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Ciberi Beach is a tourist area in Enggros Village, Abepura District, Jayapura City, with significant development potential that draws on its natural resources and local wisdom. This study aims to identify internal and external factors influencing the development of the tourism area and to formulate appropriate development strategies using SWOT analysis. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, with data collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires distributed to 25 visitors. The findings show that the main strengths are unspoiled natural scenery and community friendliness, while the main weaknesses include inadequate public facilities and poor road access. Key opportunities include ecotourism potential and policy support for spatial planning, while threats include coastal abrasion and unmanaged waste. Based on the SWOT matrix, the strategic position falls in Quadrant I (X = 0.31; Y = 0.51), supporting an aggressive SO strategy. Priority strategies include community-based ecotourism development, digital promotion, collaborative partnerships with universities and NGOs, and regulatory strengthening for sustainable land use. The analysis is grounded in a three-framework theoretical lens comprising the 3A tourism components (Attraction, Accessibility, Amenity), ecotourism principles, and community-based tourism, which together guide the interpretation of SWOT findings and the formulation of strategy.

Misconceptions on the topic of waves are a systemic problem in high school physics learning that requires a comprehensive diagnostic instrument. Conventional diagnostic instruments up to the four-tier generation have limitations in revealing the conceptual structure behind students' thinking errors. This study aims to develop a five-tier multi-representation diagnostic instrument on the topic of waves using the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). The main innovation of this instrument lies in the integration of multi-representations (verbal, pictures, graphics, mathematical) in Tier 1 and the addition of a paraphrase tier (Tier 5) that asks students to rewrite their understanding in their own words. The development process includes needs analysis, designing a grid of 16 questions, validation by two experts, and a limited trial on 34 grade XI students of SMAN 13 Kota Jambi. The results of expert validation showed an average percentage of 91.25% (Very Good) from both validators. Content validity was met with a percentage of False Positive (FP) of 6.80% and False Negative (FN) of 4.41%, both below the 10% threshold. Construct validity was confirmed through a significant Product Moment correlation (r = 0.342–0.348; sig. < 0.05) and factor analysis with six significant factors (eigenvalue > 1). The instrument's reliability was high, with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.726. This instrument is expected to help physics teachers diagnose students' misconceptions more precisely and thoroughly on the topic of waves.

Universities are educational institutions that have an important role in addressing various problems in rural areas by motivating, empowering, and broadening the perspectives of local communities. Through community service activities, universities can contribute to improving community skills and encouraging economic independence. This community service program aims to foster an entrepreneurial spirit among female farmers in APK Bandung Village, Selupu Rejang District, through training and assistance in producing pineapple-flavored papaya jam as a value-added agricultural product. The program was conducted in November 2025 and involved one partner, namely the Srikandi Women's Farmers Group (Kelompok Wanita Tani/KWT) 02 of APK Bandung Village. The implementation stages included socialization, product-making demonstrations, mentoring, monitoring, and evaluation activities. These stages were designed to enhance participants’ knowledge and practical skills in processing local agricultural commodities into marketable products. Out of 20 registered members of KWT Srikandi, 17 members attended and actively participated in the program. The results of the evaluation, based on questionnaires distributed to participants, showed that approximately 64.70% of the members demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit. These findings indicate that the program contributed positively to increasing entrepreneurial awareness and encouraging the development of small-scale rural business opportunities among female farmers.

Tax avoidance practices remain a crucial issue due to their potential to erode state revenue and hinder national development financing. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the effect of fixed capital intensity, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance, and political connections on tax avoidance practices. The research method used is quantitative with a panel data analysis approach under the selected Random Effect Model (REM) estimation. The research population covers all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2023–2024 period. Through the purposive sampling method, a final sample of 259 companies was obtained, resulting in 518 observation data over two years. The partial empirical results demonstrate that fixed capital intensity has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance. Conversely, both ESG performance and political connections are proven to have a significant positive effect on tax avoidance. Simultaneously, the three independent variables significantly influence corporate tax avoidance actions, contributing an Adjusted R-squared value of 10.43%. The practical implication of this study emphasizes the urgent need for tax authorities to increase oversight on companies indicated to be utilizing ESG reporting as a greenwashing strategy or leveraging political protection to avoid taxes. For corporate management, these findings serve as an evaluation to align sustainability commitments with ethical fiscal compliance.

