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Economic growth is a complex process influenced by various factors, one of which is capital accumulation. Capital accumulation plays a crucial role in increasing production capacity, creating employment opportunities, and enhancing labor productivity. This study analyzes the role of capital accumulation in Indonesia’s economic growth by highlighting key factors contributing to national output expansion. Using the growth accounting approach and neoclassical growth theory, this research confirms that while capital accumulation contributes to per capita income growth, long-term economic growth remains dependent on efficient resource allocation and productivity improvements through innovation and human capital development. The Cobb-Douglas production model is applied to understand the relationship between capital, labor, and output in determining economic growth rates. The findings indicate that countries with higher savings and investment rates tend to experience faster economic growth. Therefore, economic policies focusing on increasing investment, strengthening human capital, and optimizing resource allocation are key factors in accelerating Indonesia’s economic growth.

This study aims to determine the effect of sunlight on the growth of mung bean plants (Vigna radiata) with cotton as the planting medium. The study was conducted using an experimental method, namely comparing the growth of mung bean plants that were exposed to direct sunlight with plants that were placed in the shade. The parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, and germination rate during a certain period. The results showed that mung bean plants that received sunlight grew faster and had more leaves than plants that did not receive direct light. This shows that sunlight plays an important role in the photosynthesis process that supports plant growth. Thus, it can be concluded that sunlight has a significant effect on the growth of mung bean plants, even though using simple cotton as the planting medium.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the development and productivity of Odot grass in the presence of fermented cow dung. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) non-factorial research method consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replications. An experiment was conducted using the parameters of odot grass plant height, number of odot grass leaves, fresh forage production, and dry forage production to ascertain the impact of feeding fermented cow feces on the growth of odot grass (Pennisetrum purpureum Cv.Mott) in order to yield the best results. When odot plants are treated according to the level of need, the best treatment is the provision of fermented cow feces fertilizer. This has a significant impact on the growth and productivity of odot grass, allowing it to produce maximum results in terms of plant height, number of leaves, fresh forage, and dry weight. 200 grams, one odot grass cutting, 100 milliliters of water, and a polybag with a 1:10:50 fermentation ratio.

Timbulan sampah di Kabupaten Bone Bolango menunjukkan tren peningkatan yang signifikan dari tahun ke tahun, seiring dengan pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk, ekspansi kawasan permukiman, dan aktivitas ekonomi masyarakat. Berdasarkan data dari Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Sampah Nasional (SIPSN), terjadi lonjakan volume sampah harian dari 2022 hingga 2024. Namun, peningkatan ini tidak diimbangi dengan kapasitas pengelolaan yang memadai, baik dari sisi infrastruktur, kelembagaan, maupun partisipasi masyarakat. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji model pengelolaan sampah berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Bone Bolango melalui pendekatan sistem, dengan merujuk pada literatur dan data sekunder. Metode analisis menggunakan pendekatan Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) dan Stock Flow Diagram (SFD) untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan kausal dan dinamika sistem pengelolaan sampah di daerah ini. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa akar permasalahan terletak pada lemahnya sinergi antar-pemangku kepentingan, kurangnya regulasi lokal, serta keterbatasan sarana pengolahan. Solusi strategis yang diusulkan meliputi pembangunan fasilitas TPS3R, penyusunan kebijakan persampahan daerah, pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui edukasi lingkungan dan bank sampah, serta penguatan kemitraan dengan sektor swasta dan lembaga non-pemerintah. Diharapkan, pendekatan integratif ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi pengembangan model pengelolaan sampah yang efektif dan berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Bone Bolango.

Oil palm plants (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) are one of Indonesia's leading commodities which have quite high productivity as a producer of vegetable oil, as well as being a source of foreign exchange for the country and employment for the community. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of urea, KCl and chicken manure on the growth of oil palm seedlings. The research location was conducted on Jalan Tapak Lebar I Rt.04, Sidorejo Village, Lubuklinggau Barat II District, Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra, from September to December 2024. Treatment P1 = No treatment, P2 = Urea fertilizer 5 g/plant, P3 = KCl fertilizer 5 g/plant, P4 = Chicken manure 250 g/plant, P5 = Urea fertilizer 5 g + KCl 5 g/plant, P6 = Urea fertilizer 5 g + chicken manure 250 g/plant, and P7 = KCl fertilizer 5 g + chicken manure 250 g/plant. Each sample treatment consisted of 3 seedlings and was repeated 3 times. Using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The administration of urea fertilizer at a dose of 5 g/plant and chicken manure at a dose of 250 g/plant gave the best effect on all observation variables, namely: increase in height, increase in the number of leaf stalks, stem diameter, number of leaflets, length of leaflets.  

