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Posyandu (Integrated Health Post) is a community based health center that demonstrates community participation in health development. Posyandu provides a variety of integrated services, including family planning, maternal and child health (MCH), nutrition, immunization, and diarrhea management, all implemented simultaneously. Posyandu is also included in the Community-Based Health Efforts (UKBM) and is part of the Village Public Health Institution's activities. This study aims to analyze factors influencing mothers' visits to Posyandu by toddlers. The research method used was a literature review, examining ten relevant scientific articles. The article search was conducted through Google Scholar and Garuda databases, with the inclusion criteria being Indonesian-language articles published within the last five years (2021–2025). The study results indicate that factors influencing mothers' visits to Posyandu include knowledge, attitudes, education, employment, family support, the role of cadres, and access to health services. These findings emphasize the importance of strengthening the role of cadres and family support in increasing Posyandu visits.

The Tambang Ayam Village Tourism Village in Serang Regency has great potential for community-based tourism and halal tourism development. However, this area still faces various challenges such as limited tourism information systems, suboptimal coordination between stakeholders, and unprofessional management of creative economy products. This community service activity aims to provide the community and village officials with an understanding of public service innovations and creative economy assistance in supporting the development of the tourism village. The implementation method includes an initial survey, community service, and outreach. The activity was held on July 26, 2025, at the Tambang Ayam Village Hall, with 70 residents in attendance. The results of the activity demonstrated high community enthusiasm, marked by active participation in discussions and questions and answers. In addition to outreach, the activity also included the provision of cooking equipment to support the creative economy and free health checks for residents. Through this activity, it is hoped that the tourism village can develop into a competitive and sustainable tourist destination.

The biggest challenge faced by the community, especially vulnerable and poor groups, is the cost of managing chronic diseases. Even though there is national health insurance, non-medical costs, costs arising from self-medication, and limitations on certain benefits are still often obstacles that cause high out-of-pocket expenses for the community. The high costs of curative and rehabilitative care indicate that preventive and promotive efforts must be significantly improved, and one way to support the sustainability of these efforts is through a pre-emptive health financing scheme. Community service activities are carried out using a participatory approach so that community members are actively involved in the activities. The activities are carried out in three stages, that is preparation or needs identification, implementation and evaluation. The results of the activity show that the community's knowledge increased significantly because of the community service activity. Participants who took part in the activity also successfully designed a community-based financing scheme involving health savings, whereby each member makes agreed monthly contributions. This community service project demonstrates that community empowerment through the establishment of a pre-emptive financing scheme for chronic diseases can provide an effective, sustainable solution for improving public health.

The increasing consumption of packaged food products in Indonesia reflects modern lifestyle changes but simultaneously raises public health concerns related to high calorie, sugar, and fat intake. Nutritional information presented on food labels consists of multiple interrelated variables, making it difficult to identify dominant nutritional factors that characterize packaged food products. This study aims to apply Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of nutritional data and to map the nutritional characteristics of packaged food products in Indonesia. The research employs a quantitative exploratory approach using secondary data obtained from nutrition facts labels of 1,651 packaged food products. Seven nutritional variables were initially analyzed, namely total energy, protein, total fat, total carbohydrates, sugar, sodium, and dietary fiber. Data preprocessing included data cleaning, Z-score standardization, and iterative variable selection based on the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity to ensure sampling adequacy and sufficient correlation among variables. Variables with low sampling adequacy and perfect multicollinearity were eliminated, resulting in five variables retained for the final PCA model. Principal components were extracted using the eigenvalue greater than one criterion and confirmed through a scree plot, followed by Varimax rotation to enhance interpretability. The results indicate the formation of two principal components explaining approximately 69.7% of the total variance. The first component represents energy density and macronutrient richness, while the second component reflects carbohydrate-related characteristics, particularly the contrasting pattern between sugar and dietary fiber. Biplot visualization further illustrates product distribution based on these components. The findings demonstrate that PCA effectively simplifies complex nutritional information and provides a clear nutritional mapping of packaged food products, offering practical insights for consumers, producers, and policymakers in supporting healthier food choices in Indonesia.

