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The study aims to analyze the legal gaps related to the regulation of new types of narcotics that have not been registered. This research employs a normative legal research method, which focuses on analyzing the existing legal provisions as stated in the relevant laws and regulations. The purpose is to examine how these legal frameworks address the emergence of new types of narcotics, especially those not yet registered in Indonesia. With the rapid development of synthetic drugs and other new narcotic substances, existing laws often struggle to keep up with emerging challenges. The normative legal research approach is particularly suitable for this study because it enables a critical examination of how the current legal system responds to these developments and whether it provides adequate legal tools to address such issues. Through this approach, the study will explore the gaps in existing positive law and assess how these legal voids impact the implementation of anti-drug policies and law enforcement in Indonesia. One key issue identified is the inability of current narcotics laws to effectively regulate or prevent the circulation of new, unregistered substances. This lack of legal recognition creates challenges for law enforcement agencies in controlling the distribution and use of such narcotics. Furthermore, the study will analyze the implications of these legal gaps on public health, law enforcement practices, and the overall effectiveness of anti-drug efforts in Indonesia. By identifying the shortcomings in the regulation of new narcotics types, the research aims to provide recommendations for improving legal frameworks and ensuring that laws evolve in tandem with emerging drug trends. Ultimately, this study contributes to enhancing the legal response to narcotic-related issues and supports the development of more effective drug control policies in Indonesia.

This study examines social ecology from the perspective of hadith science (‘ulum al-hadith), with the aim of exploring the environmental and social values contained in prophetic hadiths. The main focus of this study is the methodological analysis of hadiths related to ecological issues, such as environmental conservation, social justice, and natural resource management. This study uses a hadith criticism approach, namely by examining aspects of authenticity through analysis of sanad (chain of narrators), criticism of matan (the content of the hadith), and contextual and semantic interpretation of hadiths relevant to environmental themes. In this study, the hadiths analyzed were selectively selected based on their relevance to the principles of Islamic social ecology. The analysis process was carried out thoroughly to assess the validity of the hadith and understand its meaning and normative objectives. This approach integrates classical evaluation methods of hadith science with a contemporary ethical perspective, resulting in a comprehensive framework for formulating hadith-based environmental ethics. Research findings indicate that many authentic hadiths contain strong social ecological principles, such as the concept of caliphate (human leadership over the earth), mizan (balance), and distributive justice. These values emphasize the importance of human responsibility in preserving nature and creating harmony between humans and their environment. These hadiths also demonstrate the close relationship between the spiritual dimension and socio-ecological responsibility. This study makes a significant contribution to the development of hadith-based Islamic environmental jurisprudence. With a methodological and academic approach, this study enriches understanding of Islamic ecological ethics and opens up opportunities for integrating religious values into just and sustainable environmental management.

The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) industry increasingly relies on automation and digitalization to improve efficiency and accuracy in production and distribution processes. One common practice is the use of labels containing product information in the form of barcodes or QR codes, which allow automatic data input and reduce the risk of human error compared to manual writing. However, in current practices, these labels are only attached to PCBs after they have been placed inside casings. This creates a significant limitation, as access to the label information requires disassembling the casing whenever product verification, tracking, or troubleshooting is needed. Such a process not only consumes additional time and resources but also increases the risk of damaging the product. To overcome this challenge, this study proposes the development of a traceability system designed to accurately monitor the location, identity, and status of PCBs throughout the distribution process. The system was implemented as a web-based application capable of generating and printing product information labels in the form of barcodes and QR codes. Each label functions as a unique identifier, ensuring that every PCB can be distinctly tracked from production to final product assembly. All data associated with the labels is automatically stored in a centralized database, providing real-time accessibility, simplifying information management, and enabling faster decision-making in the event of quality control issues. System evaluation was carried out through rigorous testing, which showed a 100% success rate in generating, storing, and retrieving product information without errors. The findings indicate that the proposed traceability system is both effective and efficient, and it offers a practical solution for industries seeking to enhance supply chain visibility, improve product accountability, and reduce operational inefficiencies in PCB distribution and lifecycle management.

