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This study aims to determine (1) the forms of legal protection that exist in Indonesia in protecting children from negative visual and verbal content in online games, and (2) the legal responsibility of online game electronic system organizers for exposure to negative visual and verbal content in children. The type of research used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach. The data used are secondary data obtained through document studies, with qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results of the study show that legal protection for children from negative visual and verbal impacts in online games is regulated through various regulations, including Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions, and Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information Technology Number 5 of 2021 and Number 2 of 2024. However, its implementation still faces obstacles such as weak age verification, non-objective independent classification, and easily circumvented language filtering. The legal responsibility of online game electronic system organizers for negative visual and verbal content on children can result in administrative or criminal sanctions, according to the Child Protection Law and iRegulation of ithe Minister iof Communication and Information Technology Number 5 of 2021.

This research aims to design and build a web-based New Student Admission Information System (PPDB) at Marawang State Elementary School. This system was developed as a solution to improve efficiency, transparency, and accuracy in the process of admitting new students. By utilizing web-based technology, prospective students and parents can register online, upload required documents, and monitor registration status in real-time. The school has the convenience of verifying data, managing information, and generating admission reports automatically. Data security is an important aspect of this system, so it is designed with personal information protection features to maintain the confidentiality of students. The system development method is carried out through a web-based approach that allows flexible access from a variety of devices. The results of the study show that the web-based PPDB system is able to speed up the administration process, reduce manual errors, and increase user satisfaction. The implementation of this system not only provides benefits for Marawang State Elementary School, but can also be used as a model for other schools in adopting a similar information system. Thus, the web-based PPDB system contributes to the modernization of basic education management and supports the creation of more effective and transparent educational services.

Child exploitation is a serious violation of human rights that involves children as victims. In Indonesia, such cases frequently occur due to severe economic pressure, lack of education, weak social supervision, and inadequate law enforcement. Children are often used as laborers or sources of income, either directly in the informal sector or through digital media. This study aims to examine how the juvenile criminal justice system in Indonesia addresses cases of child exploitation and to evaluate the effectiveness of legal protection for child victims. The research employs a normative juridical approach by referring to statutory regulations and relevant legal concepts. Data were collected from various primary legal sources, including the Child Protection Law and the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law. The findings indicate that although legal regulations are relatively clear and firm, their implementation in practice remains problematic. Coordination among institutions is not yet effective, social rehabilitation for victims is insufficient, and public awareness regarding children’s rights remains low. Law enforcement also has not fully prioritized the restorative justice approach, which emphasizes victim recovery and active community involvement. Therefore, stronger and more integrated legal policies, improved law enforcement capacity, and the empowerment of families and communities are required to ensure sustainable child protection.

This research is motivated by the increasing number of cases of child sexual abuse that cause serious psychological impacts in the form of trauma and emotional development disorders. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the process of religious guidance through Islamic religious education counseling for child victims of sexual abuse, which includes four main aspects, namely: (1) planning religious guidance, (2) implementing religious guidance activities, (3) strengthening religious guidance, and (4) supervision in the guidance process. This study uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. The validity of the data is tested using triangulation and member check techniques. The results of the study indicate that religious guidance planning is carried out by compiling programs, scheduling activities, and evaluating the results of guidance. The implementation of activities is carried out through religious counseling, psychological approaches, and integration of spiritual values to help children understand and internalize religious teachings independently. Strengthening guidance is carried out through spiritual counseling services, psychological assistance, and legal assistance for victims. Meanwhile, supervision of guidance is carried out through optimizing the role of the community in community-based child protection groups as an integrated system to create a safe and child-friendly environment.