Community participation around tourist destinations is one of the key factors in achieving sustainable conservation-based tourism management. This study aims to analyze the involvement of local communities in the management of sustainable nature tourism in Danum Bahandang, Palangka Raya City. The study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with relevant informants, field observations, and documentation studies of various relevant sources. The findings indicate that the level of community involvement in managing the tourist destination remains suboptimal. Local residents only participate in certain tourism activities and have not been actively involved in the planning, management, and decision-making processes related to destination development. This condition shows that the role of the community is still limited and does not yet fully reflect participatory tourism management. Based on Arnstein's ladder of participation theory, the level of community participation falls within the category of *tokenism*. Therefore, greater efforts are needed to enhance community involvement so that sustainable tourism management can be implemented more effectively while supporting environmental sustainability and improving the welfare of local communities.  

California papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) are known to contain various active compounds that have the potential to stimulate appetite and boost metabolism, making them a promising candidate for development as a pharmaceutical formulation. This study aims to design a capsule formulation of California papaya leaf extract with appropriate excipients and to evaluate its ability to increase body weight through preclinical testing using a zebrafish (Danio rerio). The extract was obtained via maceration with 96% ethanol and formulated into capsules using the wet granulation method in four variations (F0–F3). Physical evaluations included organoleptic properties, flowability, angle of repose, loss on drying, disintegration time, weight uniformity, and stability testing using the cycling test method. The results indicated that all formulas met the physical requirements, with disintegration times of 3–4 minutes and loss on drying <15%. Formula F2 exhibited the most optimal physical characteristics; however, stability testing revealed a decline in physical properties after extreme temperature treatment. Efficacy tests showed a significant increase in zebrafish weight (p < 0.05), with F3 yielding the best results. A high survival rate (≥80%) suggests the formulation is relatively safe. In conclusion, California papaya leaf extract capsules demonstrate significant potential as an agent to promote weight gain.

This study aims to identify and evaluate the cultural tourism potential of Kalurahan Grogol in Gunungkidul Regency to inform the development of a community-based cultural tourism village. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach supported by quantitative scoring techniques using a 1–5 Likert scale across four assessment dimensions: cultural value, physical value, tourism value, and experiential value. The analysis applied Du Cros and McKercher’s Market Appeal–Robusticity Matrix to map the market attractiveness and cultural robustness of each cultural asset. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and documentation studies of 46 tangible and intangible cultural assets in Kalurahan Grogol. The findings reveal that most cultural assets exhibit moderate to high cultural robustness, indicating that local cultural practices remain active and socially sustained within the community. Prominent cultural assets such as Rasulan, Karawitan Lestari Budoyo, Reog Sedyo Laras, Gejlok Lesung, Sega Berkat, and Tempe Godhong are positioned in Quadrant A1, characterized by high market appeal and high robustness, making them highly potential as leading cultural tourism attractions. Meanwhile, assets in Quadrants B and C present opportunities to develop creative, educational, spiritual, and wellness-based experiential tourism products. The study also finds that several sacred traditions categorized in Quadrant D are more appropriately preserved through non-commercial approaches. The absence of cultural assets in the D3 category indicates that the cultural system of Kalurahan Grogol remains adaptive and regenerative amid modernization. This research contributes theoretically by extending the application of the Market Appeal–Robusticity Matrix into the context of community-based cultural tourism villages. It provides strategic recommendations for sustainable cultural tourism development that remain sensitive to local cultural authenticity.