The circulation of narcotics in Tanjungpinang City has increased from 2019 to 2023, despite various programs implemented by relevant agencies. Based on the data, there were 422 suspects apprehended, with 395 suspects acting as distributors (dealers) and 27 suspects as users. The presence of two main institutions, the National Narcotics Agency of Tanjungpinang City and the Narcotics Crime Unit of Tanjungpinang City Police, has not yet been fully effective in reducing the rate of drug trafficking. This study aims to analyze the application of collaborative governance in combating drug trafficking in Tanjungpinang City, based on the theory of Schottle, Haghsheno, and Gehbauer (2014) with seven indicators: willingness to compromise, communication, commitment, mutual trust, transparency/information exchange, knowledge sharing, and willingness to take risks. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews and documentation. The research results indicate that willingness to compromise is reflected in cooperation such as joint investigations and coordination in handling suspects. Communication between agencies is conducted both formally and digitally, though not yet structured on a routine basis, it remains responsive. Commitment is demonstrated through Operation Antik, the BNNP prevention program, and the consistent and sustained participation of the DPC GANN. Mutual trust is built through open communication and recognition of each party's role. Transparency and information exchange are evident in the openness of data and access to information between agencies and the public, though technological challenges remain. Knowledge sharing is facilitated through contributions from the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), the police, and former offenders, fostering collective learning. Willingness to take risks is evident in the courage to adopt new approaches for innovation in drug eradication.

In the healthcare system, hospitals have a legal responsibility to ensure the safety and rights of patients while receiving medical services. However, in certain emergency situations that are unpredictable—such as natural disasters, epidemics, social unrest, or technical disruptions beyond human control—hospitals face challenges in fulfilling their responsibilities optimally. These situations are often categorized as force majeure or circumstances of necessity. Issues arise when there is no clear and definite legal regulation regarding the extent to which hospitals can be exempted from legal responsibility in force majeure situations. This creates a legal gap that could harm both the hospital and the patients. This research aims to examine and analyze the legal gap regarding hospital responsibility in force majeure situations and provide a conceptual overview of the direction for forming ideal legal norms in the future. This research uses a normative juridical method, with a legislative and conceptual approach. The data sources consist of primary legal materials such as laws, government regulations, and technical regulations in the healthcare field; secondary legal materials such as literature, journals, and legal articles; and tertiary legal materials such as legal dictionaries. The analytical technique used is descriptive-analytical, focusing on the systematic interpretation of existing legal norms and theoretical approaches to the concepts of legal responsibility and force majeure in healthcare services. This research is expected to contribute academically and provide a foundation for the formulation of responsive and just legal policies in dealing with extraordinary situations in the healthcare sector. By addressing this legal gap, the study aims to provide a basis for future legal reforms that will protect both healthcare providers and patients in the face of unforeseen circumstances that may affect the provision of healthcare services.

This research is an evaluative study of the old urban area of Kesawan in Medan City, which has been part of the city’s revitalization efforts initiated by the Medan City Government. Kesawan possesses strong historical and colonial architectural character but has undergone functional and visual degradation due to uncontrolled modern urban development. One of the key issues identified is the presence of inactive urban spaces, disconnected from the public realm and lacking social meaning—phenomena recognized in urban theory as lost space. This concept serves as the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of the revitalization program implemented since 2021. The study employs a qualitative approach using a single-case study method, focusing on Kesawan as a complex urban space. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews with five categories of informants (building owners, visitors, security personnel, street vendors, and architects), and visual documentation. The analysis adopts the theoretical framework of Finding Lost Space by Roger Trancik (1986), which comprises three main approaches: Figure-Ground Theory, Linkage Theory, and Place Theory. These were further elaborated into six evaluative indicators: connectivity, continuity and circulation, enclosure, accessibility, visual orientation, and the meaning and perception of space by the public. The findings indicate that revitalization has brought significant visual improvements and physical enhancements, particularly along the main corridor of Jalan Ahmad Yani I–VII. However, many secondary streets and non-priority areas still exhibit characteristics of lost space, such as disconnected pedestrian paths, underutilized voids, weak spatial integration, and limited social engagement. These conditions suggest that the revitalization outcomes remain uneven and predominantly cosmetic in certain areas. The study recommends integrating spatial and social approaches in future urban revitalization policies to ensure that public space functions can be restored holistically, sustainably, and contextually in line with local identity.