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of solid organic fertilizer made from dry leaves, cow manure, EM4, and molasses on the growth of pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.). The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: control (no fertilizer), and fertilizer applications at concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 35%, each replicated three times. Observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, and fresh weight. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the application of solid organic fertilizer significantly affected the growth of pakcoy. The 30% concentration yielded the best results, with an average plant height of 18.3 cm, 10 leaves per plant, and a fresh weight of 22.5 grams. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that applying 30% solid organic fertilizer effectively enhances pakcoy growth and supports sustainable organic farming practices.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the application of goat manure and liquid organic fertilizer derived from vegetable waste on the growth and productivity of celery plants (Apium graveolens L.). This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of two factors with 48 plots.The first factor was the application of goat manure fertilizer, symbolized as “G”, which consisted of four treatment levels: G0 = 0 g/polybag, G1 = 200 g/polybag, G2 = 400 g/polybag, and G3 = 600 g/polybag.The second factor was the application of liquid organic fertilizer from vegetable waste, symbolized as “S”, which consisted of four treatment levels: S0 = 0 ml, S1 = 100 ml/L of water, S2= 200 ml/L of water, and S3 = 300 ml/L of water.The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, number of tillers, plant weight per polybag, and plant weight per plot. The results of the study showed that the application of goat manure and liquid organic fertilizer from vegetable waste had a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, number of tillers, plant weight per polybag, and plant weight/plot.

This research was conducted on Jalan Tampok, Tanjung Selamat Village, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra. A non-factorial Randomized Block Design  was used, consisting of only one factor, with five treatments and four replications: 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 liters of coconut water fertilizer. The results showed that the use of coconut water fertilizer had no significant effect on plant height 1, 2, and 3 weeks after planting, and fruit weight per plot. However, it had a highly significant effect on plant height 4 and 5 weeks after planting, stem diameter, number of leaves, and root length.   In general, increasing the dosage of coconut water POC tends to result in a better growth response during the vegetative phase of the plant. This suggests that the natural hormones in coconut water can support plant cell division and elongation. However, plant response to treatment is still influenced by environmental factors and dosage, so not all parameters show a significant effect. Further research is needed to determine the optimal dosage that is more effective on production yields.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the duration of soaking garlic extract and the provision of shell fertilizer on the growth of rose plant cuttings (Rosa hybrida L). This study used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) method consisting of 2 factors with 48 plots, namely: The first factor is the duration of soaking garlic extract given the symbol "A" which consists of 4 levels of treatment A0: without soaking, A1: 40 minutes, A2: 80 minutes, A3: 120 minutes The second factor is the provision of shell fertilizer given the symbol "B" which consists of 4 levels of treatment B0: 0 g / polybag, B1: 50 g / polybag, B2: 100 g / polybag, B3: 150 g / polybag. So there are 16 combinations consisting of 3 replications. The parameters observed in this study are the age of shoot emergence, number of leaves, shoot length, number of leaves, leaf length, and percentage of survival. The results of the study showed that the duration of soaking garlic extract and the application of shellfish fertilizer on the growth of rose cuttings (Rosa hybrida L). The results of this study showed that the duration of soaking garlic extract and the application of shellfish fertilizer had no significant effect on all observed parameters.

This article examines the concept of wisdom in Proverbs 1:7 as an ethical guideline for the growth of Christian faith. In the midst of modern challenges such as moral relativism, secularization, and the crisis of spiritual authority, a re-understanding of Biblical wisdom becomes a significant theological urgency. Through a hermeneutical-theological approach, this study integrates exegesis of the text of Proverbs 1:7 with contextual analysis and ethical reflection to show that the “fear of the LORD” is the epistemological and moral foundation of the believer's life. Wisdom, in the biblical sense, functions not only as a rational faculty, but also as a divine gift that shapes character, deepens relationship with God, and enables believers to live ethically in society. The results show that the growth of true Christian faith is reflected in an active spirituality and ethical actions that are rooted in a God-fearing relationship. Thus, Proverbs 1:7 is not only a theological basis, but also relevant as a practical principle in shaping an authentic and transformative Christian life in the contemporary era.

