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The implementation of active learning models such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL) at the junior high school level is often constrained by the complexity of instructional time management. This study aims to examine the role of the principal’s instructional leadership in addressing time management dilemmas in the implementation of active learning at SMP Negeri 6 Panyabungan. A qualitative approach with a descriptive method was employed in this study. Data were collected through non-participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants, namely the school principal and an Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teacher selected as representatives of field conditions. The findings reveal three main results. First, teachers’ time management constraints are caused by weak control of learning activity transitions, noisy classroom conditions during group division, and low initial student learning readiness. Second, the principal implemented several concrete interventions, including the adoption of block scheduling, clinical supervision focused on classroom management, and the optimization of the Subject Teacher Forum (MGMP) or school learning community. Third, these interventions improved teachers’ instructional efficiency, strengthened classroom activity control, and created a more structured active learning process. However, sustainability challenges remain, particularly resistance from senior teachers who tend to prefer conventional teaching methods. This study concludes that adaptive and solution-oriented instructional leadership is a key factor in addressing the complexity of time management constraints in active learning implementation.

This study aims to analyze group counseling services using the behavioral contract technique in reducing students' procrastination behavior at the junior high school level. Academic procrastination is a common problem among students, characterized by delaying task completion, lack of study discipline, and poor time management skills. This research employs a qualitative approach with a library research method by examining various relevant sources such as books, scientific journals, and articles. The data analysis technique used is content analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the concept and implementation of the behavioral contract technique in group counseling. The results of the study indicate that group counseling services are effective in helping students understand and overcome procrastination behavior through supportive group dynamics. The application of the behavioral contract technique is proven to enhance students’ commitment, discipline, and responsibility in completing academic tasks. In addition, the reinforcement system within the behavioral contract encourages students to maintain positive behavior consistently. Therefore, group counseling with the behavioral contract technique can be considered an effective strategy to reduce students' academic procrastination at the junior high school level.

The role of the ward chairman in the Catholic Church community is very important and strategic for the growth and development of the ecclesiastical community. However, the problem arises that the heads of the environment often accept the responsibility of this position by being forced, burdened and not willing to carry it out. This research aims to make the ward leaders realize that receiving leadership through this position can be very value-added, not only for themselves but also for others they serve. The method chosen is a literature study with the main reference from the leadership model of John C, Maxwell which is integrated with the results of research related to it. Based on the study, it is known that the reflection writing method is an effective strategy because it is able to foster the self-awareness of the Ward Chairs, so that it can increase the level of leadership that provides more value, both for themselves and others. Quantitative research is needed to measure the level of leadership, as well as qualitative research to comprehensively examine the research subjects at each leadership level.

The study aims to analyze the influence of financial distress, leverage, and macroeconomic fundamentals on financial reporting fraud in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2020–2024 period. A quantitative approach coupled with multiple linear regression analysis was employed. A saturated sampling technique was used to select 23 companies with 115 observation units. The data used were secondary data from published financial reports on the IDX. The results indicate that financial distress and macroeconomic fundamentals have no effect on financial reporting fraud, while leverage has a positive effect on financial reporting fraud. The model in this study is able to explain 6.9% of the variation in financial reporting fraud, while the remaining amount is influenced by factors outside the model. These findings indicate that companies with high debt levels are more likely to commit financial reporting fraud, while companies with financial problems and high interest rates are less likely to commit financial reporting fraud.

This study discusses the dialogue between Christian faith and Karl Marx’s atheism as well as its relevance to the lives of contemporary Christians. The rise of atheism in modern society is closely related to secularization, scientific progress, social inequality, and criticism of religious institutions that are considered unable to answer humanitarian problems. Karl Marx viewed religion as an ideological instrument that often legitimized oppression and alienated humans from their true existence. Through his famous statement that “religion is the opium of the people,” Marx criticized forms of religiosity that merely comfort human suffering without striving for social liberation. This research employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach by examining various philosophical, theological, and social sources related to Marx’s atheism and the Catholic Church’s teachings. The findings reveal that Marx’s criticism of religion should not merely be understood as a rejection of God, but also as a moral challenge for the Church to continuously renew itself in carrying out its mission amid social realities. In response, the Catholic Church, especially through the teachings of the Second Vatican Council, views atheism not only as a doctrinal challenge but also as an opportunity for dialogue and self-reflection. The study concludes that authentic Christian faith is not an escape from worldly realities but a spiritual force that encourages believers to uphold justice, solidarity, and human dignity. Therefore, Marx’s criticism can become a reflective instrument for Christians to embody a more contextual, humanistic, and socially engaged faith in the modern world.