Degenerative diseases are a major cause of morbidity in the elderly and continue to increase with age, lifestyle changes, and a lack of public awareness of the need for regular health check-ups. This community service activity aims to increase understanding and early detection of non-communicable diseases in people aged 30 years and older, particularly the elderly in the Appassarenge neighborhood, Bentenge Village, Ujung Bulu District, Bulukumba Regency. The activity methods included group exercise, blood pressure checks, blood sugar checks, health counseling, and referrals for participants with test results above normal limits. Data were analyzed descriptively to determine the proportion of participants with high blood pressure and blood sugar levels. The results showed that the majority of respondents had hypertension (70.97% of 31 participants), while 55.88% of 34 participants had high blood sugar levels. These findings indicate a high risk of non-communicable diseases in the elderly population related to diet, lack of physical activity, and a lack of regular health check-ups. This activity received a positive response because it provided easy access to health services and raised public awareness of the importance of early detection and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Overall, this community service activity contributed to increasing the elderly's knowledge and awareness of health, as well as supporting promotive and preventive efforts in preventing degenerative diseases.

This study aims to analyze the relevance of Jürgen Habermas's thought in understanding the phenomenon of modern spirituality and the social dynamics of Generation Z in the digital era. Using a qualitative research method with a philosophical-analytical approach, this study examines Habermas's central concepts such as communicative action, the public sphere, the lifeworld, and discourse ethics. The results indicate that modern spirituality, which is personal and fluid, serves as a form of cultural resistance against the colonization of the lifeworld by the instrumental rationality of economic and bureaucratic systems. Meanwhile, Generation Z faces significant challenges within a digital public sphere that is often distorted by algorithms, polarization, and misinformation, which hinders the establishment of rational and deliberative communication. The study concludes that Habermas's theory provides a crucial normative framework for revitalizing healthy dialogue, constructing emancipatory digital ethics, and assisting Generation Z in restoring the depth of life's meaning amidst the pressures of the modern system.

The air quality index in Depok City has declined over the past three years based on data from the Depok City Environmental Agency. In response to this condition, the Depok City Government implemented a Car Free Day (CFD) policy every Sunday along Jalan Margonda Raya. The CFD program aims to improve environmental quality and air conditions while encouraging public participation in healthy activities. The success of this policy depends on how effectively information regarding the rules and objectives of CFD is disseminated to the public by the Depok City Government Public Relations Office. This study aims to analyze the communication strategy employed by the Depok City Government Public Relations Office in disseminating the Car Free Day policy and to identify obstacles encountered during the dissemination process. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach through media monitoring, direct observation, and analysis of government documents.

Premarital sexual behavior in adolescents is a public health issue influenced by various individual, social, and environmental factors. Changes in social norms, technological advancements, and limited reproductive health knowledge make adolescents a group vulnerable to risky sexual behavior. This study aims to examine the factors influencing premarital sexual behavior among adolescents based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) approach. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), review national and international scientific articles published between 2013 and 2025. Data sources were abtained from Google Scholar and ScienceDirect, with inclusion criteria including articles in Indonesia and English, open access, full text, and relevant to HBM components. The study result indicate that factors such as perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and the quality of information play an important role in shaping adolescent sexual behavior. Low knowledge and limited perception oh the negative impacts of premarital sex increase the risk of engaging in risky sexual behavior. In addition, health promotion interventions based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) have been proven effective in improving knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors regarding premarital sex among adolescents. Therefore, the HBM approach is recommended as a basis for developing comprehensive and sustainable adolescent reproductive health education and promotion programs.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem and is one of the leading causes of death after HIV/AIDS. This disease has a high transmission rate, especially among children. This study aims to identify and analyze the determinants contributing to the incidence of tuberculosis in children based on previous studies. The method used was a literature review, which analyzed scientific articles related to the determinants of TB in children. Articles were searched through databases such as Google Scholar, Crossref, and Sinta using related keywords. Of the five articles that met the inclusion criteria, it was found that a history of contact with an adult TB patient was the main factor in transmission in children. Children are highly susceptible to contracting TB germs transmitted through droplets from coughing or talking. In addition, BCG immunization can provide protection against TB infection in children by developing antibodies. A scoring system was used to examine the history of contact in children at risk. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between history of contact and the incidence of TB in children. Therefore, it is important for adult TB sufferers who live with children to practice preventive behaviors, such as cough etiquette, wearing masks, and proper phlegm disposal.

