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Epistemology is a branch of philosophy known as the epistemology of science that focuses on basic questions about scientific knowledge, such as how knowledge is acquired, developed, and validated. The methods used in idea articles are useful for developing new ideas, critiquing existing theories, or providing new insights into the issues or problems being discussed. There are several reasons why people should study epistemology: first, strategic reasons because strategy is fundamental to achieving certain goals. Second, cultural reasons, because culture is part of knowledge and is important in every aspect of culture. Third, educational reasons, because education is a conscious effort to develop views of life, attitudes, and perspectives.

Taxes are the largest source of revenue in the structure of Indonesia's state budget (APBN). The revenue will be allocated for state spending, one of which is on education. The education sector is a mandatory spending area amounting to 20% of the total state revenue. This paper aims to identify the role of taxes in supporting inclusive education to improve Indonesia's Human Development Index (HDI). The approach used in this research is qualitative with a literature study method using secondary data sources. The research results show that the increase and decrease in tax revenue affect the size of the education budget due to the dominant contribution of taxes to state revenue. HDI is influenced by indicators such as life expectancy, literacy rate, average years of schooling, and real per capita expenditure, all of which can be improved through inclusive education. Therefore, it can be concluded that if tax revenue increases, the education budget will also increase, and it will be able to fund inclusive education. Inclusive education will drive the increase in Indonesia's HDI. Some of the educational issues that occur include education that is not yet fully inclusive, the low quality of teachers, and the uneven distribution of school facilities and infrastructure. These problems can be resolved if there is significant educational funding, which is also influenced by tax revenue.

This research examines the role of school principals as educational leaders in the Society 5.0 era which is characterized by rapid technological advances and demands for innovative human resources. Through a literature review, this research identifies various challenges faced by school principals, including learning transformation, curriculum development, and data management.The findings of this research conclude that school principals must have a clear vision for the future of education and be able to build collaborative relationships with diverse stakeholders to overcome the complexities of the Society 5.0 era.The importance of this research highlights the importance of developing training programs for school principals to improve skills them to face the challenges of the digital era.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the River School Program in Gunung Anyar Tambak as an effort in environmental education. A qualitative research method with a case study approach was used to delve deeper into this program. The research findings indicate that the River School Program has successfully increased public awareness, especially among the younger generation, of the importance of preserving river ecosystems. Through various educational activities and training, this program has not only changed people's behavior to be more environmentally conscious but has also built strong collaborative networks among various stakeholders. However, the program still faces several challenges such as limited resources. To ensure the sustainability of the program, there is a need to strengthen resources, develop curricula, increase community participation, monitor and evaluate, collaborate across sectors, develop innovations, and replicate the program in other areas. Overall, the River School Program has great potential to be a solution to environmental problems, especially related to river conservation, and provide broader benefits to society and the environment. 

Body composition is the ratio of fat mass to fat-free mass in the body, which is an important factor in maintaining health, especially in adolescents who are experiencing rapid growth and development. Balanced body composition in adolescence can support physical health and prevent various diseases. Imbalanced body composition has the potential to cause obesity, metabolic disorders, heart disease, and musculoskeletal problems. Educational activities and body composition examinations are carried out using the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) approach, involving counseling on healthy lifestyles and body composition examinations. This program has succeeded in increasing adolescents' understanding of the importance of maintaining body composition balance and adopting healthy habits. Health education and routine body composition monitoring provide benefits in preventive efforts to prevent future health risks. Continuous body composition examinations and education are important steps in efforts to control health among adolescents.

School groups are part of society that must receive important attention. School student groups are at high risk of food poisoning caused by free snacks that do not pay attention to hygiene and lack of food sanitation. Food poisoning can cause morbidity and mortality if not treated properly. Improving the health status of the school community can be done through various activities, one of which is by providing Food Poisoning Assistance Training. Students at MAN 4 Kediri are a group of teenagers in society who are at risk of health problems due to dynamic activities. First aid for food poisoning with educational methods and video demonstrations of the PADAM technique can be treatment that can be given immediately. Community service activities in the form of educational training and video demonstrations about first aid for food poisoning with the PADAM technique for members of PMR MAN 4 Kediri are very positive activities to carry out in order to disseminate health knowledge so as to increase the knowledge and ability of each student in providing first aid for food poisoning.

