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Maternal anxiety during the childbirth process is a common psychological condition that can potentially increase the risk of complications, prolong labor, and reduce the likelihood of a positive birthing experience. High anxiety levels in mothers may interfere with the effectiveness of labor, impact maternal and fetal well-being, and lead to increased medical interventions. One of the most important support systems during labor is the presence and active involvement of the husband. The husband’s role is not only limited to being present but also includes providing emotional, physical, and motivational support to the mother. Recognizing the importance of this role, this community service program was designed to enhance husbands’ understanding and skills in supporting their wives during childbirth, thereby helping to reduce maternal anxiety.The program consisted of several stages, including the delivery of structured health education sessions on maternal needs during labor, demonstrations of effective communication techniques, simulations of support during different stages of childbirth, and interactive discussions to address questions and share experiences. Through these activities, participants were encouraged to build empathy, strengthen their knowledge about labor, and develop the confidence to assist their wives effectively. The results of the program indicated a noticeable improvement in the husbands’ awareness of the importance of their role, as well as increased confidence in providing both emotional reassurance and physical assistance. Participants reported feeling better prepared to accompany their wives, manage unexpected situations, and foster a more supportive environment during childbirth. This initiative highlights the significant impact that targeted education and training for husbands can have on maternal psychological well-being, ultimately contributing to safer and more positive birth experiences.

Preventing and addressing bullying in schools is crucial for creating a safe and supportive educational environment for student development. Bullying, whether physical, verbal, or psychological, can have long-term impacts on the mental and emotional well-being of students who are victims. This study aims to explore strategies implemented by schools to address and prevent bullying, and to analyze the challenges faced in implementing these strategies. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study approach in several schools in Indonesia. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with principals, teachers, students, and parents, as well as observations of school programs. Document analysis of school policies on bullying was also conducted. The study found that although most schools have policies related to bullying, insufficient supervision and a lack of parental involvement in supporting these policies remain obstacles. Other factors influencing the effectiveness of bullying prevention are teacher awareness and skills in addressing students' social issues. This study recommends a community-based approach, in which all parties, from students, teachers, and parents, play an active role in creating an anti-bullying culture. Training programs for teachers and outreach to students regarding the negative impacts of bullying need to be improved. With stronger policies and increased awareness, it is hoped that bullying can be minimized and addressed, making schools a safe place for learning and development. Implementing this community-based approach is expected to create a culture that is free from bullying and provide better support for victims of bullying.

This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of homesickness, or homesickness, particularly experienced by first-year college students. The transition from home life to a new campus environment often causes psychological stress, especially for those living away from family for the first time. One form of this stress is homesickness, which can impact students' mental, social, and academic well-being. This study used a literature review method, a data collection and analysis technique that involves identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing the results of previous research. In this study, the authors reviewed 15 scientific articles that directly discussed homesickness, as well as one additional article that discussed the literature review method. The results indicate that homesickness is a complex emotional condition, characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, and impaired concentration that arise due to separation from a familiar home environment. Factors contributing to homesickness include a lack of social support, strong emotional attachment to family, and an inability to adapt to a new environment. The forms of homesickness can vary, from mild to disruptive to daily functioning. Symptoms can include physical complaints, sleep problems, and decreased motivation. Several prevention and management strategies that can be implemented include strengthening social support, developing coping skills, and campus-based psychological interventions. By understanding the characteristics of homesickness, it is hoped that campuses and students can take proactive steps to address it.

Lip balm is a cosmetic product designed to protect and maintain the moisture of the lips, especially from environmental factors that can cause dry, cracked, or irritated lips, such as low temperatures and wind. Dry lips can interfere with comfort and appearance, making protection with lip balm essential. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a lip balm preparation made from a combination of natural and chemical ingredients, such as cera flava, oleum cacao, nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and the addition of powder dye. These ingredients were chosen because of their ability to maintain lip moisture, provide protection against external factors, and ensure long-term safety for use. The lip balm manufacturing process begins with heating the primary ingredients, cera flava and oleum cacao, which are melted first. After the primary ingredients have melted, additional ingredients such as nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and powder dye are added gradually. The mixture is stirred carefully to ensure that all ingredients are evenly blended. Once all the ingredients are well-mixed, the liquid mixture is poured into molds and allowed to cool and harden. This process is crucial for achieving the desired lip balm texture, which should not be too hard or too soft and should facilitate easy application to the lips. Based on the analysis results, the formulated lip balm demonstrates good physical stability, without significant changes in color, odor, or texture during testing. The lip balm also provides ease of use, with a smooth texture that is easy to apply to the lips. The results of this study show that the combination of ingredients used can produce an effective lip balm product that maintains lip moisture and provides optimal protection against harsh environmental conditions, such as low temperatures.