This study aims to analyze in depth the effectiveness of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and ethnomathematics in improving students’ mathematical abilities through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study is motivated by the low level of students’ conceptual understanding, mathematical literacy, and mathematical communication skills, which are still dominated by conventional teaching approaches. Data were collected from ten research articles relevant to the topics of RME and ethnomathematics. The analyzed articles employed various research methods, including experimental research, classroom action research, and research and development (R&D). The results of the review indicate that the implementation of RME is consistently effective in enhancing students’ mathematical abilities, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, mathematical communication, and mathematical literacy. The RME approach, which is based on real-life contexts, helps students understand mathematical concepts more deeply and meaningfully. In addition, the integration of culture through ethnomathematics strengthens the effectiveness of learning by providing contexts that are closely related to students’ daily lives, thereby increasing motivation, engagement, and active participation in the learning process.Furthermore, the findings reveal that the success of culture-based RME is influenced by instructional design, the selection of appropriate contexts, and the teacher’s role in managing the learning process. Therefore, culture-based RME can be considered an effective and relevant approach to improving the quality of mathematics education.

This article examines the implementation of a sharia financial literacy education program aimed at supporting community economic development at the Balai Perkumpulan Sub PPKBD Tambakkemerakan, Krian, driven by the persistently low level of community literacy regarding Islamic finance concepts and practices, which has the potential to impede the optimization of Islamic principles-based economic well-being. Employing the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method, this study engaged community members actively throughout the processes of problem identification, program implementation, and evaluation, with activities conducted through socialization sessions, interactive discussions, and practical demonstrations of sharia-compliant financial management in real-life contexts. The findings indicate a measurable improvement in community comprehension of Islamic finance fundamentals, including the prohibition of riba (usury/interest), the importance of financial planning, and the utilization of sharia-compliant financial institutions, alongside observable attitudinal shifts toward more prudent and Islamically normative financial behavior. These outcomes suggest that the program contributes positively to fostering community economic independence and strengthening the application of Islamic economic principles at the household level.

Sumbersari Village is one of the few places where child marriage is still a problem. Children's mental health, education, and future prospects are all negatively impacted by this practice. The KKN (Community Service Program) group organizes community service projects that teach fifth and sixth graders about the dangers of child marriage and give them the opportunity to socialize. One of the strategies used is a question and answer session with incentives to increase student engagement, as well as presenting material in simple language and facilitating interactive conversations. The results show that students' interest and knowledge about child marriage risks increases. This activity has limitations due to its limited reach, especially for elementary school children, and the relatively basic nature of the subject matter. Therefore, for initiatives to combat child marriage to be more successful and sustainable, follow-up programs involving parents, adolescents, and community leaders are essential. Collaboration with relevant parties is needed to create deeper policies, as well as increase awareness of the importance of women's education and empowerment in preventing child marriage.

This household appliance and machine repair and maintenance program is designed to promote economic independence for the community in Sedati Village, Sidoarjo, by strengthening technical skills based on local potential. The underlying problem of this activity is the community's high dependence on external repair services and limited ability to handle household appliance damage independently. Therefore, the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach is used, which focuses on utilizing the assets, potential, and capacity already possessed by the community. The program is implemented in a participatory manner, with stages including identification and mapping of local assets, joint planning, technical skills training, hands-on practice, and activity evaluation. The results show an increase in the community's ability and understanding in performing simple household appliance maintenance and repairs. Furthermore, the community is beginning to recognize economic opportunities from their skills, thus potentially developing independent repair service businesses. Thus, the application of the ABCD approach in this activity has proven effective in strengthening the community's economic independence in a sustainable manner through optimizing local assets. Going forward, ongoing mentoring efforts are needed to ensure that the potential that has been established can continue to develop and provide broader economic benefits.