The development of an economic activity in a city is often one of the influences on changes in the use of residential space in the surrounding area. One of the phenomena that we can see in big cities in Indonesia is the use of residences as rental housing such as boarding houses and rents aimed especially at workers in foreign areas. This study aims to analyze the use of residential space by the community as temporary residence for employees of Mie Gacoan restaurant in Serang City, Banten, and see how it affects the spatial dynamics of the residential area. This study uses a primary and secondary data-based case study method with a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the existence of economic activities around residential areas can encourage an increase in the need for temporary housing for workers in rural areas. This phenomenon makes some people take advantage of their residences by making them rental residences such as boarding houses and rented ones. This can affect the spatial structure of the residential area, such as increasing population density, increasing activities in the residential environment, and the presence of small economic activities by the community. Therefore, this phenomenon states that the development of economic activity in an urban area can trigger changes in the use of space in the surrounding residential area.

The development of information technology and the use of social media have increased the potential for defamation against various institutions, including educational institutions. The reputation of schools or educational institutions is an important social asset because it is directly related to public trust, institutional credibility, and the continuity of the educational process. However, the Indonesian legal system still places greater emphasis on protecting individual reputation than institutional reputation, creating a need to reexamine the legal position of educational institutions in responding to attacks on their good name. This study aims to analyze legal protection for the reputation of educational institutions within the Indonesian legal system and to formulate a more comprehensive reconstruction of legal protection that is relevant to the development of digital spaces. This research uses a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches. Data sources consist of primary legal materials, including Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of legal literature and educational theory. The results show that defamation provisions in the Criminal Code and the ITE Law have not explicitly provided adequate protection for the reputation of educational institutions. Therefore, legal protection reconstruction is needed through affirming educational institutions as legal subjects whose reputation deserves protection, strengthening reputation recovery mechanisms, and integrating educational ethics perspectives into legal regulation.

Risk factors for melasma have been identified at several points such as the use of birth control pills, cosmetics, sun exposure, estrogen therapy, decreased thyroid and ovarian function, ovarian tumors, nutrition, drugs that are classified as phototoxic or photoallergic, and epilepsy drugs. This article aims to determine the incidence of melasma and its risk factors. This study uses articles collected from the Google Scholar database. The data collection step uses the keyword "Risk Factor Melasma" according to the title and keyword criteria. The articles used are publications in the 2018-2023 year range. The stages of analysis are carried out using VOSviewer software for visualization and trend analysis in the form of bibliometric maps. The bibliometric approach was applied to identify publication patterns, research developments, and relationships among topics related to melasma risk factors. Based on the visualization results, 100 selected documents were published within 5 years, from 2018 to 2023. The findings provide an overview of the main research trends and contribute to a better understanding of the incidence of melasma and the factors associated with its occurrence

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) provides short-term income for rural communities but frequently creates environmental, safety, and governance problems when it operates outside formal control. This study aimed to analyze the existing condition of ASGM, identify the driving and inhibiting factors of its arrangement, describe the perceived impacts, and formulate strategic directions for ASGM arrangement in Karang Jaya District, North Musi Rawas Regency, Indonesia. A qualitative descriptive approach was applied using semi-structured interviews supported by secondary data on the study area, population, and agricultural land use. Twenty-two informants represented district officials, village officials, technical agencies, company representatives, community leaders, nearby residents, and ASGM actors. Data were analyzed through reduction, presentation, interpretation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that ASGM development is driven by gold potential, mining history, household economic pressure, limited alternative employment, and weak field control. The main impacts include land degradation, open mining pits, landslide and occupational accident risks, and mercury-related water and soil contamination. The recommended strategy combines alternative livelihood development, skills training, local economic institutional strengthening, gradual area monitoring, land rehabilitation, and mercury-risk education.

