by pressure. This study aims to determine the effect of warm compresses on reducing labor pain during the first active phase. This type of research is Quasi experiment, which is research that is used to determine whether or not there are consequences of "something" imposed on the subject being studied by looking for the effect of certain treatments on others under controlled conditions. A sample is a portion taken from all objects studied and is considered to represent the entire population. The sample in this study was 20 people in one intervention group. The sampling technique was Purposive Sampling, namely taking samples according to the criteria determined by the researcher. Data collection techniques use questionnaire sheets and respondent observation sheets. The data analysis technique uses the Independent T test. Statistical testing uses parametric analysis with the significance of the test results determined based on the p value <0.05. Based on the statistical test results, it is known that the p value is 0.001<0.05 which means that there is an influence on the intensity of pain before and after administration. Warm Compress. This research means that there is a significant relationship between the effect of warm compresses on reducing labor pain during the first active phase at PMB Pera Simalingkar B Medan Tuntungan in 2023

This research explores the impact of implementing incentives at the Bu Ira basic food agency in Krian, Sidoarjo on employee performance, with a focus on sales bonuses and non-financial incentives. The research results show that sales bonuses related to target achievement provide additional motivation for employees to increase sales, especially when bonuses are linked to certain products that have higher profits. Additionally, non-financial incentives such as recognition for good performance have proven effective in building team spirit and increasing job satisfaction. The discussion involved understanding that incentive design must be tailored to the grocery store context, taking into account the unique characteristics of this industry. Sales bonuses, when tied to specific types of products, can provide a greater motivational boost for employees. Recognition of good performance can be realized in the form of promotion or additional training, providing added value in employee career development. Flexibility in incentive design, effective communication, and continuous evaluation of the effectiveness of incentive programs are the keys to success. The results of this research provide insight for business owners and managers in the grocery agency industry to design incentive programs that suit employee needs and business goals, as well as accommodate changes in the industrial environment.

Marriage is a very important event in the life of our society. Marriage not only involves the bride and groom, but also the parents of both parties, their siblings, and even their respective families. In traditional traditions, marriage is not only important for living people, but is also a very meaningful event and receives full attention, and is attended by the spirits of the ancestors of both parties. A customary law community is a social community (paguyuban) consisting of people who are united because they have blood relations and/or a certain territory, have their own wealth, and are led by one or more people who are considered to have authority or power. Strength or they have values ​​as a guide to life and have no desire to separate each other.

Regarding the arrival of Islam in Indonesia, different perspectives emerge, influenced by the complexity of the phenomenon that Islam does not have a single origin in one place or a specific group.  This diversity of theories is shaped by differences in historians' evidence, interests, religious subjectivities, and  ideologies.  Although  the early arrival of Islam was concluded in 1963, research on the process of the arrival and development of Islam in Indonesia continues to develop, providing opportunities to refine or strengthen existing theories.  Ulama (Islamic scholars) play a central role in the early arrival and development of Islam in Indonesia. Arab merchants, who were also Islamic scholars, formed the first group to propagate and develop Islam, followed by professional Sufi dais (religious leaders).  The  Sufi ulama figures are closely related to two main figures: the 4,444 traders who spread Islam through trade, the economic center of society, and the sultans, who spread Islam through  authority. These features of the spread of Islam effectively contributed to the growth of Islam.The ulama developed Islam through three main channels: culture (preaching, educatin, art, culture, marriage), struture (politics and power), and economics (through trade routes). In other words, the Islaization process in Indonesia is influenced by political power and the spirit of da'wah.  In this context, keywords such as the entry of Islam in Indonesia, the development of Islam in Indonesia, the role of ulama and Sufis, and da'wah are central points for understanding these power relations.    

Worship leader is a person who is responsible for leading praise in worship sessions. The existence of a worship leader has a very important role in the implementation of worship because almost the entire worship process takes place in the responsibility of the worship leader, not only the person who compiles a series of worship, but is responsible for inspiring the congregation to thank God through song, as well as to enter and enjoy God's presence during the atmosphere of worship or praise and worship God. Thus, whether or not the purpose of worship is achieved depends on the conduct of a worship leader in leading worship. Where a worship leader is needed who is able to bring the atmosphere to truly feel the leading of the Holy Spirit in worship so as to help the preacher to convey what is his part in conveying the truth of God's Word. And young teenagers are the next generation of the church or the backbone of the church. Youth need to be trained as much as possible to take part in church services. And in the ministry, youth have a very important role.  Youth ministry determines the future of the Church. However, in GKSI Bacong there are still many young people who are less active and involved in carrying out services in the Church. This PKM aims to facilitate and provide training to young teenagers so that they can be involved and can improve the quality of service in the Church. This PKM was carried out using the training method. During the training, the youth were very enthusiastic and participated in the activities until the end. The youth can understand the material provided. After the PKM is carried out, the teenage youth can apply the material that has been received and carry out with full responsibility and be involved in the service of the Church.