Understanding multicultural diversity means accept exists diversity expression containing culture values humanity and beauty For That so Already appropriately outlook multiculturalism grounded in the world of education. Multicultural education must taught and instilled since early. For avoid problems in Education like brawls and fights student, action crime committed student, action immorality, violence, bullying and other acts deviated other needed exists effort repair in the world of education so that there are problems the No protracted. One of business real thing that can be held that is with multicultural education, dangan method implementing multicultural education in every formal and non-formal educational activities at school. Study This aim For know role head school, teacher, and parent involvement participant educate in planning learning P5 activities at SMP Negeri 1 Bontang. And to know How application multicultural through project P5 theme Global diversity in class VII of SMP Negeri 1 Bontang. Then fo know evaluation from implementation of multicultural education in project P5 theme Global diversity in class VII of SMP Negeri 1 Bontang. Research methods This is qualitative. Result of study This state that implementation of learning strategies multicultural through P5 project at SMP Negeri 1 Bontang has succeed create environment inclusive, supportive learning development understanding culture, and strengthen Skills social student.

The rapid development of information technology has encouraged various organizations, including educational institutions, to utilize technology to support their operational activities. One form of information technology utilization in the academic field is the implementation of a web-based library information system. The Amikom Purwokerto library website faces several challenges in its use. One of the main problems encountered is the low level of user access, which is due to the users' limited understanding of the library website's usefulness and a lack of effective information regarding the available features. This situation creates a gap between user needs and the services provided, preventing the library from delivering optimal service. Therefore, strategic information system planning is needed by using the Ward and Peppard method and conducting an analysis using SWOT and Value Chain.

Problematic Internet use is the inability to control the desire to use the Internet, which is associated with psychological, social, educational and vocational problems. The internet is a place where young people can get all the information they need. Therefore, the use of the Internet by the younger generation must be directed so that they do not encounter information that is false, misleading, or even detrimental to themselves. Excessive internet use can also worsen the quality of teenagers' sleep, and teenagers may even be at risk of experiencing more serious mental health problems, such as depression. The aim of this activity is to increase knowledge about preventing internet addiction by doing physical activity. The results of the questionnaire obtained from the ASSIST questionnaire showed that of the 36 respondents there were 12 respondents (33.3%) who were addicted to smoking. Meanwhile, the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) 20 questionnaire shows that out of 36 respondents there were 8 respondents (22.2%). Internet addiction in teenagers can affect the content of their thoughts regarding the life goals they pursue

PT. Talco Creative Indonesia Tangerang City is a company engaged in digital marketing and social media management which runs various kinds of event programs, media releases and social media management. This company has been established since 2020 and is located in Griya Jakarta block i1 No. 24 South Tangerang, Banten Province, Indonesia. PT. Talco Creative Indonesia Tangerang City also makes a product that focuses on media relations and event organizers. As well as focusing on solving problems by providing main needs such as pre-production to post-production needs and educational needs in the form of event planning, leadership and organizational structure. The data collection methods in this thesis research are questionnaires, observations, literature studies with a population of 33 employees and using a sample of 33. Determined using saturated sampling techniques and using the SPSS version 26 program. The results of this research show that work culture has a partial and significant effect. on employee performance. The work environment has a partial and significant effect on employee performance. Work Culture and Work Environment simultaneously influence employee performance.

The application of the philosophy of progressive education within the Merdeka Curriculum aims to create a more student-centered education system that encourages active and contextual learning. Progressivism emphasizes the importance of hands-on experiences and the development of critical thinking skills through real projects and discussions. In the context of the Merdeka Curriculum, this approach allows students to explore their interests and talents more independently, with teachers acting as facilitators guiding the learning process. Through project-based learning, collaboration, and authentic assessment, the Merdeka Curriculum provides students with the opportunity to explore their interests and talents. This research identifies various strategies that educators can adopt to integrate the principles of progressivism, such as using active learning methods and allowing freedom in choosing learning materials. The implementation of the progressive philosophy presents several challenges, including teachers' readiness to adopt new roles, the need to adjust the curriculum to local contexts, and the availability of adequate resources. However, this application also offers significant opportunities to enhance the quality of education by producing graduates who are more adaptive, creative, and capable of solving complex problems. This study highlights how the application of progressive philosophy in the Merdeka Curriculum can increase student motivation, develop 21st-century skills, and prepare them for future challenges. Therefore, it is essential to continuously evaluate and develop this approach to align with the evolving times and national educational needs.