The Community Service Program (KKN) is an intracurricular activity that is mandatory for students as a form of community service. In this context, the KKN group R1 of Janabadra University Yogyakarta conducted a service activity in Banyurejo Village, Yogyakarta City, for six weeks. This activity carried the main theme of community empowerment in environmental management, with a primary focus on increasing awareness of the economic potential of waste through the implementation of an Environmental Workshop with the theme "Waste as Economic Potential: Creating an Independent and Clean Village." This workshop was the core agenda that involved the active participation of residents in discussing and practicing waste management that was wise, economically valuable, and environmentally friendly. To support this main activity, several supporting programs were also implemented, including: Ceria Class as a medium for environmental education for children, the establishment of a Waste Bank, joint exercise activities with residents, village clean-up actions, synergy with the PKK women's group, and educational seminars on the environment and health. All activities were designed with a community-based educational and participatory approach, to encourage direct community involvement in creating change. During the implementation period, this program showed positive results. There was an increase in public awareness of the importance of structured and sustainable waste management. Furthermore, residents have begun to demonstrate their initiative by establishing neighborhood-level waste banks, demonstrating their commitment to community-based waste management. Participation from various community elements, including children, housewives, and community leaders, is key to the success of this initiative. The success of the Janabadra University Community Service Program (KKN) group R1 is expected to serve as a model for other regions in designing and implementing community empowerment programs, particularly in the environmental sector.

This study aims to develop interactive learning media for logic gate material in Industrial Electronics Engineering subjects at SMK Negeri 5 Batam by utilizing Adobe Flash CS6 integrated with CircuitVerse. This media is designed to provide a more interesting, interactive, and applicable learning experience, so it is expected to improve students' understanding of the concept of logic gates which is a basic material in the field of electronics. The study uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach with a 4D development model that includes the Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. Research data were collected through validation by material experts and media experts, as well as practicality tests involving students. Data collection instruments were in the form of validation sheets and student response questionnaires. The validation results showed that the developed learning media obtained a score of 88.20% from material experts and 93.88% from media experts, both of which are in the "very valid" category. The practicality test involving grade XI students obtained a score of 92.80%, indicating that the media is "very practical" to use in the learning process. This interactive media combines elements of text, images, animation, and digital circuit simulations using CircuitVerse, so students can learn logic gate concepts visually and directly practice them virtually. This integration not only makes it easier for students to understand the theory but also trains problem-solving and critical thinking skills. The findings of this study indicate that interactive learning media based on Adobe Flash CS6 and CircuitVerse has great potential to increase learning motivation, student engagement, and conceptual understanding of logic gate material. This media is also relevant to support the implementation of the Independent Curriculum, which emphasizes project-based learning, independent learning, and complete competency mastery.  

Air circulation and natural lighting are among the key aspects influencing the comfort of room usage, particularly in dormitory buildings inhabited by university students. This study aims to explore thermal comfort more deeply, focusing on air circulation and natural lighting within student dormitory rooms in the Riau Islands. A qualitative method was employed, collecting up-to-date data on the selected building. Building simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and DIALux were conducted to analyze the speed of air circulation and the quality of natural lighting within the rooms. The results reveal that prior to evaluation, the dormitory rooms faced thermal issues related to poor air circulation and insufficient natural lighting. Wind speed was recorded at less than 2 m/s, and the incoming and outgoing airflow collided due to the presence of only one ventilation access. The evaluation using cross-ventilation through room openings showed a positive impact on indoor air circulation, increasing wind speeds to 2–4 m/s. The cross-ventilation concept also enhanced the discharge and exchange of indoor air, preventing air stagnation. In terms of natural lighting, the simulation showed that lighting intensity in several rooms was below the minimum standard of 250 lux, particularly in areas far from the window openings. After modifications to the window layout and the addition of secondary light-transmitting elements, the lighting level significantly improved to meet the recommended standard. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating both passive ventilation and natural lighting strategies in student dormitory designs. Improving these environmental aspects not only enhances thermal comfort but also supports the health, productivity, and well-being of the residents. This study contributes to the growing body of research on sustainable dormitory design and can be used as a reference for future architectural planning and policy improvements.

This research is motivated by the rampant circulation of repackaged products that have not been fully supervised. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the legal protection provided to consumers and the effectiveness of the role of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) in conducting supervision. The purpose of this study is to determine the legal protection provided to consumers of packaged food products and to determine the extent to which BPOM carries out its role as a supervisory agency in ensuring the safety of these products. This research uses a normative legal approach with a qualitative approach, through literature study and interviews as a complement. The results show that business actors are required to re-register repackaged products in accordance with food safety regulations. This is a preventive measure to ensure that products in circulation are safe for consumption and provide effective legal protection for consumers. The findings also indicate that BPOM supervision still needs strengthening, both in terms of regulations, resources, and community outreach.  