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of urban growth, land use change, and settlement development in Wamena City during 2020–2025. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach using satellite imagery and population data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Jayawijaya Regency. The analysis was conducted through satellite image interpretation to identify land use changes and the expansion of built-up areas.The results indicate that the built-up area in Wamena City increased from 1,250 hectares in 2020 to 2,012 hectares in 2025. Meanwhile, the population increased from 44,315 people to 49,102 people during the same period. Land use changes were dominated by the conversion of open land into residential areas and other urban facilities. Settlement growth generally followed the main road networks, city center, and areas surrounding Wamena Airport. Population growth, urbanization, economic activities, and infrastructure development were identified as the main factors influencing urban growth dynamics in Wamena City. These conditions resulted in reduced open spaces and increased urban density.

This study aims to determine the leadership competency of Catholic religious education teachers in creating a conducive learning environment at SMP Negeri 4 Nubatukan. This research used a qualitative approach with a case study approach. Data collection was conducted through observation, interviews, and documentation involving Catholic religious education teachers, students, and school officials. The results indicate that Catholic religious education teachers have demonstrated leadership competency through their ability to manage the classroom, provide good role models, build positive relationships with students, and provide motivation during the learning process. Teachers also strive to create a safe, comfortable, and orderly learning environment to encourage students to be more active in learning. Furthermore, several supporting factors exist, such as collaboration between teachers and the school, parental support, and the application of religious values ​​in the school environment. However, this study also identified several obstacles, such as limited learning facilities, lack of student participation, and limited learning time. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the leadership competency of Catholic religious education teachers plays a crucial role in creating a conducive learning environment and supporting student development, both academically and spiritually.

This study aims to analyze in-depth cognitive learning theory and its implications for improving the effectiveness of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teaching at the elementary school level. The adopted methodological approach is qualitative through library research, with the application of content analysis and theoretical synthesis techniques. Primary data sources were obtained from academic literature including textbooks, scientific journals, and the latest empirical research relevant within the last decade. The results of the analysis indicate that cognitive learning theory positions cognitive processes as the core of learning activities, allowing students to function as active agents in constructing knowledge through understanding, analysis, memory representation, and integration with pre-existing cognitive schemas. In the context of PAI, this approach enables meaningful learning through interactive pedagogical strategies such as collaborative discussions, problem-solving, case studies, and metacognitive reflection, which are empirically adapted to the stages of students' cognitive development. The implementation of cognitive theory significantly contributes to strengthening conceptual understanding, increasing learning engagement, developing critical thinking skills, transferring knowledge, and internalizing Islamic values. Thus, cognitive learning theory makes a substantial contribution to optimizing the effectiveness of PAI teaching in elementary schools through an interactive, systematic, and understanding-oriented approach.

This study aims to analyze the role of parents in fostering adolescents' moral development and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors in this process in Karya Jaya Village, Buton Regency. This research is motivated by the importance of adolescence as a critical developmental stage that is highly vulnerable to environmental influences, thus requiring optimal moral guidance, especially from the family as the first and primary educational institution. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach. The research subjects consist of 30 parents and adolescents selected through purposive sampling. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation to obtain in-depth and comprehensive data. The data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results show that parents play a significant role in moral development through role modeling, habituation of moral and religious values, effective communication, and supervision of adolescents' behavior in daily life. Parental role modeling is a key factor in shaping adolescents’ moral behavior, as adolescents tend to imitate what they observe within the family environment. Supporting factors include harmonious family conditions, active parental involvement, and a positive social environment. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include parents' busyness, lack of supervision, and the influence of technology and peer environment. Therefore, the role of parents is crucial in shaping positive moral behavior among adolescents.