Insomnia is the inability or difficulty sleeping both in terms of quantity and quality. Complaints for insomnia sufferers are characterized by complaints of difficulty sleeping, feeling short of sleep, sleeping with frightening dreams, and complaints of disturbed health. The causes of insomnia come from internal factors (intrinsic), namely: anxiety, stress, motivation and age while external factors (extrinsic), namely: use of drugs, general medical disorders, environmental and lifestyle factors such as smoking, using gadgets without time, irregular physical activity, and consuming caffeinated drinks. This study aims to determine what factors are related to the occurrence of insomnia in students of the Faculty of Public Health, Halu Oleo University in 2025. The research method used in this study is an analytical research method with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was 766 students of the Faculty of Public Health, Halu Oleo University, class of 2021 and 2022. The number of samples in this study was 256 students. The sampling technique used in this study was probability sampling using stratified random sampling technique. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between the duration of gadget use (0.000), physical activity (0.005), stress level (0.000), and anxiety level (0.000) with the incidence of insomnia, and there is no relationship between family support (1.000) with the incidence of insomnia in students of the Faculty of Public Health, Halu Oleo University in 2025. It is hoped that students will pay more attention to their lifestyle because a healthy lifestyle is the key to achieving a prosperous and disease-free life.

Exposure to cigarette smoke is one of the environmental risk factors that is still widely found and has a significant impact on the health of the respiratory system, especially the upper respiratory tract. The irritants and toxic substances in cigarette smoke can trigger mucosal inflammation, interfere with the defenses of the airways, and increase susceptibility to various upper airway disorders. This study aims to systematically analyze the relationship between cigarette smoke exposure and upper airway disorders based on available scientific evidence. The method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with reference to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Garuda databases. Articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 26 articles that were analyzed narrative-synthesis. The results showed that most studies reported a meaningful association between exposure to cigarette smoke, both in active and passive smokers, and an increased risk of upper respiratory tract disorders such as rhinitis, sinusitis, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. Higher risks are found in passive smokers, especially children, as well as in individuals with long-term, high-intensity exposure. The conclusion of this study confirms that exposure to cigarette smoke is an important and preventable risk factor for upper respiratory tract disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the policy of non-smoking areas, public education, as well as promotive and preventive efforts in health services to reduce the impact of exposure to cigarette smoke on the health of the upper respiratory tract.

This study examines the contribution of excise revenue from alcoholic beverages to Indonesia’s state revenue during the period 2021–2023. Alcoholic beverages are classified as excisable goods due to their potential negative impacts on public health and social order, making excise duty an important fiscal instrument for both revenue generation and consumption control. The objective of this research is to analyze the trend and magnitude of excise revenue from alcoholic beverages and its role in supporting national income. This study employs a quantitative descriptive method using secondary data obtained from official government publications, including reports from the Ministry of Finance and the Directorate General of Customs and Excise. The data are analyzed by comparing annual excise revenue figures and identifying their contribution to total excise and state revenue over the observed period. The findings indicate that excise revenue from alcoholic beverages showed a fluctuating but generally increasing trend from 2021 to 2023, reflecting post-pandemic economic recovery and adjustments in excise tariff policies. Despite its relatively smaller share compared to tobacco excise, alcoholic beverage excise consistently contributed to state revenue and demonstrated fiscal potential. The study implies that effective excise policy on alcoholic beverages can support state revenue while simultaneously serving as a regulatory tool to control consumption and mitigate social and health risks.

Drug abuse is a serious global public health problem, with the prevalence in Indonesia reaching 1.73% or about 3.33 million people in 2023, mainly among those aged 15–24 years. Understanding the psychological determinants of this behavior is crucial to enhance prevention and rehabilitation efforts. Objective: To analyze determinants of drug abuse behavior based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) through a literature review of studies published between 2015 and 2025. Methods: A literature review of 8 academic articles from Google Scholar and PubMed, limited to open‑access Indonesian- and English‑language journals examining HBM constructs related to drug abuse and rehabilitation participation. Results: HBM variables were generally associated with drug abuse behavior and rehabilitation adherence, with self‑efficacy emerging as the most consistent determinant, followed by perceived susceptibility and perceived severity. Perceived barriers, especially complex administrative procedures, distance, costs, and stigma, were identified as major obstacles to engaging in rehabilitation. Conclusion: The HBM is useful for mapping determinants of drug abuse behavior and highlights the need to strengthen self‑efficacy, risk perceptions, and barrier reduction within health promotion and community‑based rehabilitation programs.