A 23-month-old female patient presented with red, itchy bumps, accompanied by intense itching, which caused the skin to peel from scratching. These symptoms began less than a month before the visit and worsened one week before seeking treatment. The fluid-filled bumps burst due to scratching, causing sores and peeling skin. The itching was constant and tended to worsen at night. The use of moisturizer by the patient's mother provided little relief. The onset of these symptoms coincided with a visit from the patient's mother's younger brother, a student at the Islamic boarding school (Santri), who was staying at the patient's home during the holidays. Less than a month later, similar symptoms began to be felt by the patient, her siblings, and both parents. The diagnosis was based on primary data obtained through a history taking with the patient's mother, a direct physical examination during a home visit, and completion of the family file and the patient's medical records. The patient, suspected of having scabies, was treated with 5% permethrin cream, applied as directed, and cetirizine to reduce the itching. Case assessments are conducted holistically, assessing the initial condition, process, and final outcome of each visit both quantitatively and qualitatively. Interventions include not only treatment but also comprehensive family education. This education includes an explanation of the etiology and transmission of scabies, the importance of maintaining personal and environmental hygiene, and potential complications such as secondary skin infections due to scratching. The goal of this education is to improve patient and family compliance with therapy, prevent reinfection, and break the chain of disease transmission in the home environment. This approach is expected to not only reassure the patient but also raise family awareness of the importance of clean and healthy living practices as a long-term preventative measure.

This study aims to analyze the effect of communication (X1), work environment (X2), and workload (X3) on job satisfaction (Y) among employees at PT Indomarco Prismatama. Job satisfaction is a crucial factor influencing employee performance and productivity; therefore, understanding the factors that affect it is essential for the company’s sustainability and growth. This research employs a quantitative approach with a saturated sampling technique, in which the entire population is used as the sample. The total number of respondents in this study was 30 employees. The analytical method used was path analysis with the assistance of SPSS version 22 software. The results show that the communication variable (X1) has a significant effect on job satisfaction (Y), with a significance value of 0.000. This indicates that effective, clear, and open communication between management and employees can enhance employees’ satisfaction with their jobs. Furthermore, the work environment variable (X2) also has a significant effect on job satisfaction (Y), with a significance value of 0.000. This finding suggests that a safe, comfortable, and supportive work environment, both physically and non-physically, plays a vital role in shaping employees’ positive perceptions of their work. In addition, the workload variable (X3) has a significant effect on job satisfaction (Y), with a significance value of 0.009. This means that a proportional workload, in accordance with employees’ capabilities, can improve job satisfaction, whereas excessive workloads may reduce it. Overall, this study concludes that communication, work environment, and workload have a significant effect on job satisfaction among employees at PT Indomarco Prismatama. The implication of this study is that management should continuously improve the quality of communication, create a conducive work environment, and establish a balanced workload to maintain and enhance employee job satisfaction.

 Matra Health is a form of health service specifically designed to maintain and improve public health in dynamic, complex, and constantly changing environmental conditions. This service plays a very vital role, especially in facing and handling various types of disasters, both natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and landslides, as well as non-natural disasters such as residential fires. One form of non-natural disaster that often occurs in densely populated areas is residential fires. This is caused by various factors such as unsafe electrical installations, a lack of public awareness of the dangers of fire, and buildings that are not resistant to heat or fire. Residential fires not only cause physical damage to buildings and infrastructure, but also cause various health problems, ranging from burns, respiratory problems due to smoke exposure, to psychological trauma, especially in vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and pregnant women. In response to these conditions, a dimensional health intervention activity was carried out from June 23 to 26, 2025 in areas affected by the fires under the coordination of the South Sumatra Regional Crisis Center. This activity aims to reduce health risk factors that arise after the fires through a series of actions such as multi-sector health surveillance, public health education, and distribution of logistical assistance. The activity also includes conducting rapid assessments using the Rapid Health Assessment (RHA) method, providing education on fire impact prevention, and distributing supplementary food to vulnerable groups. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in public understanding of the dangers of fire and the importance of preparedness for its impacts. Furthermore, the need to strengthen cross-sectoral coordination, such as health, disaster management, and social sectors, in disaster management was identified. It is hoped that this activity can serve as a model for strengthening community-based emergency response systems.

Bullying is a recurring issue and has become a widespread concern, particularly among children and adolescents in school environments. Schools, which should ideally be safe spaces for learning, building friendships, and experiencing personal growth, often turn into places of fear and psychological distress for some students. This is largely due to the frequent violation of human rights (HR) that often goes unaddressed or is underestimated. Bullying can take many forms, including verbal, psychological, physical abuse, and increasingly, cyberbullying. Each of these forms can cause serious harm not only to the victims—who may suffer from emotional and mental trauma—but also to the perpetrators, who may experience long-term psychological consequences and develop deviant or aggressive behavior patterns. In Indonesia, bullying remains a significant issue and a major concern in the education sector. Nearly every school has faced incidents of bullying in one form or another. Cyberbullying, in particular, is harder to monitor and control since it often occurs outside the school’s jurisdiction and is carried out through social media platforms. Efforts to tackle bullying must go beyond merely protecting and supporting the victims. A comprehensive approach is necessary, one that also focuses on preventive education. Students, teachers, and parents must be consistently educated on the negative impacts of bullying, the importance of empathy, and a deeper understanding of human rights. Moreover, strict and clear sanctions must be imposed on perpetrators as a form of legal enforcement and deterrence. With a holistic strategy that involves all elements of the school and the wider community, it is hoped that educational institutions can truly become safe, inclusive, and supportive environments. Such conditions are essential for fostering not only academic growth but also the psychological well-being and character development of the nation's children.