This study investigates the development of Indonesian language literacy among third-grade elementary school students. The primary problems identified were acute classroom passivity and low reading comprehension, evidenced by an initial learning mastery of only 45.16%, which were largely driven by conventional teacher-centered pedagogy. The objective of this research is to enhance early-grade reading literacy and active participation through an innovative instructional intervention. The proposed method employed a two-cycle Classroom Action Research (CAR) design at SDN Jrebeng Kulon 1, integrating the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model assisted by serial picture media. This approach utilizes chronological visual scaffolding to facilitate narrative comprehension for students in the concrete operational stage. The results demonstrated a highly significant academic progression: classical learning mastery increased to 70.97% (mean score: 80.80) in Cycle I and culminated in an absolute 100% mastery rate (mean score: 94.51) by the end of Cycle II. The synthesis of these findings reveals that transitioning from static visual aids to serial visual stimuli within a problem-oriented framework effectively mitigates cognitive dissonance and eradicates classroom passivity. In conclusion, the integration of the PBL model with serial picture media serves as a comprehensive pedagogical solution that not only maximizes cognitive reading comprehension but also reconstructs students' verbal articulation and social-collaborative skills, offering a highly scalable strategy for early primary education.

This research is motivated by the low critical thinking skills of third-grade students in learning Pancasila symbols and the limited use of interesting, interactive learning media in the classroom. The purpose of this study is to develop the Magic Letter Spinwheel learning media, determine its feasibility, and examine the improvement of students’ critical thinking skills after using the media. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE development model, consisting of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation stages. The research subjects were third-grade students of SDN Sumber 02, Blitar Regency. Data were collected through observation, interviews, validation questionnaires from media and material experts, as well as pretests and posttests. The data were analyzed descriptively using qualitative and quantitative approaches, including feasibility percentages and the N-Gain test. The development results show that the Magic Letter Spinwheel is an interactive learning medium in the form of a spinning wheel containing Pancasila symbols, questions, and learning activities that encourage students to think critically. This medium is designed with an attractive display and is supported by light features and an automatic rotation button to increase students’ learning interest. Based on expert validation, the media is declared feasible for classroom use. The implementation of the Magic Letter Spinwheel can improve students’ critical thinking skills through active, enjoyable, and student-centered learning activities. Therefore, this media is suitable for use in Pancasila Education learning to support the development of critical thinking skills among third-grade elementary school students.

This study aims to reconstruct a Greek Exegesis learning model based on formative hermeneutics by integrating syntactic analysis with the spiritual transformation of theology students. Traditional Greek instruction often emphasizes technical grammar and textual translation, thereby creating a gap between academic rigor, interpretive sensitivity, and spiritual formation. To address this issue, the present research develops and evaluates an instructional model that positions grammatical inquiry not merely as a linguistic exercise, but as a formative process for understanding Scripture responsibly. This research employs a quantitative descriptive-correlational design involving 30 theology students as participants. Data were collected through syntactic analysis tests and Likert-scale instruments measuring hermeneutical awareness and spiritual disposition. The results show that the implementation of the formative hermeneutical model achieved a high effectiveness level of 81.7%. Students’ syntactic competence reached 78%, which falls into the good category, while spiritual transformation attained 84.8%, categorized as very good. These findings indicate that the model significantly improves both analytical competence and spiritual development. This study proposes an integrative pedagogical framework in which syntactic analysis functions as a formative hermeneutical practice that shapes theological virtues, interpretive responsibility, faith maturity, and holistic ministerial readiness among theology students within diverse contemporary theological education contexts and ministries.

Cutaneous fungal infections caused by Malassezia furfur remain a significant health concern in tropical regions, highlighting the need for safe and effective alternative therapies. Moringa oleifera L. leaves are reported to contain various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit potential antifungal activity. This study aimed to develop a topical suspension formulation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and to evaluate the effect of varying extract concentrations on the physical characteristics of the preparation. An experimental method was employed using four formulations: F0 as the control, and F1, F2, and F3 containing 9%, 10%, and 11% extract, respectively. Evaluation parameters included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and adhesiveness, as well as stability testing using a cycling test method for 12 days. The results demonstrated that all formulations exhibited good organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, and viscosity. The pH values remained within the acceptable range for skin preparations, although slight fluctuations were observed during storage. Adhesiveness also showed variations across several testing cycles. Overall, the formulations met acceptable physical quality criteria and demonstrated potential for further development as topical suspensions; however, formulation optimization is still required to enhance stability during storage.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.