Propagation of rose plants through stem cuttings is a widely used method; however, its success is often influenced by the availability of adequate plant growth regulators and nutrients. The use of natural materials such as shallot extract as a source of plant growth regulators and cow manure as an organic fertilizer is expected to enhance the growth of cuttings in an environmentally friendly manner. This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking duration in shallot extract, the application of cow manure, and the interaction between both treatments on the growth of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cuttings. The research was conducted in November 2025 in Sampe Cita Glugur Rimbun Village, Kutalimbaru District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra, at an altitude of approximately 500 meters above sea level. The study employed a factorial Randomized Block Design with two treatment factors and three replications, resulting in 48 experimental units. The first factor was the soaking duration in shallot extract (0, 4, 8, and 12 hours), while the second factor was the dosage of cow manure (0, 50, 100, and 150 g per polybag). Observed parameters included survival percentage, time of shoot emergence, number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves, and leaf length. The results showed that all treatments, both individually and in interaction, had no significant effect on all growth parameters. Nevertheless, plant growth increased with plant age, with a relatively high and uniform survival rate of approximately ±90%. These findings indicate that, at the treatment levels applied, shallot extract and cow manure were not effective in significantly improving the growth of rose cuttings, suggesting that further research with different concentrations or treatment combinations is needed.

In this study, the population growth rate of Pematang Siantar City during the period 2022–2025 is discussed through an improper integral approach. Population growth patterns must be analyzed and predicted in the long term. Linear, geometric, and exponential growth models are used to analyze data taken from the Statistics Center. The calculation results show that the population growth rate changes every year, with an average change of 0.10% per year. The prediction for 2025–2026 shows a growth of 0.59%, indicating an increase in population. However, through an improper integral approach, it is found that a population that experiences a decrease in growth rate over time will reach a limited cumulative total population value, even if the population continues to increase. These results indicate that a long-term downward trend can lead to population shrinkage, uncontrolled growth can lead to population density. As a result, this study is expected to provide a scientific basis for population policies and sustainable development planning in Pematang Siantar City.

Children are the next generation of a nation, so that the growth and development of children must be properly considered, not only the responsibility of the family and parents but also the responsibility of society and the state, considering that Indonesia is a welfare state that has an obligation to guarantee the rights of its citizens properly. In this case, including the rights of children in conflict with the law (ABH), even though they are children who have problems with the law, they are children who must be protected to fulfill their rights. This study was conducted using literature and document study methods, in the form of books, journal articles, or other types of writings and various laws and regulations relating to cases of children in conflict with the law (ABH). The results of the study showed that the fulfillment of the rights of correctional students consisting of the right to survive and develop, the right to protection and the right to participate has been carried out well by LPKA. Although there is still a shortage of correctional social workers in LPKA who act as facilitators and bridges for ABH to get education and carry out the rehabilitation process according to the needs of children.

Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh tekanan, peluang, rasionalisasi, dan stabilitas keuangan terhadap kecurangan laporan keuangan pada perusahaan properti dan real estat yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada tahun 2023. Menggunakan analisis regresi logistik biner pada sampel 53 perusahaan yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling, studi ini mengukur kecurangan laporan keuangan menggunakan F-Score, sedangkan variabel independen diukur melalui rasio leverage, pemantauan yang tidak efektif, perubahan auditor, dan perubahan aset. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa tidak ada faktor yang diteliti yang secara signifikan mempengaruhi penipuan laporan keuangan, dengan nilai signifikansi 0,179 untuk tekanan, 0,360 untuk peluang, 0,250 untuk rasionalisasi, dan 0,676 untuk stabilitas keuangan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan properti dan real estat mungkin menggunakan strategi alternatif untuk manajemen utang dan pertumbuhan aset tanpa menggunakan manipulasi laporan keuangan. Penelitian di masa depan harus mengeksplorasi faktor risiko penipuan tambahan dan mempertimbangkan periode pengamatan yang lebih lama untuk menangkap pola siklus potensial. Badan pengatur harus meningkatkan mekanisme pemantauan di luar persyaratan kepatuhan formal, sementara investor harus memasukkan model deteksi penipuan yang komprehensif saat mengevaluasi keputusan investasi di sektor properti.