Socio-economic challenges faced by tuberculosis (TB) survivors in Indonesia remain substantial, particularly stigma that restricts employment opportunities and hinders social reintegration. This community service program aimed to strengthen the economic capacity of TB survivors through a community-based empowerment approach and health information dissemination via social media. The program involved a TB survivor community in the partner area of the Lampung Sehat Initiative. A participatory method was applied through entrepreneurship training, digital content production assistance, and the distribution of health education materials using Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube. The results indicate that social media was effective not only as a platform for health education but also as a promotional tool for participants’ micro-business products. In addition to improving public literacy regarding TB, social media contributed to stigma reduction by delivering positive narratives and reinforcing the collective identity of the survivor community. The program also encouraged behavioral change, supported the emergence of local leadership, and expanded participants’ social and economic networks. These findings suggest that integrating social media into community-based empowerment initiatives can serve as a social transformation strategy that enhances the sustainability of economic development and social support for TB survivors.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a public health problem among children in tropical regions with high environmental exposure. One potential but underexplored transmission route is toenails, which may serve as a mechanical medium for helminth egg contamination. This study aimed to analyze the association between personal hygiene and STH contamination on children’s toenails in Polimak 1, Jayapura City. An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among school-aged children selected based on inclusion criteria. Personal hygiene data were collected using a structured questionnaire, including handwashing practices, footwear use, and nail care habits. STH contamination on toenails was examined microscopically, and statistical tests were applied to assess associations. The results showed that STH contamination on toenails was still present in a considerable proportion of children, with Ascaris lumbricoides eggs being the most frequently detected. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between personal hygiene and STH contamination on toenails (p < 0.05), including handwashing habits, footwear use, and nail care practices. This study concludes that personal hygiene plays a crucial role in STH contamination on children’s toenails, and toenails can be used as an indicator of environmental exposure. These findings highlight the importance of consistent personal hygiene practices in preventing helminth infections among children.

Malaria remains a major public health problem in Papua, Indonesia, with a high incidence rate and significant hematological complications. One of the main impacts of malaria infection is anemia caused by a decrease in hemoglobin levels. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between hemoglobin levels and malaria parasite species among patients at Sentani Health Center, Jayapura Regency. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 50 malaria-positive patients confirmed by microscopic examination were included as samples. Data collected included gender, parasite species, nutritional status, hemoglobin level, and parasite count, analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a 95% confidence level (α=0.05). The results showed that most respondents were male (54%) and predominantly infected by Plasmodium falciparum (66%). The majority had normal nutritional status (40%), and the distribution between normal and abnormal hemoglobin levels was equal (50% each). Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between body mass index and hemoglobin level (p=0.03), but no significant relationship between parasite species and hemoglobin level (p=0.145). These findings indicate that nutritional status plays a more dominant role in determining hemoglobin levels than parasite species variation. In conclusion, anemia among malaria patients in endemic regions is influenced not only by the infecting Plasmodium species but also by individual nutritional factors. Integrated interventions focusing on nutritional improvement and malaria control are essential to reduce anemia risk in endemic areas such as Papua. Malaria remains a major public health problem in Papua, Indonesia, with a high incidence rate and significant hematological complications. One of the main impacts of malaria infection is anemia caused by a decrease in hemoglobin levels. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between hemoglobin levels and malaria parasite species among patients at Sentani Health Center, Jayapura Regency. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 50 malaria-positive patients confirmed by microscopic examination were included as samples. Data collected included gender, parasite species, nutritional status, hemoglobin level, and parasite count, analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a 95% confidence level (α=0.05). The results showed that most respondents were male (54%) and predominantly infected by Plasmodium falciparum (66%). The majority had normal nutritional status (40%), and the distribution between normal and abnormal hemoglobin levels was equal (50% each). Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between body mass index and hemoglobin level (p=0.03), but no significant relationship between parasite species and hemoglobin level (p=0.145). These findings indicate that nutritional status plays a more dominant role in determining hemoglobin levels than parasite species variation. In conclusion, anemia among malaria patients in endemic regions is influenced not only by the infecting Plasmodium species but also by individual nutritional factors. Integrated interventions focusing on nutritional improvement and malaria control are essential to reduce anemia risk in endemic areas such as Papua.