This research method uses descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques use observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique uses data collection, reduction, display and verification. Meanwhile, data validity testing uses triangulation of sources, techniques and time. The research results show that 1) The concept of spiritual leadership of the madrasa head in realizing student discipline is a household concept. In a household, trust, commitment, responsibility, and full affection and sincerity are needed; 2) the implementation of the madrasah head's spiritual leadership in realizing student discipline is by articulating a vision, learning programs, non-academic programs, programs in the field of spiritual development activities.  

This assistance aims to increase the knowledge and understanding of MI Miftahul Jinan Wonoayu parents in Sidoarjo, through spiritual parenting. The activity was held at MI Miftahaul Jinan Building. Parents have never received assistance related to spiritual parenting activities. Every day parents are busy with routines that cannot be abandoned. The methods used include lectures, questions and answers, discussions and mentoring. The result is a significant change in the knowledge and understanding of parents after the activity is completed.

Waste is unused material that comes from humans, animals and plants in solid, liquid or gas form. The problem of plastik waste is a common phenomenon in Indonesia that needs to find a solution. This can be done by utilizing plastik waste for appropriate technology such as using plastik bottle waste to be used as a medium for hydroponic water spinach plants. This activity was carried out at SD Negeri Gunung Anyar 273 with the aim of increasing students' knowledge regarding hydroponic water spinach plants and the use of plastik bottle waste as a medium for hydroponic water spinach plants, as well as reducing plastik waste found in the school environment. The methods used in this activity are lectures and direct practice in the field which consists of various stages, namely field survey, counseling, joint practice, and plant monitoring. The result of this activity is that students can make hydroponic water spinach plant media from plastik bottle waste and also have a good understanding of caring for hydroponic plants.

During childhood, the development of a child involves several key aspects. Firstly, the physical development aspect encompasses the skeletal and muscular systems, as well as the development of motor skills. Secondly, health and safety become important focuses by providing adequate physical exercise to meet national targets and prevent children's inactivity. The processing of information and intelligence in cognitive development emphasizes repetition, organization, comparison, and the emergence of information. The division of intelligence into emotional and spiritual intelligence provides an additional dimension to understanding child development. Piaget's approach, particularly the concrete operational stage, describes a phase in which children use operations and logical reasoning in concrete situations. Lastly, in cognitive development, language becomes an important tool for communication, both in oral and sign forms.

This research aims to explain the importance of literacy as a form of character education in overcoming moral degradation in elementary schools. Moral degradation, a decline in attitudes and behavior in elementary school students, is caused by a lack of instilling a spirit of character in students. There are many cases and problems regarding morals in the surrounding environment. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are based on library sources such as journals, articles and books. Then, the results obtained show that literacy activities in elementary schools as a form of character education according to various literature sources can be very useful, especially for overcoming moral degradation in elementary schools. Apart from that, as an Indonesian citizen, you need to have good attitudes and behavior as a form of love for your nation and state

This research aims to provide a clear picture regarding the lack of cultural and civic literacy which can reduce the value of national character. Indonesia is a country that has a diversity of cultures, religions, customs and so on. The developments of the times and technology that have occurred have made it easy for foreign culture to enter and be absorbed by society, this has caused quite a few Indonesian people to shift their lifestyle to follow foreign and alien cultures to their own culture. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods by collecting data from library sources. The results show that the implementation of cultural and civic literacy in Indonesia is still relatively low, which can reduce national character values such as religiosity, nationalism, independence, the spirit of mutual cooperation and integrity. Therefore, it is necessary to increase public awareness and the active role of education to increase cultural and civic literacy in order to optimize national character values.