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) have become a key component in the development of modern digital products and the transformation of cloud-based services. Its ability to provide structured access to data and enable cross-platform integration makes APIs at the core of the enterprise's digital architecture. However, the high level of API openness poses increasingly complex security challenges, including potential data exploitation, injection attacks, credential misuse, and exploitation of business logic loopholes. This article examines the strategic role of APIs in the digital ecosystem, analyzes the operational risks that arise from API exposure, and evaluates the effectiveness of basic defense mechanisms such as API Gateways and Web Application Firewalls (WAFs). The findings of the study show that while both solutions play an important role in controlling access, filtering, and mitigating attacks at the surface layer, they have not been able to provide comprehensive protection against modern API threats that are dynamic, distributed, and often exploit weaknesses at the application and business logic levels. Therefore, a more holistic, layered, and sustainable API security approach is needed, including anomalous behavior detection, API abuse protection, and real-time monitoring to maintain the integrity and reliability of digital services.  

The rapid development of technology encourages the change in crime patterns from conventional to digital through the use of electronic devices. This phenomenon makes many individuals and groups use technology not only for positive purposes, but also to gain financial gain illegally. Instagram as one of the most popular social media applications has also become a space for digital crime practices, especially through the creation of fake accounts. Fake accounts are used for various harmful acts such as online fraud, the spread of fake news, the use of identities or photos without permission, acts of bullying and negative comments that trigger conflicts, to the spread of pornographic content. This research aims to identify the forms of fake account practices on Instagram, analyze the causative factors, and evaluate the application of applicable laws, especially Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. The research method used is empirical legal research with a qualitative approach. The data was collected through interviews with investigators from the Directorate of Criminal Investigation of the Metro Jaya Police, academics, and civil society organizations (CSO). The results of the study show that the practice of fake accounts still often occurs due to low digital literacy, weak supervision from platforms, and not optimal law enforcement. Although Article 35 jo Article 51 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law has regulated the prohibition of data and identity manipulation, its implementation still faces a number of obstacles from aspects of legal substance, enforcement structure, and community legal culture. This study recommends the need for collaboration between the government and social media platforms in limiting the creation of fake accounts, improving people's digital literacy, and reformulating legal rules that are clearer and more adaptive to the dynamics of digital crime. These efforts are needed so that the protection of social media users is optimal and able to create a safe digital space.

MP3 audio files are often used in a variety of fields, but they are prone to security risks such as eavesdropping and illegal access. This study proposes a super encryption method by combining the algorithms of Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) and ElGamal to improve the protection of audio data. RSA was chosen for its efficiency and ease of implementation, while ElGamal offers a high level of security through discrete logarithmic complexity. The combination of the two is expected to address the weaknesses of each algorithm and strengthen file security. The system is developed using the Python programming language with the Visual Studio Code environment. The encryption process is done in layers: MP3 files are first encrypted with RSA, and then the results are encrypted again with ElGamal. The decryption is done in reverse order. Tests are conducted with various MP3 file sizes to measure the effectiveness and performance of the system. The results show that this method is able to secure audio files so that they cannot be accessed without the private keys of both algorithms. Although processing times are increased compared to single encryption, the level of security obtained is much higher. This approach can be an effective solution for protecting digital audio data, particularly MP3 format, and could potentially be applied to a wide range of other data types that require a high level of security.

The urgency of marriage as an effort to elevate human dignity and sustain life and progeny is regulated in Law Number 16 of 2019, which amends Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. The state requires marriage registration to guarantee the validity and legal protection of the rights of married couples and their children. One important provision in this regulation is the determination of the minimum age for marriage, which is 19 years for both men and women. However, in practice, underage marriages, including unregistered marriages, still occur. This study uses a normative-empirical research method, combining written legal analysis with field data to examine the application of laws and regulations in community practice. The results show that underage marriages can be legalized by the Religious Court based on Minister of Religious Affairs Regulation Number 20 of 2019. This regulation provides legal certainty and protection of children's rights, but has also raised controversy regarding the potential legalization of early marriage. This regulation has had a significant impact on the practice of itsbat nikah anak kecil, especially at the Bulango Ulu Religious Affairs Office (KUA), by reducing unregistered marriages. However, challenges in verifying evidence, socio-cultural pressures, and the normalization of early marriage remain major obstacles that must be overcome through education and cross-sector collaboration.