Biology learning in Indonesia is still predominantly teacher-centered, limiting students’ opportunities to actively develop critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and other 21st-century competencies. Students often receive information passively, resulting in low engagement and limited ability to apply concepts in real-life contexts. Therefore, innovative learning models are needed to support more meaningful and student-centered learning. This study aims to review the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in Biology education and analyze its contribution to the development of students’ 21st-century skills. The study employed a literature review method by analyzing 20 research articles published between 2022 and 2026. Articles were obtained through Google Scholar searches and selected based on relevance to Biology education, focus on PjBL implementation, and open-access availability. Data collection involved identification, screening, selection, and documentation of related studies, while data analysis used a qualitative descriptive approach. The findings indicate that PjBL effectively improves students’ cognitive achievement, conceptual understanding, scientific literacy, creativity, and critical thinking skills. In addition, PjBL enhances collaboration, communication, problem-solving abilities, learning motivation, and life skills through contextual and authentic project activities. Students become more actively involved in investigating real-world problems, designing solutions, and producing meaningful learning outputs. Furthermore, the integration of STEM approaches, digital media, blended learning, and Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) strengthens the effectiveness of PjBL in Biology learning. Overall, PjBL is highly relevant for supporting the Merdeka Curriculum and improving the quality of Biology education in developing 21st-century competencies.

This study aims to explore the meaning of service excellence from the perspective of hotel employees at Kinasih Resort Depok, Indonesia. Most existing research on service excellence has focused on guest satisfaction, leaving the subjective experiences of employees as service providers underexplored. This study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation from five purposively selected informants across the F&B Service, Housekeeping, Front Office, Human Resources, and management departments. Data analysis followed Moustakas's phenomenological procedure encompassing epoché, horizonalization, theme clustering, and essence description. Findings reveal that employees construct layered meanings of service excellence according to their hierarchical positions: frontline workers emphasize friendliness and responsiveness, supervisors emphasize speed and problem resolution, while management frames it as a holistic service ethos encompassing internal relationships. Emotional labor emerged as an inevitable dimension managed through collaboration, prioritization, and de-escalation strategies. Organizational factors including training systems, communicative leadership, guest feedback-based evaluation, and managerial attention to employee well-being demonstrably shape how employees internalize service excellence values. This study contributes to employee-centered literature on service excellence and offers practical implications for human resource development in resort contexts.

A single paragraph, maximum 250 words. Abstract content must contain (1) an overview of the object of research, (2) problems, and research objectives, (3) proposed methods, (4) main findings and results and synthesis of main ideas, and (5) conclusions. In recent years, the Iran–United States conflict has not only unfolded within the geopolitical arena but has also been intensively constructed through international media framing that shapes how global audiences understand this reality. In the context of the digital information overflow, media no longer function merely as conveyors of facts; rather, they act as agents that construct meaning, evoke emotions, and shape the social perceptions of audiences. This study aims to analyze how international media framing constructs representations of the Iran–United States conflict and how audiences interpret such discourse within their social experiences. This research adopts a qualitative approach with a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) design. Data were collected through document analysis of 25 news articles from both Western and non-Western media, as well as exploratory interviews with nine participants from academic backgrounds. Data analysis was conducted using a thematic approach based on Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. The findings reveal three main patterns: the construction of threat through media language, moral polarization that produces a dichotomy of “us versus them,” and the negotiation of meaning by audiences, which is reflective and not always linear. These findings indicate that audiences are not entirely passive; rather, they actively interpret and, at times, question media framing. Theoretically, this study extends Critical Discourse Analysis by incorporating the dimension of audience experience into the discursive process. Practically, it underscores the importance of critical media literacy in navigating the complexity of global information and opens avenues for further exploration of the relationship between discourse, power, and social experience.