The purpose of writing this service article is to provide assistance to students in reading iqro and al-qur'an in order to improve the quality of reading in accordance with the rules of tajweed science. MI Darul Ulum Kota Palangka Raya has its own challenges, namely that there are still many students who are not fluent in reading iqro and al-qur'an so they need intense teaching. Assistance in reading iqro and al-qur'an with tajweed to improve the quality of students' reading with the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) method is a suitable solution in order to develop the assets that each student already has. This service aims to explore the effectiveness of such assistance in the context of improving the quality of students' reading in reading Iqro' and Al-Qur'an. The ABCD method is used as a framework, where this approach emphasizes the use of local potential and existing resources in the community to overcome problems. The assistance was carried out by involving one of the teachers and also several students who were not fluent in reciting the Quran to support the assistance activities of reading Iqro' and Al-Qur'an with tajweed. The results of the service showed that the assistance of reading Iqro and Al-Qur'an with tajweed was able to improve the quality of MI Darul Ulum Palangka Raya students. The existence of this service program helps teachers to be more intense in teaching students to read Iqro' and the Qur'an, and makes students more eager to continue learning regularly every day to develop the quality of their reading in reading Iqro' and also the Qur'an. With the ABCD method, Iqro' and Al-Qur'an reading assistance has opened opportunities for teachers and students in improving the quality of religious learning, as well as empowering local communities in facing educational challenges.

The development of information technology has encouraged various educational institutions to switch from manual systems to more efficient and integrated digital systems. One important activity in school management is the process of scheduling teachers' lessons, which often takes a long time and has the potential to cause scheduling conflicts when done manually. Common problems that often arise include conflicts between teachers' teaching hours, incompatibility of classroom availability, and difficulties in adjusting schedules to teachers' preferences. Therefore, this study aims to design and develop a web-based teacher scheduling information system by applying the Greedy algorithm method as a solution to optimize automatic schedule compilation. This system was developed using the PHP programming language and MySQL database with a Waterfall development model approach. The implementation results show that the system is capable of producing teaching schedules quickly, accurately, and with minimal time conflicts. Thus, the application of the Greedy algorithm has proven to be effective in improving efficiency, accuracy, and flexibility in managing teacher schedules in a school environment.

Breast milk contains nutritional components and antibodies that are important for the development, immunity and long-term health of babies. However, not all babies get breast milk from their mothers. This can be caused by low breast milk production and irregular breast milk release. Warm compresses are one method of stimulating breast muscles that can increase breast milk production. The type of research used is a quasi-experimental one group pretest posttest. The study population was all postpartum mothers in the PMB Lismarini area with low breast milk production problems. The sampling technique in this study used purposive sampling. Warm compresses were carried out for 7 days with a duration of 10-15 minutes before breastfeeding. The statistical test used was Wilcoxon. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed a p value of 0.003 ≤ 0.05, which means that there is an effect of warm breast compresses on the smoothness of breast milk release. It is expected that health workers will increase educational activities related to the management of irregular breast milk release, one of which is the warm compress method.  

The widespread use of smartphones has given rise to the phenomenon of phubbing, where individuals prioritize their devices over face-to-face interactions. The purpose of this study is to explore phubbing as a communication ethics challenge and its impact on emotional well-being in personal relationships. The method used in this study is a literature review involving national and international indexed journals obtained through Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center), Taylor & Francis, Springer, Elsevier with a span of 2017-2024. The findings of this study reveal that phubing can have a negative impact on interpersonal relationships and individual psychological well-being. This behavior can damage communication, reduce the quality of personal relationships, and trigger psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, and feelings of loneliness. Therefore, interventions in guidance and counseling are needed to deal with phubbing more comprehensivel.

Globalization is a challenge for Islamic boarding schools, because with globalization, Islamic boarding schools are required to continue to improve the quality of education in the Islamic boarding school. Changes or transformations in Islamic boarding schools are the impact of changes in mindset, social, economic, cultural and mastery of science and technology. The purpose of this service is to provide insight and accompany students about the transformation of 21st century Islamic boarding school education so that students at the Riyadus Samawi Islamic Boarding School can contribute to their Islamic boarding school towards a competitive Islamic boarding school of the future without eliminating the characteristics and culture of the Islamic boarding school. In the PkM process carried out at the Riyadus Samawi Islamic Boarding School, Ludoyo Blitar, there are three stages, including: first, identifying problems with a study carried out by the PkM team, Islamic Boarding School Management, Islamic Boarding School Caretakers, and Islamic boarding school owners to determine the quality and development of education in Islamic boarding schools in this era of globalization. The second stage is the implementation of PkM by holding a seminar with the theme "Educational Transformation in 21st Century Islamic Boarding Schools at the Riyadus Samawi Ludoyo Blitar Islamic Boarding School" and attended by students and boarding school administrators. The third stage is monitoring and evaluating whether the material presented by the PkM team has been implemented at the Riyadus Samawi Islamic Boarding School. The results of this PkM are teaching and mentoring regarding Educational Transformation in 21st Century Islamic Boarding Schools and creating several educational programs, technology, and mindsets so that in the future the Riyadus Samawi Islamic Boarding School can transform into a competitive Islamic boarding school in the era of globalization.