Objective – In the digital transformation era, the integrity of personal data has become essential for maintaining trust and ensuring the sustainability of digital services. This paper aims to systematically review how data privacy violations affect public trust and progress toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 9 (infrastructure and innovation) and SDG 16 (strong institutions and justice). Methodology—This study adopts the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on Kitchenham’s framework. Relevant articles from 2021–2025 were retrieved from Scopus, IEEE, Springer, and ScienceDirect using a predefined search string aligned with PICOC. A total of 19,504 records were screened, and 36 high-quality studies were selected after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality assessment tools (e.g., CASP, AMSTAR). Findings—The review reveals that sectors such as education, healthcare, and smart cities are increasingly adopting data protection technologies, including encryption, federated learning, differential privacy, and blockchain. However, many still face regulatory, infrastructural, and human literacy gaps. Breaches in personal data significantly reduce public trust, impair the exercise of digital rights, and pose ethical and operational risks for achieving SDGs. Limitations – The study is limited by the timeframe (2021–2025) and focuses primarily on peer-reviewed literature. Practical insights from developing countries may be underrepresented due to database indexing limitations. Contribution – This review contributes a cross-sectoral synthesis of technological and regulatory practices for data protection, identifies key challenges, and outlines a strategic roadmap for policymakers and technologists to integrate ethical data governance for sustainable digital futures.

This study aims to develop a web-based academic portal with a multi-layered security system to enhance data protection and operational efficiency. The system integrates Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) using WhatsApp OTP via Fonnte, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), and a user activity logging mechanism to ensure security, transparency, and accountability. Additionally, a web-based security monitoring feature is implemented, allowing administrators to observe user activities in real-time and respond promptly to potential threats. The testing results indicate that the combination of MFA, RBAC, and logging effectively strengthens the system against unauthorized access while improving its stability and reliability. Therefore, the developed system proves to be an effective solution for securing academic data, minimizing security risks, and optimizing the management of educational information.

Corruption in Indonesia has become a systemic and complex issue, posing a threat to economic, social, and political stability. Despite various efforts, including the establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission and robust law enforcement, Indonesia’s Corruption Perception Index has remained stagnant or declined in recent years. This is primarily due to the inadequacy of conventional audit methods, which struggle to detect complex and hidden corruption schemes. This study examines how the role of investigative audits by the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) can be optimized through synergy with the Whistleblowing System (WBS) to enhance corruption eradication efforts in Indonesia. Investigative audits, which focus on detecting fraud, are crucial as they can convert audit evidence into legal proof in corruption cases. However, the BPK’s role is often hindered by limited human resources, independence, and weak coordination. Using qualitative research and a literature review, this study analyzes relevant documents, books, scientific journals, and official reports to identify and classify relevant data. The findings indicate that strong synergy between BPK's investigative audits and the WBS is essential. Optimizing these two instruments requires significant reforms, including strengthening whistleblower protection laws, improving inter-agency collaboration, and fostering a robust anti-corruption culture. The study concludes that BPK’s investigative audits are effective in uncovering state losses, but their success depends on follow-up actions and coordination with law enforcement. The WBS can detect corruption early, but its effectiveness is limited by weak whistleblower protection and lack of trust in internal reporting channels.

This study maps the regulatory landscape of financial technology (fintech), focusing on cryptocurrency regulation at both global and Indonesian levels. Cryptocurrency, one of the fastest-growing fintech instruments, functions as a virtual currency secured by cryptography. Despite lacking physical form, it is widely used for investment, transactions, and speculation, with trust supported by blockchain’s transparency and immutability. However, regulatory frameworks remain fragmented across countries. The research applies a bibliometric approach, using Bibliometrix (R Studio) for descriptive analysis and VosViewer for keyword network visualization. Data were retrieved from Scopus with the keywords “cryptocurrency regulation” and “fintech regulation,” covering 2016–2025. Findings reveal 1,178 documents from 484 sources, contributed by 4,693 authors, with an average of 7.43 authors per document and an international collaboration rate of 24.79%. The annual growth rate reaches 44.31%, with an average of 14.01 citations per document. Keyword analysis identifies four main clusters: financial regulation, green finance and sustainability, decentralized finance (DeFi), and blockchain cybersecurity. This study provides a knowledge map of regulatory evolution from conventional finance to blockchain-based fintech, offering insights for academics, regulators, and industry to balance innovation, consumer protection, and financial stability.