Counseling etymologically derives from the noun counsel, which originates from the Latin consilium, rooted in consilere, meaning “to consult,” or to seek the views and advice of others as guidance for consideration and decision-making. As a verb, to counsel or counseling refers to the act of providing advice, guidance, warnings, encouragement, and instruction aimed at fostering self-surrender in addressing problems and managing negative behaviors among students. Educational guidance and counseling aim to strengthen Christian students to live victoriously in the Lord Jesus Christ by bringing them to an understanding of the light of God’s Word and the acceptance of themselves as God’s grace. This Classroom Action Research was conducted to address and resolve the problems of Christian students based on the research formulation, particularly through the application of intellectual, moral, and social approaches as strategic steps to enhance educational counseling services. The study employed a qualitative approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews and field notes. Data analysis was carried out by categorizing findings to generate emerging themes. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with three teacher participants and two student participants. The findings revealed that several students required special attention due to tendencies toward delinquent behavior, while one case indicated a student’s involvement in narcotics. These findings demonstrate that student-related issues require special intervention efforts to improve their spiritual and mental well-being, leading them to a deeper knowledge of the Lord Jesus Christ as their personal Savior. The ultimate goal is the salvation of students’ souls and the glorification of the name of the Lord Jesus Christ.

This study aims to analyze students’ mathematical reasoning abilities in quadratic function material through the use of Desmos. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using a case study and usability testing method. Data were collected through post-tests and interviews involving students’ responses in solving quadratic function problems. The analysis focused on several indicators of mathematical reasoning, including procedural skills, conceptual understanding, and analytical ability. The results show that students generally demonstrate adequate procedural reasoning, particularly in substitution and computation tasks. They are also able to relate algebraic representations to geometric interpretations, such as determining intercept points and analyzing the direction of parabolas. However, limitations were found in conceptual understanding, especially in identifying graph characteristics without relying on procedural steps. The use of Desmos significantly supports the development of students’ mathematical reasoning by providing real-time visualization, facilitating exploration of function parameters, and enabling verification of results. Overall, Desmos contributes to enhancing procedural, conceptual, and analytical dimensions of mathematical reasoning, although its effectiveness depends on proper instructional design.

Differential equations involve derivatives of unknown functions and are widely used in mathematical modeling of various real-world problems. They can be classified based on linearity, homogeneity, coefficients, number of independent variables, degree, and order, thus requiring appropriate solution methods. One commonly used approach is the reduction of order method, which simplifies equations by reducing their order step by step. However, this method generally requires the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation as an initial step. This study aims to solve nonhomogeneous linear ordinary differential equations of order with constant coefficients using the reduction of order method without determining the homogeneous solution. This research is a theoretical study based on relevant references concerning solution methods and types of differential equations. The procedure consists of two main stages: determining the fundamental symmetric polynomial variables based on the coefficients and constructing a sequence of solutions through first-order linear differential equations obtained from the reduction process. The results show that this method systematically produces the general solution of linear differential equations of order , making it an effective and efficient alternative approach

Adolescence is a transitional period marked by rapid biological, psychological, and social changes, which often lead to various problems for individuals, particularly at the high school level. This study aims to analyze the role of guidance and counseling services in addressing these issues using a literature review approach. The method employed is a systematic literature review of relevant scientific publications from 2020 to 2026. The data collection process was carried out through the search, selection, and evaluation of literature related to student issues and guidance and counseling services in schools. The research findings indicate that students face various challenges, such as difficulties in learning, low academic ability, academic stress and anxiety, as well as social-emotional issues influenced by internal and external factors. Guidance and counseling services play a role in supporting students to self-reflect, overcome problems, and optimize their potential through preventive, curative, and developmental approaches. The success of these services is also supported by the role of counselors, collaboration with other teachers, and parental participation. However, in practice, there are still a number of obstacles, such as limited human resources, a lack of coordination, and an incomplete understanding of the functions of these services. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve implementation and cooperation so that guidance and counseling services can operate more efficiently.

