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This study examines the dynamics of urban politics in the policy of the Palembang City Government regarding the management of disorganized electrical cables. The problem of irregularly hanging cables, mixed with telecommunication lines, and often dangling too low poses safety risks, reduces the city’s aesthetics, and reflects weak governance of urban infrastructure. This research employs a qualitative approach using a case study method. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, and documentation. The research informants consisted of representatives from the Palembang City Government, PLN (the state electricity company), telecommunication providers, and affected communities. The findings indicate that cable management policy is a concrete effort by the government to create an orderly, safe, and modern urban spatial arrangement. The Palembang City Government seeks to reorganize the overhead cable networks while simultaneously planning the development of underground utility ducts as a long-term solution. However, the implementation of this policy faces several challenges, particularly conflicting interests among stakeholders: PLN emphasizes operational efficiency, telecommunication providers resist additional financial burdens, while the public demands quick action but shows limited participation. This study concludes that the issue of cable management is not merely technical but also represents an arena of urban political contestation among the state, the private sector, and society. Effective solutions require cross-sectoral coordination, strong regulatory frameworks, collaborative financing, and active community involvement. Through a comprehensive approach, cable management in Palembang City has the potential to enhance public safety, improve urban aesthetics, and strengthen government legitimacy in sustainable urban governance.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities and social skills, an inability to care for oneself, and potential brain function impairment. One of the consequences often observed in schizophrenia patients is social isolation, where the individual is unable to interact with others around them. This study aims to assess and provide psychiatric nursing care for Sdr. A, who is experiencing the primary issue of social isolation: withdrawal due to paranoid schizophrenia at the Gatotkaca ward of RSJD dr. Gondohutomo in Central Java Province. Initial assessment of the patient revealed that Sdr. A is experiencing social isolation, particularly withdrawal from their social environment. Four nursing problems were identified, including social isolation: withdrawal, low self-esteem, sensory perception disturbances such as hallucinations, and self-care deficits. A nursing care plan was developed based on the Indonesian Nursing Diagnosis Standard , Indonesian Nursing Service Standard, and Indonesian Nursing Information System , tailored to the patient's condition at the time. The care plan includes interventions to enhance social interaction, improve self-esteem, address sensory perception disturbances, and promote self-care abilities. The nursing implementation was carried out using a holistic approach involving psychosocial support and appropriate medical therapy based on the patient’s needs. It is expected that through this approach, the patient can reduce social isolation symptoms and improve their quality of life. This study emphasizes the important role of psychiatric nursing care in addressing social issues in patients with paranoid schizophrenia and how a structured nursing care plan can support patient recovery.

Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) often experience physiological disturbances caused by both medical conditions and intensive treatment procedures. One of the most common problems encountered is sleep disturbance. Several factors contribute to poor sleep quality in ICU patients, including repeated medical procedures, environmental noise from medical equipment and staff activities, discomfort due to body positioning, frequent interactions with health workers, continuous exposure to lighting, pain, and the underlying disease process. Persistent sleep disturbances can delay the healing process, increase blood pressure, and even elevate the risk of stroke. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality in compos mentis patients in the ICU of Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital Semarang. The research design employed a correlational approach with a cross-sectional method. A total of 30 respondents were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep quality and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) to assess anxiety levels. The Chi-Square test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed an equal distribution of male and female respondents (15 each). Ten respondents had a post-laparotomy medical diagnosis, and the majority belonged to the late elderly age group (10 respondents). Most respondents experienced moderate anxiety (18 respondents), while poor sleep quality was reported by 17 respondents. The Chi-Square test revealed a p-value of 0.001, indicating a significant relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality. In conclusion, higher anxiety levels were associated with poorer sleep quality among compos mentis patients in the ICU. These findings highlight the importance of nursing interventions that address both the physical and psychological aspects of patients to improve sleep quality and support recovery.