This study aims to (1) analyze the intrinsic elements contained in Pramoedya Ananta Toer novel once an event in south Banten, (2) describe the values of struggle contained in Sekali peristiwa di Banten Selatan by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Qualitative method is the used this research. Because this qualitative method examines things related to society, behavior, history, and so on, and this research relates to society. Then the approach used is the sociology of literature approach, and the data source for this research is the novel  Sekali Peristiwa di Banten Selatan by Pramoedya Ananta Tier; then values of struggle, contained in this novel, namely, the first is the value of courage, the second is the value of the spirit of unity, and the third is the value of cooperatuib. These values are all part of struggle, can be implemented in everyday life. Because deep life does not escape from the name of struggle, and most important of all is the spirit of unity, because if there no spirit of unity, there will be none other values.

Fabric manipulation is a technique to decorate the fabric to produce the impression arising on the fabric, fabric manipulation used in this study spiral techniques and draping techniques. Problems in making research related to “how to apply fabric manipulation spiral and draping techniques on evening evening party dress with sequin decoration?” , this study aims to determine the process of applying fabric manipulation spiral and draping techniques on gala evening party dress with sequin decoration. Applying Fabric manipulation with spiral and draping techniques on gala evening party dresses that look luxurious is getting more luxurious. Gala evening party dress with additional sequin decoration that makes it look sparkling. This study uses data collection with observation, literature, and documentation while the data analysis used is qualitative. The process of making a gala evening party dress consists of the top of the party dress, mermaid skirt and tail, this begins by going through several stages, namely: determining the design, preparing tools and materials, taking measurements, making basic patterns and breaking patterns, cutting materials, the process of making fabric manipulation with spiral techniques and draping techniques, sewing party clothes. Suggestions before making fabric manipulation spiral techniques and draping techniques need to be tested to determine the amount of material to be used, the selection of materials also needs to be considered such as light colors and preferably plain fabrics.

Extracurricular activities are a series of teaching and learning activity programs outside programmed class hours, which are intended to increase students' horizons of thinking, foster students' talents and interests as well as a spirit of community service. This research uses a qualitative research method which can be understood as a research procedure that utilizes descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and actors who can be observed. Based on the results of research on school policies regarding innovation in extracurricular activities at Budisatrya Middle School, the development of innovation in extracurricular activities at Budisatrya Middle School, extracurricular activities at Budisatrya Middle School increased with the presence of tahsin, tahfidz and multimedia extracurricular activities.

The development of a religious spirit in children is an early development even before childhood and they receive religious education. This research aims to find out how the religious spirit develops in children aged 2-4 years. This research is a type of research that uses qualitative methods and involves library study methods. Data collection techniques used interview methods and literature research. This research discusses the religious spirit or development of the religious spirit in children aged 2-4 years. The results of this research show that the children interviewed who were 4 years old had good development of their religious spirit and already knew a lot about religion from simple things.

Abstract. In general, Islamic educational philosophy is an effort to guide humans in depth, both physically and spiritually, based on the Islamic religion so that the main personality is formed in accordance with Islamic teachings. Philosophy is an attitude or view of life and an applied field to help individuals evaluate their existence in a way that is more satisfying. Philosophy brings us to understanding and understanding brings us to appropriate action. Philosophy needs understanding for someone who is involved in the world of education because it determines one's thoughts and directs one's actions to achieve goals. In general, systematic philosophy has three main discussions or parts, namely; epistemology or theory of knowledge which discusses how we obtain knowledge, ontology or theory of nature which discusses the nature of everything that gives rise to knowledge, and axiology or theory of values ​​which discusses the use of knowledge.

Hidden curriculum emphasizes the development of affective aspects and students' self-actualization as a model for achieving learning goals. This research investigates the implementation of a hidden literacy curriculum in an online learning context, with a focus on program preparation, implementation, and completion. The aim of this research is to revive the nation's literacy spirit for Indonesia's future progress. The method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach to describe directly how the situation and implementation process takes place. Through analysis of literacy needs and selection of relevant materials, this program preparation creates a solid foundation. The implementation of this hidden curriculum emphasizes literacy orientation, integrated activities, and individual support to increase student participation and development of literacy skills. Literacy final projects, self-evaluations, and portfolio creation provide concrete evidence of students' literacy achievements, while evaluations of program effectiveness guide subsequent improvements. Overall, this research provides insight into how hidden curriculum literacy can shape students as independent learners who are able to apply literacy in their daily lives.