Suboptimal waste management has become a serious problem in local communities, even though inorganic waste has high economic potential if managed wisely. In Tegalsari Village, Ambulu Subdistrict, waste management needs to be strengthened through a financial approach. This community service activity aims to empower the economy of Tegalsari Village residents by revitalizing the management of the waste bank so that it provides direct economic value that can increase household income. The implementation of this activity was carried out through a planning phase that included program coordination meetings, the formation and revitalization of the management structure, educational outreach on the economic value of waste, and a partnership collaboration with the Karya Mandiri Jember Central Waste Bank (BSI). Furthermore, the operational implementation phase includes the sorting of inorganic waste by residents in their respective homes, weighing, recording financial transactions in customer savings books, and transporting the waste to collectors. The results of these activities demonstrate the establishment of a more organized management system and an increase in residents’ active participation in waste sorting. The profit-sharing system for customer savings from waste sales has proven effective in boosting residents’ enthusiasm, enabling the program to tangibly transform waste into income while strengthening the domestic economic resilience of the Tegalsari Village community.

Vision+ pay television. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to gain an in-depth understanding of Public Relations practices at MNC Channels. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman interactive model which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the role of Public Relations is not yet fully optimized, especially in the strategic decision-making process. Public Relations functions more as a technical implementer of communication rather than as a management advisor. This condition has an impact on the less than optimal efforts to strengthen the Vision+ brand image. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the role of Public Relations as an expert prescriber, communication facilitator, problem-solving facilitator, and communication technician to support the company's communication strategy and improve brand image. In addition, this study also found that internal coordination, utilization of digital media, and consistency of communication messages are important factors in building positive public perception. The lack of integration between the Public Relations function and strategic management causes the messages delivered to be not fully aligned with brand positioning

This research is motivated by the existence of legal pluralism in marriage regulations in Indonesia before the enactment of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. During that period, marriage provisions were influenced by various legal systems, namely customary law, Islamic law, and colonial laws such as the Burgerlijk Wetboek, whose application was based on population classification. This condition gave rise to various problems, including legal uncertainty, differing standards for marriage validity, and weak protection of the rights of women and children. Based on these problems, this study aims to examine the development of marriage law in Indonesia, both before and after the enactment of the Marriage Law, and to assess the extent to which these regulations have been able to achieve legal unification and certainty within the national legal system. The method used is qualitative-normative research with a literature study approach through analysis of relevant laws and regulations, historical documents, and scientific literature. The results indicate that before 1974, the marriage legal system was complex and unintegrated, necessitating a comprehensive codification. The process of drafting this law was lengthy and marked by ideological debate and religious considerations. However, an agreement was ultimately reached that accommodated both religious values ​​and state interests. Subsequent developments, including amendments through Law Number 16 of 2019, confirm that marriage law in Indonesia is dynamic in responding to demands for justice, human rights, and gender equality.

Environmental damage caused by human activities has become an increasingly pressing global issue. Poetry as a literary work has the power to represent ecological problems symbolically and critically. This study aims to describe the representation of the impact of the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems, namely "Menengajah Ke Atas, Merenungi Ozone yang Tak terlihat" and "Membaca Tanda-Tanda." The analysis is based on Greg Garrard's ecocritical study. This study uses a qualitative method with content analysis techniques. There are two stages of analysis, namely the literal and symbolic meaning of the poems, then an ecocritical interpretation is carried out based on Garrard's categories which include pollution, wilderness, apocalypse, dwelling, animals, and earth. The results of the study indicate that both poems represent the impact of the environmental crisis through health problems due to pollution and radiation, damage to water and forest ecosystems, climate change, threats to human living space, and the decline in biodiversity. The research findings also show that the most dominant categories are pollution and apocalypse, which confirms that the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems is the result of human behavior that ignores nature. Thus, Taufiq Ismail's poems not only function as aesthetic works, but also as cultural criticism and moral warnings for humanity.