A 55-year-old female patient came to F Hospital complaining of blurred vision in her left eye for 3 years and a gradual decrease in vision. The vision in her left eye had been increasingly blurry and disrupting activities for 4 months before coming to the hospital. The patient reported discomfort and blurriness when looking at a distance, but there was no disturbance in close-up vision. The patient also reported foggy vision and glare, especially during the day. The patient did not complain of dizziness, nausea, or vomiting. When looking at objects, there was no change in size, and she had never seen floating objects. The patient had undergone cataract surgery on her right eye 2 months ago. She had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus since 2017 and was regularly taking antidiabetic medication. The patient reported wearing glasses for 3 years. The general status was normal, while the left local status showed 2/60 vision, arcus senilis (+), cloudy lens, and shadow test (-). Fasting blood sugar examination showed hyperglycemia, and tonometry showed increased intraocular pressure. Based on this, the patient was diagnosed with a mature senile cataract of the left eye. The patient underwent surgery on the left eye using phacoemulsification and has a good prognosis. Appropriate cataract management can significantly improve the patient's quality of life.

This research investigates the integration of renewable energy systems within coastal conservation areas through public-private partnership (PPP) frameworks to achieve dual objectives of environmental sustainability and economic development. The study addresses the critical challenge of balancing energy infrastructure development with ecological preservation in sensitive coastal ecosystems, where biodiversity and community livelihoods are often at risk due to increasing industrial and urban pressures. A mixed-methods approach is employed, combining case study analysis, stakeholder interviews, and economic modeling, to generate a comprehensive perspective on the opportunities and constraints of renewable energy deployment in these regions. Case studies highlight successful international practices of PPPs that have facilitated renewable energy projects while safeguarding marine and coastal ecosystems. Stakeholder interviews with government agencies, local communities, and private sector representatives reveal the importance of transparent governance, shared responsibility, and inclusive participation in ensuring long-term project sustainability. Economic modeling further demonstrates that well-structured PPP models can reduce implementation costs by 30–40% while adhering to biodiversity conservation standards and regulatory frameworks. Findings underscore that renewable energy projects, when embedded within collaborative governance structures, not only contribute to reducing carbon emissions but also create employment opportunities, stimulate local economies, and enhance community resilience. This study contributes to the sustainable development literature by providing an actionable framework for integrating renewable energy infrastructure in environmentally sensitive areas through PPPs. The proposed framework emphasizes adaptive policy design, capacity building, and equitable benefit-sharing, offering practical insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to reconcile energy needs with ecological protection in coastal regions.

Diabetes Mellitus is a complication caused by severe disturbances, particularly in the metabolic composition of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body. The level of patient compliance in taking medication is one of the factors that determine the success of diabetes mellitus therapy. Compliance with treatment plays a crucial role in controlling metabolic conditions, especially in diabetes mellitus patients. The impact of non-compliance with medication in type II diabetes mellitus patients will increase uncontrolled blood sugar levels, which can lead to various complications of organ damage. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between medication compliance and blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Harapan Anda Islamic Hospital in Tegal City. This study used a quantitative cross-sectional approach. The sample size was 58 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used univariate and bivariate analysis (chi-square). Characteristics of 58 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus at Harapan Anda Islamic General Hospital, Tegal City, most of them are aged 46-60 years, with female gender, with most of them having junior high school education, some with working status, with a duration of suffering for >5 years, most with moderate medication adherence and most with normal blood sugar levels. There is a relationship between medication adherence and blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Harapan Anda Islamic General Hospital, Tegal City (0.000). It is hoped that it can provide valuable information for diabetes sufferers about the importance of medication adherence to blood sugar levels so that blood sugar levels can be controlled.

Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) frequently experience physiological disturbances that significantly affect their sleep quality. These disturbances are triggered by various factors, including repeated medical procedures, environmental noise, discomfort from medical devices, intensive interactions with healthcare workers, inappropriate lighting that disrupts circadian rhythms, pain, and the underlying disease process. Sleep disturbances in ICU patients may slow down the healing process, elevate blood pressure, trigger metabolic disorders, and increase the risk of serious complications such as stroke. This study aims to examine the relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality among compos mentis patients in the ICU of Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital, Semarang. The research employed a correlational design with a cross-sectional method. A total of 30 respondents were included based on specific criteria. Anxiety levels were measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), while sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test to determine the relationship between the two variables. The findings showed that the distribution of male and female respondents was balanced (15 respondents each). The most common medical diagnosis was post-laparotomy (10 respondents), with the dominant age category being late elderly (10 respondents). Anxiety levels were predominantly in the moderate category (18 respondents), while the majority of respondents demonstrated poor sleep quality (17 respondents). Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.001, indicating a significant relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality. In conclusion, the study highlights that higher levels of anxiety are associated with poorer sleep quality among compos mentis patients in the ICU. These findings emphasize the importance of nursing interventions aimed at reducing anxiety to improve patient sleep quality and support recovery.