Bekasam is a traditional Indonesian fermented food produced through spontaneous fermentation involving microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB plays a crucial role in the fermentation process by producing lactic acid, which lowers pH, inhibits pathogenic microbial growth, and enhances flavor and food safety. This study aimed to identify and characterize LAB isolated from fermented snakehead fish (Channa striata) based on Gram staining and colony morphology. The research began with bacterial isolation using NA Nutrient Agar, followed by macroscopic observation of colony characteristics including shape, edge, elevation, color, and size. Subsequently, Gram staining was performed to determine the cell wall structure and microscopic morphology of the bacteria. The results showed that the bacterial isolates from bekasam generally had circular colonies, white to cream in color, smooth surface, and were Gram-positive rod-shaped cells. In conclusion, bekasam from snakehead fish contains dominant lactic acid bacteria with distinctive colony morphology and Gram-positive characteristics, indicating potential as a natural starter culture for food fermentation.

This paper examines how The Picture Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde marks a critical turn in which he critiques late-Victorian upper-class privilege and moral immunity. While previous scholarship has predominantly analyzed the novel as a moral allegory or aesthetic treatise, this study employs cultural materialism as a theoretical framework to demonstrate how Wilde uses Dorian’s isolation of his portrait and subsequent hedonistic experimentation as symbolic representations of the aristocracy’s ability to shield him from moral and social consequences. Wilde’s text reveals how the English aristocracy could embody ideals of beauty and reap princely treatment while committing debauchery without reproach. Through Culler’s close reading method toward this novel, especially chapters eight and nine, this analysis reveals how Dorian’s act of hiding the portrait symbolizes social denial, while his obsessive aesthetic consumption reflects the practices of the leisure class. This shows that Wilde hints Dorian’s social circle accepts his sensual life simply because his appearance remains unmarred–a commentary on class privilege. By examining the specific textual elements and historical context of—especially—chapters eight and nine of this novel, this study contributes to the understanding of how Wilde’s novel serves as both a product of and commentary on the class structures and moral hypocrisy of late-Victorian England.

Introduction Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one of the indicators to determine the quality of maternal health services in Indonesia. Obstetric complications greatly affect MMR, including long first stage of labor. Moxa therapy is a traditional therapy that uses mugwort plants (artemisia vulgaris) to provide warmth to acupuncture points in the body. The goal is to stimulate energy circulation (QI) and blood. Method This study aims to determine the differences before and after intervention related to the duration of labor of inpartu mothers after giving mugwort moxa. This study is a pre-experimental study with a one group pretest-posttest study design conducted on inpartu mothers in the first stage. Results The calculated value obtained from the calculation using the T-test was 0.015, so the calculated t value <0.05 (0.15 <0.05) so it can be said that moxa therapy affects the duration of the first stage of labor. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between mugwort moxa therapy and the duration of labor of inpartu mothers in the first stage of labor at the Malang Regional Health Facility. Mugwort moxa therapy tends to shorten the duration of the first stage of labor.

Panji Kahirupan Dance is a Cirebonese mask dance created by H. Taufik Hidayat, the founder of Sanggar Ki Bagus Rangin. This dance portrays the journey of human life, from pre-birth to adulthood, inspired by the changing characters (wanda) of the Cirebon mask tradition. This study aims to describe and analyze the symbolic meanings embedded in the Panji Kahirupan Dance. The research uses a qualitative method with a semiotic approach, allowing the researcher to explore both the denotative and connotative meanings of the symbolic elements in the dance. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and validated using triangulation of techniques and sources. The data analysis involves data reduction to select relevant information, data presentation to synthesize findings, and conclusion drawing to interpret the symbolic meanings of each performance element. The costumes carry symbolic meanings through their colors: white represents the sanctity of life’s beginning, yellow symbolizes spirit, and red denotes ambition. The soft gamelan music contributes to a spiritual and contemplative atmosphere. The floor patterns, such as circles and straight lines, symbolize the life cycle and life’s purpose.

This study aims to analyze the impact of monetary policy on income inequality in Indonesia over a certain period of time. Monetary policy implemented by Bank Indonesia plays an important role in maintaining macroeconomic stability through instruments such as interest rates, inflation, and the amount of money in circulation. However, the implementation of this policy also has an impact on the distribution of community income. This study uses a quantitative approach with secondary data in the form of time series analyzed using econometric regression methods to measure the effect of monetary policy variables on the income inequality index (Gini Ratio). The results of the study show that variables such as the benchmark interest rate and inflation have a significant relationship to income inequality. When inflation increases, the purchasing power of the lower middle class decreases more sharply than the upper class, thus widening the gap in inequality. Conversely, controlling inflation through appropriate interest rates can help reduce economic disparities. This study provides important meaning for policy makers to pay more attention to the distribution aspect in determining monetary policy so that economic growth can be more inclusive and equitable.

Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a commonly used nonprescription cough suppressant that has gained field of science attention with its growing complex pharmacological effects and increased incidences of nonmedical use. This review is focused on pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics and CNS effects of DXM, especially on its action mechanism and the interaction with neural circuits and neurotransmitter systems. Although DXM has retained clinical utility as an antitussive, and has demonstrated potential as an off-label agent for neuropsychiatric disease, the recreational use of high doses can have harmful effects on the nervous system. At high doses DXM is capable of dissociation and hallucination similar to those induced by some opioids and NMDA antagonists, altering both mental status and cognition while being associated with neurotoxic effects. In this article, review and compare the similarities and differences between DXM and classic opioids in terms of their potential for abuse and their neurological effects. By case examples and existing epidemiological data, it also highlights the mounting abuse of DXM, most notably by children and young adults, posing a pressing public health challenge. Legislation on DXM is also described and differences in legislative response worldwide are highlighted. Finally, the article finishes by emphasizing the requirement for further studies involving other disciplines to detail the long-term neurological consequences of DXM abuse and to promote integrated public health interventions targeting education, prevention, and clinical treatment.

The increasing trend in skincare usage, particularly whitening products, has led many business actors to market their products extensively without regard for legal compliance. One notable issue is the circulation of blue-label skincare products, which should only be provided with a doctor's prescription. The research employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and literature study. The findings reveal that legal protection for consumers in the use of blue-label skincare products remains suboptimal. These products often contain active ingredients such as corticosteroids or antibiotics, which should only be used under a doctor's prescription and supervision. However, in practice, many business actors continue to sell them freely via online marketplaces and social media platforms. This not only violates BPOM regulations and health laws but also poses a direct threat to consumer safety. Furthermore, business accountability is still lacking, as evidenced by the insufficient transparency regarding product content, usage instructions, and distribution permits.

This study aims to analyze the direct impact of the circular economy on the Waste Bank program. It is expected to demonstrate community involvement in the program. Community participation and engagement in waste management initiatives can help reduce the environmental burden caused by waste hazards and also serve as business opportunities for the community. The study is based on several factors, including government policy, entrepreneurial knowledge, income expectations, and entrepreneurial attitude. Data were collected from 202 respondents through an online questionnaire and analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method with a Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The results indicate that all variables examined in this study have a positive and significant influence on community participation.

Plastic bottle waste is a leftover material that is no longer used from human activities. Flower bouquet has become one of the necessities, especially for teenagers to adults. Comparison of the price of a bouquet of real flowers and artificial flowers is quite expensive, making a bouquet of flowers from plastic bottle waste a new innovation. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of making a flower bouquet, determine product validation, determine the public acceptance of the product, and determine the comparison of the price of production costs of a flower bouquet of plastic bottle waste, real flowers, and artificial flowers. This research uses the methods of observation, literature, experimentation, documentation, interviews, and questionnaires. The process of making a bouquet consists of the preparation of tools and materials, and manufacturing steps starting from bottle selection, bottle cleaning, bottle formation according to flower patterns, pattern assembly, application of color paint, glitter, and clear paint. Making a flower bouquet from plastic bottle waste was carried out through three experiments. The results of the validation test to 3 expert validators based on the assessment of shape, color, appearance, circuit patterns, and color combinations that obtained decent results were the products in the third experiment with a score of 15. The results of the public test to 34 respondents on the public acceptance of the products in the third experiment based on aspects of shape, color, appearance, circuit patterns, and color combinations were very like (score 3). So that the product in the third experiment was accepted by the community. So that the product in the third experiment is accepted by the public and has the potential to become a business opportunity. We recommend that craftsmen streamline time in the manufacturing process and use gloves to avoid droplets of wax glue and cuts due to cutters or sharp bottle parts.

Advances in technology and computers are utilized in various fields of contemporary applications, especially in cryptography and data security in graph theory applications. By understanding the concepts of graph theory, researchers and developers can design cryptographic algorithms that are stronger, more efficient and resistant to attacks. One of the cryptographic applications that has been implemented is the XNOR algorithm. This algorithm has been applied to encryption and decryption as well as the use of stream ciphers. By using 64 bits, the XNOR algorithm can expand encryption and decryption capabilities and increase the security of encrypted data. In this research, an analysis was carried out regarding information encryption and decryption algorithms with the application and development of the XNOR gate logic circuit method in Boolean algebra and graph theory. This research uses the example of the word MATH, which can be changed into a code or password and vice versa to secure information that you want to keep secret. Apart from that, an analysis of the graph formation of each character in the word MATH was also carried out using Python which produced semi-Euler and Hamilton graphs