Equitable vaccine distribution is a global issue that has received increasing attention, especially since the increasing need for vaccines in the face of modern pandemics. This study aims to analyze the inequality in vaccine distribution and the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy through a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing literature studies and supporting data in the form of graphs. The analysis results show that high-income countries have significantly greater access to vaccines than middle- and low-income countries, creating inequalities that impact public health protection. Furthermore, levels of vaccine hesitancy were found to vary across social groups, with adolescents being the group with the highest rate of rejection due to the influence of misinformation and low trust in health institutions. These findings confirm that the success of a vaccination program is determined not only by the availability of equitable distribution but also by public acceptance, which is influenced by social, psychological, and ethical factors. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of applying bioethical principles such as justice, beneficence, and autonomy in formulating effective and inclusive vaccination policies.

Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) are a key population with a high risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. In Papua, the increasing number of HIV cases among this group remains a public health challenge, highlighting the need for comprehensive analysis of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of HIV/AIDS patients among the MSM population at the Kotaraja Reproductive Health Clinic, Jayapura City. An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional and retrospective approach was conducted using medical record data from 2023 to 2024. A total of 21 HIV/AIDS patients among MSM who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Data were analyzed descriptively to assess age, occupation, education level, ethnicity, marital status, clinical stage, sexual orientation, and the presence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The results showed that most patients were in the productive age group of 20–24 years (47.6%), had secondary education (71.5%), worked as private employees (57.1%), were non-Papuan (95.3%), and were unmarried (100%). The majority were diagnosed at WHO clinical stages I and II (95.6%). Most patients identified as homosexual (90.5%), while 9.5% identified as bisexual. Concomitant STIs were identified in 47.6% of patients, all of which were syphilis. In conclusion, HIV/AIDS among MSM in Jayapura predominantly affects young productive-age individuals with distinct social and clinical characteristics, emphasizing the importance of early screening and culturally sensitive, integrated HIV prevention strategies.

Malnutrition in children remains a serious public health challenge in Indonesia because it directly impacts growth, cognitive development, and the child's future quality of life. Parents play a crucial role in maintaining children's health, particularly in providing balanced nutrition and preventing nutritional problems such as stunting and malnutrition. This study aims to analyze the role of parents in maintaining children's health due to malnutrition based on a literature review. The method used is a qualitative literature study, through a search of various written sources in the form of scientific journals, articles, and relevant books obtained from Google Scholar. The results of the study indicate that the level of knowledge, education, parenting patterns, socioeconomic conditions, and active involvement of parents in monitoring children's growth significantly influence children's nutritional status and health. Parents play a role as providers of nutritious food, nutrition educators, role models of healthy lifestyles, and regular monitors of children's growth and development. Parents' lack of understanding of balanced nutrition, the habit of consuming instant foods, and minimal participation in health programs are risk factors for malnutrition in children. Therefore, increasing parental education and involvement through a family-based approach is an important strategy in efforts to prevent and address child nutrition problems sustainably.

General practitioners play a crucial role in the delivery of healthcare services in public hospitals, where limited organizational resources and high service demands often place significant pressure on medical personnel. These conditions may disturb work–life balance, increase the risk of burnout syndrome, and ultimately lead to higher turnover intention. This study aimed to analyze the effect of work–life balance on turnover intention, with burnout syndrome acting as an intervening variable among general practitioners at RSUD Balaraja. An observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach was applied, involving all 40 general practitioners working in the emergency department and inpatient units through a total sampling technique. Data were collected using standardized instruments, namely the Work–Life Balance Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Intention to Quit Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using Spearman correlation and Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results revealed a significant relationship between work–life balance and burnout syndrome, as well as between work–life balance and turnover intention. Burnout syndrome was also significantly associated with turnover intention. Further analysis showed that work–life balance had both direct and indirect effects on turnover intention, with burnout syndrome partially mediating this relationship. In conclusion, work–life balance and burnout syndrome are important determinants of turnover intention among general practitioners. Therefore, hospital management should prioritize strategies such as workload regulation, enhanced organizational support, and burnout prevention to retain medical staff and maintain the quality of healthcare services in public hospitals.