This community service activity aims to improve the literacy of residents in Penambangan Village through the implementation of a QR Code-based digital library at the Educational Center. The background of this program lies in the low level of literacy in rural areas, which is strongly influenced by the limited access to reading materials and the absence of library facilities. In the current digital era, the need for fast, easy, and affordable access to information has become increasingly important. Therefore, the application of simple technology such as QR Codes is considered an innovative solution to bridge the literacy gap between rural and urban communities. The method used in this activity was Participatory Action Research (PAR), which emphasizes active involvement of the community. The stages of the program consisted of initial observation to identify literacy needs, collaborative planning with local residents, implementation of the QR Code-based digital library, and reflection to evaluate achievements and challenges. This method ensured that the community was not only an object but also an active subject in the process of improving literacy. The results show an increase in reading interest and access to digital literacy, especially among young people. QR Codes installed at several strategic points enabled residents to access various digital reading resources using smartphones. Nevertheless, some obstacles were identified, including limited internet infrastructure and low digital literacy among the older population. Despite these challenges, the program successfully demonstrated that simple, technology-based approaches can significantly enhance literacy in rural areas. In conclusion, the implementation of a QR Code-based digital library supported by a PAR approach can serve as an effective alternative to increase literacy in rural communities. The success of the program strongly depends on collaboration among local residents, academics, and stakeholders to ensure its sustainability in the long term.

Sibolga City, located along the seashore and endowed with abundant natural beauty, holds significant potential for development as a marine tourism destination. Beyond its coastal appeal, the city offers opportunities for diverse recreational areas such as camping grounds, botanical gardens, culinary centers, and Mancakrida zones. To support these initiatives, this research investigates the sources of activities and spatial programs that can be realized through the construction of cottages and integrated recreational facilities. Given Sibolga’s hot tropical climate, the application of Tropical Architecture is essential to address environmental challenges including solar exposure, rainfall intensity, air humidity, and wind orientation. This study aims to harness Sibolga’s environmental assets by proposing sustainable cottage designs and recreational spaces that align with the principles of Tropical Architecture. The research contributes to the development of commercial residential models that are harmoniously integrated with nature, promoting economic sustainability and ecological balance. Methodologically, the study involves interviews, site surveys, and comparative analyses to derive contextual design solutions. The final output is a conceptual design for cottages and recreational areas that reflect climate-responsive architecture and support Sibolga’s tourism growth. This research not only enhances architectural knowledge in tropical settings but also offers practical insights for urban planners and stakeholders seeking to revitalize Sibolga City as a vibrant, nature-integrated tourism hub.

The increase in traffic volume in urban areas often triggers various problems, especially at Road intersection points that have a high level of interaction between vehicles. One of the locations that experience these problems is the intersection with the island of traffic without signal on Jl. Tebu-Jl. Tabrani Ahmad, City Of Pontianak. This study aims to analyze the performance of the intersection in the existing condition and project its performance in the next five years (2030), as well as formulate alternative treatment that can improve the smoothness of traffic. The analysis method refers to Indonesian road capacity guidelines (PKJI) 2023 and modeling using software PTV VISSIM. The data collected include intersection geometry, traffic volume, and vehicle speed. Traffic volumes were obtained through CCTV recordings for three consecutive days, then processed and presented in the form of tables and graphs for easy interpretation. The results of the existing condition analysis showed that the degree of saturation (DS) reached 0.407 with an average delay of 9.539 seconds (Level of Service/LOS B) based on PKJI, while VISSIM simulation resulted in a delay of 12.54 seconds (LOS B). The five-year projection (2030) shows an increase in DS to 0.878 with a delay of 15.177 seconds (LOS C) from PKJI, and 23.35 seconds (LOS C) from VISSIM, which indicates a decrease in Junction performance as traffic grows. Two handling alternatives were analyzed, namely the construction of roundabouts and the implementation of traffic flow management. VISSIM simulation shows that the roundabout can reduce the delay to 14.31 seconds with a queue length of 20.34 m (LOS B), while the flow management produces a delay of 11.81 seconds with a queue of 13.14 m (LOS B). This result confirms that both alternatives are able to improve the performance of the intersection compared to the projected condition without handling, so that it can be a technical recommendation for urban traffic planning in Pontianak.