The process of aging in the course of human life is a natural thing. A common problem experienced by elderly people related to physical health is that they are susceptible to various diseases, due to reduced body resistance in dealing with external influences. Low back pain or lower back pain is a feeling of discomfort that can cause various kinds of disorders that can cause health problems in human life. So it is important for people to understand about low back pain. Therefore, there is a need to increase knowledge and understanding at community health centers about low back pain, including signs of symptoms, prevention and treatment for the elderly at Posyandu, Kedungkandang Village. The method used is to provide physiotherapy education in the form of health promotion about low back pain to elderly posyandu participants using posters as an educational medium. Questions and answers to participants to measure effectiveness and provide independent training education. The activity ran smoothly and was easily understood by the elderly at the Posyandu, Kedungkandang Village and could increase participants' knowledge about cases of low back pain.

Independent Community Service (KKN) in Desa Besar II Terjun by students of the Faculty of Islamic Studies, University of Muhammadiyah North Sumatra aims to improve the quality of education and optimize MSMEs. Through an in-depth survey, the author identified four main problems: the use of chemicals in agriculture, inappropriate educational curriculum, and less than optimal innovation and marketing of MSME products. The implementation method involves face-to-face (on the spot training) with coordination of village officials, as well as the use of chemical raw materials and promotional media to support marketing. The results of the activity show that the author understands the importance of effective communication in building relationships with the community and gaining valuable experience outside the classroom. MSME actors feel helped by the support of students, while the community feels a more lively village atmosphere. This activity is expected to provide significant benefits for the community of Desa Besar II Terjun and be the first step in sustainable empowerment.

As cities in Indonesia continue to develop, there will inevitably be ignorance of the elderly's knowledge of their own health. For example, elderly people with working backgrounds are generally at risk of lower back pain, pinched nerves, complaining of various muscle tension problems and so on which can disrupt their daily activities. This problem is caused by incorrect positioning while working, such as frequently pushing, lifting, bending, sitting or standing for long periods of time and unergonomic body posture while working. Physiotherapy outreach activities related to increasing knowledge of daily activity disorders, efforts to educate the elderly regarding activity disorders, especially about definitions, signs of symptoms, causes, prevention, and daily activity activity therapy independently after work to reduce the symptoms suffered. This outreach activity uses leaflets as media, containing educational material for the elderly, then education and training depending on the location of the disorders the elderly complain of. The counseling activities at the Mobile Health Center Posyandu which are held every day by the Kendalsari Community Health Center, Malang City, went smoothly, the response was good, full of enthusiasm. The results obtained show the results of the pretest so that there is increased knowledge among workers which shows that workers have knowledge and insight regarding prevention and independent treatment after work. The results obtained showed that most of them were mild complaints, so that the majority of complaints involving disruption of daily activities were experienced by women, 68% of which were indicated by questionnaires for 25 elderly people at the Kendalsari Community Health Center and Posyandu for the Elderly in Malang City.

Education standards in Indonesia still face various challenges, especially in Tahai Jaya Village where there are still educational problems such as limited Merdeka curriculum books, unstable lesson schedules, and the low reading ability of grade 3 elementary school students, reflecting broader educational challenges. To overcome this, KKN students took the initiative to carry out free tutoring in Tahai Jaya village. The aim of this free tutoring program is to help improve the quality of education in Tahai Jaya village. The method used is the PAR (Participatory Action Research) method. The results of free tutoring activities in Tahai Jaya Village have succeeded in improving the quality of education in the area. This activity involves active community participation and is carried out for a month using interactive methods. As a result, students show increased motivation and learning abilities, especially in completing school assignments. Parents also felt the positive impact of this activity, because their children were more enthusiastic and eager to learn.