Fungal infections, such as those caused by Curvularia, can interfere with the vegetative growth and reduce the quality of oil palm seedlings, particularly in the main nursery phase. One solution to improve resistance to pathogens and support vegetative growth is by applying the right foliar fertilizer. This study aimed to determine the effect of Kenfolan foliar fertilizer application on vegetative growth and the level of Curvularia infection in oil palm seedlings during the main nursery phase. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments of Kenfolan fertilizer concentrations: 0 ml/L (P1), 1 ml/L (P2), 2 ml/L (P3), 3 ml/L (P4), and 4 ml/L (P5), each repeated three times. The parameters measured included seedling height, stem diameter, number of fronds, and the percentage of Curvularia infection. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. The results showed that treatment P4 (3 ml/L) provided the best vegetative growth, with seedling height reaching 40.07 cm, stem diameter of 1.58 cm, and an average of 4.25 fronds. Additionally, treatments P3 (2 ml/L) and P4 (3 ml/L) successfully suppressed Curvularia infection, with no infection found in these treatments. In contrast, treatment P1 (control) showed the highest infection level of 33%, while P5 (4 ml/L) increased the infection compared to P3 and P4. Based on the results, the application of Kenfolan foliar fertilizer at a dose of 3 ml/L (P4) was the most effective in improving vegetative growth and suppressing Curvularia infection in oil palm seedlings in the main nursery phase.

One of the problems of catfish cultivation (Clarias gariepinus) that can hinder this cultivation business is the slow growth of fish weight. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of different administration of Mina Pro probiotics on the absolute weight growth of pearl catfish seeds measuring 5-7 cm in the maintenance tub. The method used in this study is an experimental method. The design used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with four treatments and six replicates. The treatment given is: addition of probiotics mina pro at a dose of 2 ml/kg of feed, 4 ml/kg of feed, 6 ml/kg of feed and without the addition of probiotics to feed. Other parameters that were also studied included water quality including temperature, pH and DO.

The process of long-term improvement in the economic condition of a country to a better state over a certain period is called economic growth.When the level of economic activity is higher than that achieved in previous periods, the economy of a country is said to be experiencing growth.The purpose of this research is to determine the extent to which the manufacturing industry and the agricultural industry influence Indonesia's growth.This type of study is a qualitative study that uses the literature review method.This method is very suitable and relevant for analyzing the influence of the manufacturing industry and the agricultural industry.The results show that the manufacturing and agricultural sectors have a complex influence on Indonesia's economic growth.By becoming a leading sector, manufacturing can drive economic growth by creating more jobs and boosting other sectors such as trade and services.Foreign direct investment (FDI), bank credit, and the number of business units in certain sectors influence the development of the manufacturing sector.

Cancer is a disease that results from changes in cell function and structure, which leads to abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. These changes can affect gene expression, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis to other tissues and organs. An alternative to cancer treatment can be done by administering phytochemical compounds, one of which is naringenin. This study aims to determine the effect of naringenin on the growth of cancer cells. The method used in this study is a literature review of in vitro experimental articles published in the last ten years and obtained the results of 7 articles. The study results showed that naringenin can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells through several mechanisms. In addition, naringenin has been shown to induce apoptosis and alter the morphology of cancer cells. It can be concluded that naringenin has great potential as an alternative therapy for cancer.

Molly fish (Poelicia sphenops) is a freshwater ornamental fish commodity which is a type of "livebearer" fish or stores eggs in the body and gives birth to larvae. The research method used in this research is an experimental method. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of giving artificial feed with different protein content on the weight growth of molly fish and determine the appropriate dose of artificial feed for weight growth of molly fish. It is hoped that the benefits of this research will increase scientific insight in the fisheries sector, especially in the use and influence of artificial feed with different protein content on molly fish weight growth to advance the fisheries sector. The content in feed pf 0-100 protein is 39 - 41%, takari feed is 30% protein, mem feed is 60% protein. Each treatment in this study was carried out in 8 repetitions.

One of the problems of cultivating Betta fish (Betta sp.) which can hamper this cultivation effort is the slow weight growth of the fish. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of providing different types of feed on the growth in weight and color of Betta fish (Betta sp.) size 1- 1.5 in the maintenance tank. The research containers used 27 used gallons with a capacity of 15 liters and each research container was filled with fresh water with a volume of 10 liters. The test animals used were Betta fish seeds measuring 1–1.5 cm. This research used an experimental method using an experimental design in the form of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 9 repetitions to obtain 27 trials. Other parameters that are also studied include water quality including water temperature ranged from 26,1 – 29 ̊C and pH (degree of acidity) ranged from 7 - 8.