This research discusses the Juridical Analysis of the Application of Government Regulation Number 16 of 2021 concerning Building in DKI Jakarta Province. The focus of the research is directed at the effectiveness of local policies in adjusting national regulations to the diverse urban dynamics of Jakarta, especially related to the Building Approval mechanism (PBG), supervision system, and enforcement of administrative sanctions. Using a normative juridical approach and analyzing local regulations such as Government Regulation No. 16 of 2021 on the Implementation Regulation of Law No. 28 of 2002 on Building, this research identifies implementative obstacles, such as weak supervision, limited human resources, and low public legal awareness. The findings show that adaptation efforts have not been fully optimized, so policy adjustments, institutional strengthening, and cross-sector collaboration are needed. This research confirms the importance of digitalization, public participation, and consistency of law enforcement in creating orderly and sustainable building development in Jakarta.

Tuberculosis is one of world health problem, especially in developing countries. Treatment regimen with multiple first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATD) such as Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, And Streptomycin remains the most effective for treatment of tuberculosis. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to antituberculosis drugs may range from mild gastrointestinal disturbances to serious hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, and cutaneous adverse effects. We report a 65 year old male patient with a  complaint of yellowish discoloration of sclera, nausea and vomitting after three days of initiation of ATD theraphy. The patient has been diagnosed with Tuberculosis relaps and has been taking ATD since June 2024. Patient noted epigastric pain. Laboratory examination found an increase in bilirubin level and imbalance electrolyte. The treatment is in the form of discontinuation of ATD, supportive therapy and followed by hepatoprotective supplements. ATD should be discontinued in patients with hepatotoxicity and fixed drug eruption until liver function and clinical symptoms improve. Initiation of ATD administration is carried out by administering one by one regimen. The patient is currently experiencing antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, which is managed by providing supportive care and  different AT regimen was prescribed.

This study aims to analyze land cover changes in Pariaman City in 2013, 2018, and 2024 using Landsat-8 imagery with the support of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and the Classification and Regression Trees (CART) algorithm. Land cover change is a critical issue in Pariaman City, as population growth, infrastructure development, and economic activities have driven significant land conversion. The classification generated eight land cover classes representing the general condition of the area. The analysis revealed that rice fields were the dominant land cover in all three periods; however, they experienced a substantial decline, indicating land conversion, particularly into settlements and road networks. In addition, the area of mangrove forests and water bodies in coastal regions decreased, while plantation areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city increased. Conversely, river land cover remained the smallest category, with annual fluctuations. The identified change patterns included urban sprawl (expansion of settlements into suburban areas), the conversion of productive land into infrastructure, and coastal degradation due to human activities and natural factors. The accuracy assessment produced overall accuracy and a Kappa index above 80%, while validation using the Mapping Accuracy method through Google Earth showed per-class accuracy rates above 75%, categorized as very good. These findings indicate that the use of satellite imagery and the CART algorithm in GEE is effective for monitoring land cover dynamics while providing valuable insights for local governments in formulating sustainable development policies and managing coastal environments such as those in Pariaman City.

Film as a form of mass media has an important role in the socio-cultural, artistic, political, as well as scientific realms. Cek Toko Lado 2 is a continuation of the story of the Chinese family of Koh Afuk which is in the comedy genre and directed by Ernest Prakasa. This film not only presents entertainment, but also presents family dynamics, parental expectations, and challenges in maintaining family business while building trust between fellow family members. The stories presented are able to illustrate the social reality of urban communities who are often faced with a dilemma between family interests and individual freedom. The purpose of this research is to analyze the struggle of Erwin's character in fighting for his love for Natalie and his efforts to get the blessing of his future in-laws. The research method used is qualitative with the approach of Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic theory. The data source was obtained through direct observation of scenes and dialogues in the film, and reinforced by documentation and literature studies. The results of the study show that Erwin's struggle can be understood through three main elements in Peirce's semiotics, namely sign, object, and interpretant. First, the spirit of never giving up is reflected in Erwin's consistency in facing various obstacles. Second, the attitude of responsibility can be seen from Erwin's commitment to his career and the romantic relationship he is living. Third, the willingness to sacrifice is evident when Erwin prioritizes personal interests in order to gain the blessing of Natalie's family. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that films not only function as a means of entertainment, but also as a social learning medium that conveys moral messages about struggle, sacrifice, and the importance of trust in family relationships and romance. Thus, Cek Toko Lado 2 is able to be a relevant and inspiring social reflection for the audience, especially urban people who are facing the dynamics of family life and love.