Marriage is a physical and emotional bond between a man and a woman recognized by law and religion. In practice, issues often arise regarding the status of joint property acquired during marriage, especially in the event of divorce. To anticipate such disputes, a prenuptial agreement serves as a legal instrument that provides certainty and legal protection for both husband and wife in managing and dividing joint assets, either during the marriage or after divorce. This study aims to analyze the urgency of drafting a prenuptial agreement, identify the legal aspects that need to be included in the deed, and examine its juridical implications. This research employs a normative legal method with a conceptual and statutory approach, using descriptive-analytical techniques, secondary data sources, and qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that a prenuptial agreement has significant urgency in protecting the rights of both spouses in case of divorce. Furthermore, it holds binding legal force and creates juridical implications by clarifying the separation between personal and joint property, thereby ensuring legal certainty for both parties.  

The Child Friendly School policy is an important instrument in protecting children's rights and preventing violence in educational environments. This research aims to evaluate the implementation of the Child Friendly School policy at SD Negeri Kandangan, Krembung District, Sidoarjo Regency using William Dunn's policy evaluation approach. This research uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. Research informants were selected using purposive sampling techniques consisting of school principals, teachers, school committees, and students. Data analysis techniques use the Miles and Huberman model which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that the evaluation of policy effectiveness achieves a fairly good level of success in creating a safe and comfortable learning environment, although there are still some teachers who use conventional disciplinary methods. The efficiency evaluation shows that schools optimize limited resources through community participation and village government support. The adequacy evaluation identifies the need for improved facilities such as prayer rooms and special rooms for students with special needs. The equity evaluation shows the school's commitment to providing inclusive educational services without discrimination. The responsiveness evaluation shows high stakeholder satisfaction with child-friendly school programs. The accuracy evaluation confirms that this policy is appropriate for inclusive schools that have students with special needs. This research contributes to the development of educational policy evaluation with a focus on child protection in inclusive schools.  

This study explores the importance of protecting the Geographical Indication (GI) of Lamsi Tobacco from Temanggung to safeguard its authenticity and maintain product quality, in accordance with Law Number 20 of 2016 on Marks and Geographical Indications. Lamsi Tobacco is known for its distinctive taste, aroma, and quality, which are influenced by the geographical conditions of Temanggung as well as traditional cultivation practices passed down through generations. However, without legal protection, the authenticity and reputation of this product risk being diminished due to counterfeiting or unauthorized use of its name. The research method employed is normative juridical, which focuses on library research or secondary data by viewing law as a set of written norms enacted by authorized institutions. To strengthen the analysis, this study is also supported by a socio-legal approach that combines legal studies with social sciences so that law is understood not only as written norms but also as a practice that lives within society. The findings indicate that Lamsi Tobacco meets the criteria for Geographical Indication as stipulated in Law No. 20 of 2016 Protection through Geographical Indications not only plays a role in preserving the authenticity and quality of the product but also generates positive economic and social impacts for the community, particularly farmers. Nevertheless, several obstacles remain, such as low legal awareness, administrative difficulties, and the absence of a strong managing institution. Therefore, coordination between the central government, local government, farmer associations, and the community is necessary to realize effective legal protection. Through the registration and protection of Geographical Indications, Lamsi Tobacco is expected to maintain its reputation, increase competitiveness in the market, and make a tangible contribution to the welfare of the Temanggung community as well as the preservation of local culture.