Narcotics are substances or drugs, whether synthetic or semi-synthetic, derived from plants or non-plant materials that have the potential to cause disturbances or changes in human consciousness. Their use may result in loss of sensation, impaired taste, and, in more severe cases, strong dependency or addiction. While narcotics have undeniable benefits in the fields of medicine, healthcare, and scientific development—particularly in pain management and research—their misuse carries significant risks for both individuals and society. This study adopts a normative legal approach by analyzing existing regulations, statutory provisions, and relevant academic literature regarding narcotics and crime. The findings reveal that narcotics abuse is often closely linked to criminal behavior, as drug dependence can negatively influence psychological stability, decision-making, and social conduct, potentially driving individuals to engage in unlawful acts. Furthermore, crime is a relative concept shaped by context, culture, and societal norms, which means its connection with narcotics requires multidimensional analysis. Law enforcement efforts against narcotics-related crimes have been continuously pursued by authorities through preventive, repressive, and judicial measures, with various court rulings highlighting the gravity of the problem. However, legal enforcement alone is insufficient; a holistic strategy is needed that combines strict law enforcement with rehabilitation, psychological support, and community education. Such a comprehensive approach is expected to reduce narcotics misuse, prevent recidivism, and minimize its destructive impacts. Ultimately, this research seeks to provide deeper insights into the dynamic relationship between narcotics abuse and crime, while offering practical recommendations to achieve more effective solutions for protecting individuals, strengthening social resilience, and promoting public welfare

Asynchronous motors, commonly known as induction motors, are widely utilized due to their robustness, reliability, and efficiency in both industrial and household applications. These motors typically operate by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy through the interaction between a rotating magnetic field and the rotor. Under normal operating conditions, the rotor speed is always slightly less than the speed of the magnetic field, which is known as "slip." However, when the slip becomes negative, meaning that the rotor speed exceeds the speed of the rotating magnetic field, the motor begins to function as a generator. This condition occurs when the motor is driven above its synchronous speed by an external mechanical force, causing the rotor to generate electrical power. Using an asynchronous motor as a generator offers several notable advantages. One of the key benefits is its ability to produce a pure sine wave voltage, which is crucial for various applications that require stable and high-quality electrical power. Since these motors do not use brushes, they are free from the problems associated with brush wear and maintenance. Moreover, they do not generate radio frequency interference (RFI), making them suitable for environments sensitive to electromagnetic disturbances. The use of an asynchronous motor as a generator also provides the ability to function as a rotary phase converter. This is especially beneficial in applications where three-phase power is unavailable, but the load requires it. To facilitate this process, a capacitive voltage is required to induce excitation in the rotor. The capacitive current is supplied by an additional capacitor, which is installed in parallel with the motor output. This capacitor helps maintain the necessary phase shift and enables the motor to generate the required three-phase power.

This study aims to describe the social transformations found in the literary aspects of the Advanced Indonesian Language Textbook for grade 11 and analyze its relationship to the construction of the Pancasila Student Profile (P5). The main focus of this study is to examine how the literary works presented in the textbook function not only as a medium for language learning but also as a vehicle for character development and social understanding for students. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with sociological literary analysis techniques, where data is obtained from excerpts from poetry, short stories, and plays that depict social change. The results indicate that the social transformations reflected in these literary works are divided into two main forms: collective behavior and social movements. Collective behavior is demonstrated through themes of fashion and fashion, urban legends, and the phenomenon of mass hysteria, which implicitly depict social conflict, class inequality, and the dynamics of societal culture. Meanwhile, social movements are depicted in the narratives of characters who fight for change against norms, traditions, and social structures that limit freedom. This representation demonstrates resistance, critical awareness, and a drive towards a more just and equal life. The findings of this study are closely related to the dimensions of the Pancasila Student Profile, such as critical reasoning skills, a spirit of mutual cooperation, an attitude of upholding social justice, and independence in thought and action. Therefore, it can be concluded that literary works in Indonesian language textbooks not only present aesthetic value and literary appreciation, but also serve as an effective means of instilling national values and supporting the formation of student character in accordance with the vision of Pancasila.  

The low level of students’ understanding of Islamic practices and values in daily life remains a significant challenge in the teaching of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) at the elementary school level. The teaching of IRE on the topic “Hajj and Qurban” in Grade V at SDN Bangbayang, Cisolok District, plays a strategic role in shaping Islamic character and instilling noble moral values in students. This study aims to critically examine the learning objectives, teaching materials, instructional methods, evaluation system, references, and teaching resources used in the learning process. The research employed a qualitative approach with data collected through classroom observation, interviews with teachers and students, and an analysis of instructional documents. The findings reveal that, in general, the teaching of IRE in Grade V has been implemented in accordance with the objectives and curriculum standards. Teachers have designed teaching modules based on the basic competencies and learning goals outlined in the curriculum. However, several aspects still require further development. Among these are the limited relevance of the learning materials to students’ everyday experiences, the lack of integration of technology-based media, and an evaluation process that places greater emphasis on cognitive aspects while paying less attention to affective and psychomotor domains. This situation indicates that while the learning process is carried out in line with procedural standards, students’ comprehension of Islamic values in practical and contextual terms remains insufficient. Therefore, strengthening the understanding of Islamic teachings in real-life contexts is essential so that students not only acquire theoretical knowledge but are also able to internalize and practice Islamic values in their daily lives. The teaching module currently used is adequate, yet further development is needed to make learning more practical, contextual, and impactful in fostering a strong Islamic character among students.

The phenomenon of charismatic pastors who simultaneously serve as merchants represents an increasingly common reality in contemporary Christian ministry, especially within urban contexts where economic and spiritual dynamics are closely intertwined. This dual role reflects both opportunities and challenges for the church, raising important theological, ethical, and practical debates concerning the integrity of pastoral calling in the midst of worldly interests, material pursuits, and potential temptations. On the one hand, the bivocational model may provide pastors with financial independence, reducing the burden on congregations and offering broader opportunities for engagement with society. On the other hand, it also carries the risk of blurring the boundaries between ministry and commerce, thereby creating possible conflicts of interest, diminishing spiritual authority, and weakening the congregation’s trust in pastoral leadership. This study aims to analyze the dual role of pastor-merchant in the light of New Testament theology by identifying potential tensions, examining the relevance of pastoral ethics in guiding decision-making, and evaluating the impact of this dual vocation on the life and witness of the church. Methodologically, this research employs a qualitative literature study, reviewing biblical, theological, and pastoral ethics sources to formulate a comprehensive understanding. The findings suggest that pastoral ethics serve as a vital compass for pastor-merchants, ensuring that ministry remains pure, Christ-centered, and untainted by financial motives. The Apostle Paul provides a theological and practical model for bivocational ministry, demonstrating how secular work and spiritual service can coexist without compromising the divine calling. Furthermore, a healthy, transparent, and accountable leadership framework is essential for sustaining integrity and strengthening congregational trust. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that the identity of the church as “a chosen people, a royal priesthood” (1 Pet. 2:9) must remain the guiding principle, ensuring that the integration of pastoral vocation and marketplace involvement contributes positively to the church’s witness and relevance in modern society.

Manado City is highly vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters due to its geographical conditions, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, and the intensifying impacts of climate change. These risks underline the importance of effective disaster mitigation strategies that go beyond government intervention and involve active participation from communities and non-governmental organizations. In this context, collaboration among various actors becomes a crucial foundation for developing an adaptive and participatory disaster governance system. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of actor collaboration in disaster mitigation efforts in Manado City, with particular emphasis on patterns of interaction, role distribution, and structural as well as cultural barriers that influence the effectiveness of multi-stakeholder synergy. Employing a qualitative case study approach, this research relies on secondary data gathered from official documents, government policy reports, and relevant academic publications. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes and relational dynamics among stakeholders. The findings reveal that although strong driving factors exist—such as a high level of disaster risk, increasing public awareness, and the availability of institutional frameworks—collaboration remains largely procedural and government-dominated, with limited engagement from non-government actors. Challenges such as weak trust among stakeholders, insufficient substantive dialogue, and the absence of an integrated disaster information system continue to hinder the realization of effective collaborative practices. The study concludes by highlighting the urgency of adopting a collaborative governance model that emphasizes equality, mutual trust, and meaningful participation. Theoretically, this research contributes to the discourse on disaster governance by providing insights into actor relations in a disaster-prone urban context. Practically, it proposes an adaptive collaboration framework that can be replicated in other cities facing similar disaster vulnerabilities, thereby strengthening resilience and community preparedness.