The advancement of information technology has brought significant changes to society but also generated new crimes, such as online child sexual exploitation (cybersex trafficking). This study examines this phenomenon by focusing on the live streaming application "HOT51," which is frequently used as a medium for child exploitation. The research employs a qualitative descriptive analysis method based on secondary data from official reports and related literature. Findings indicate that the easy access to modified APK applications facilitates sexual exploitation of children, the most vulnerable group. Indonesian regulations already address child protection, but implementation faces challenges such as low digital literacy and weak supervision of digital platforms. This study emphasizes the need for tightened monitoring, digital literacy education, and active parental roles to reduce the risk of sexual exploitation in the digital realm. The contribution lies in enhancing understanding of child protection challenges in the digital era and highlighting the importance of adaptive regulations and multi-stakeholder cooperation to safeguard child rights and safety.

This study is motivated by the rapid development of social media, which has become an inseparable part of children’s lives in the digital era. While children gain educational and creative benefits from social media, they are also exposed to risks from negative content such as violence, pornography, and consumerist behavior, as reported by KPAI (2023) and data from We Are Social & Hootsuite (2024). To analyze this phenomenon, a library research method with a qualitative approach related to the development of children’s thinking patterns, and child protection regulations, aiming to gain a comprehensive understanding of social and juridical implications. The results indicate that social media plays a dual role in shaping children’s thinking: providing positive impacts through learning and creativity, while also posing potential negative influences if not properly supervised. Therefore, synergy is required between law enforcement based on Law Child Protection and Law Information and Electronic Transactions, parental supervision, and adequate digital literacy, so that social media can be used as an educational and safe tool for healthy child development.

The rapid growth of global digital technology has significantly reshaped social, economic, and legal systems. This transformation presents new challenges for states in fulfilling their legal responsibilities toward digital consumer protection amid the emergence of global citizenship. This study aims to analyze the forms of state responsibility in protecting digital consumer rights through legal and transnational ethical perspectives. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this research focuses on national legal instruments such as Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act No. 27 of 2022 and regional policies such as the ASEAN Digital Framework Agreement 2025. The findings reveal that states bear dual responsibilities: protecting citizens’ digital rights domestically and adhering to international norms globally. This responsibility involves law enforcement against data violations, policy harmonization, and the strengthening of digital ethics. The study concludes that cross-border cooperation and ethical integration are essential to ensure fair and sustainable digital governance.

Rice is the staple food of most Indonesian people, making its availability a national priority. This study aims to analyze the effect of harvested area on national rice production using a time series linear regression approach based on monthly data in 2025. The research employed quantitative methods using secondary data analyzed with SPSS 27. The regression results produced the equation Ŷ = –0.067 + 0.003X. The t-test showed a significance value < 0.001, indicating that harvested area has a positive and significant effect on rice production. The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.994, meaning 99.4% of rice production variation is explained by harvested area. These findings indicate that fluctuations in national rice production are largely determined by changes in harvested area rather than short-term productivity variations. Therefore, policies to increase rice production should prioritize maintaining harvested area through land protection, planting acceleration, and crop failure mitigation. The study contributes to providing an empirical model for short-term prediction of rice production in Indonesia.

Hospitals, as healthcare institutions, bear the responsibility of delivering safe, high-quality, and patient-centered services. Hospital accreditation serves as a crucial mechanism to ensure service quality and legal protection for patients, particularly in medical dispute cases. This study aims to analyze the impact of accreditation on patient legal protection, both preventively and repressively. The research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data were analyzed through document studies covering Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, government regulations, presidential regulations, and technical regulations from the Ministry of Health regarding accreditation standards and procedures. The findings indicate that accreditation functions as a continuous evaluation mechanism to ensure medical services comply with safety standards and clinical governance, strengthens patients’ rights to information, informed consent, and quality care, and reduces the risk of medical disputes. However, implementation challenges exist, including limited resources, compliance performed as formalities, and inconsistent supervision. Therefore, accreditation is not merely an administrative symbol but a strategic legal instrument that enhances patient safety culture and hospital accountability, ensuring that healthcare delivery meets professional, ethical, and legal standards.