This study aims to analyze natural phenomena through an integrative approach combining the Hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and modern science, with a focus on the spiritual and ethical dimensions they contain. Natural events such as rain, lightning, wind, earthquakes, and eclipses are examined thematically by synthesizing scientific explanations and religious understanding based on authentic hadiths. The research adopts a qualitative-descriptive approach using content analysis of relevant hadith texts and contemporary scientific literature. The objective is to explore a deeper understanding of natural phenomena not merely as physical occurrences, but also as signs of Allah’s greatness that convey moral and spiritual messages for humankind. Findings indicate that the hadiths of the Prophet do not only instruct Muslims to respond to natural phenomena through acts of worship—such as supplication, remembrance (dhikr), or eclipse prayers—but also emphasize the human responsibility as stewards (khalifah) on Earth. The hadiths foster awareness of the interconnectedness between humans and the universe, framed within the concepts of monotheism (tawhid) and trust (amanah) to maintain environmental balance. The integration of hadith and science provides a new conceptual framework for developing spiritual-ecological awareness that balances scientific rationality with religious values. This approach is particularly relevant in the context of today’s global environmental crisis, which demands value-based solutions beyond technological innovations. Thus, this study not only enriches the Islamic intellectual tradition but also contributes to environmental preservation efforts through a religious ethical lens. It underlines the importance of fostering such integrative approaches in education, Islamic preaching (dakwah), and environmental policy. By doing so, a more holistic ecological awareness can be cultivated within Muslim communities. In conclusion, aligning scientific understanding with Islamic teachings through the hadith can serve as a meaningful foundation for both personal spiritual growth and collective environmental responsibility in facing the challenges of our time.

A thesis is an original scientific paper where the author presents their ideas by referencing the views of experts. The process of writing a thesis often leads to stress among students, which can affect various aspects of life, including physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. Stress occurs when individuals struggle to cope with threats or challenges, which can negatively impact their physical well-being (Hardjana, 1994). The factors or situations that cause stress are known as stressors, which are divided into two types: eustress and distress. Eustress is a positive form of stress that encourages individuals to confront challenges constructively, while distress is a negative form of stress that can reduce motivation, concentration, and productivity, especially during the thesis writing process. Proper stress management is crucial for students to remain productive and avoid the negative effects of stress. One effective way to cope with stress is by practicing gratitude. Gratitude helps individuals focus on the positive aspects of their lives, such as the achievements they have made, the support from friends, or assistance from professors. By practicing gratitude, students can shift their focus away from failures or difficulties they face and remain optimistic in confronting challenges. Based on interviews with several students, it was found that those who successfully manage stress tend to practice gratitude in various forms. They look for the positive side in every challenge, appreciate the support from their surrounding environment, and value each small achievement in the thesis-writing process. This approach helps them stay resilient and motivated through the challenges they face during their thesis work, allowing them to remain focused and productive despite the pressure.

The existence of Final Waste Processing Sites (TPA) in urban areas often presents a dilemma between the need for waste management infrastructure and its environmental and social impacts on surrounding communities. This study aims to examine the impact of the TPA Terjun in Medan City on patterns of land use change and the socioeconomic conditions of nearby residents. The method used is quantitative, involving a survey of 150 respondents, and multiple linear regression analysis to test the influence of two independent variables namely, the characteristics of the TPA and public perception and response on community perceptions of environmental impacts. The results indicate that both independent variables have a significant simultaneous effect on public perception, with a model significance value of 0.022. Partially, the physical characteristics of the TPA have a significantly positive influence, while community perceptions and responses also contribute meaningfully. However, the low coefficient of determination (R² = 0.009) suggests that many other factors outside the model also influence perceptions of environmental impact. This study highlights the importance of a holistic approach in spatial planning and urban environmental management, particularly in relation to public facilities such as TPAs. Community participation, infrastructure quality, and zoning certainty are crucial factors in maintaining the balance between the functional needs of the city and the desired quality of the microenvironment.

This study aims to describe the role of parents in supporting the achievements of sepak takraw athletes in Batang Regency. Athlete achievement is determined not only by individual abilities and training received, but also by support from their immediate environment, particularly family. In this context, parents play a strategic role in the coaching and development of young athletes, both physically, mentally, and emotionally. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques such as in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation. The subjects in this study consisted of parents of sepak takraw athletes, athletes who have achieved success at the regional level, and coaches involved in coaching. Through this approach, comprehensive data was obtained regarding the forms of support provided by parents. The results show that parents play a crucial role in encouraging athlete success. This role is manifested through various forms of support, including moral support in the form of motivation and encouragement, material support such as providing training equipment and transportation costs, and direct involvement in monitoring children's development. Parents also actively communicate and collaborate with coaches and clubs to create a conducive coaching environment. In addition, parents' positive attitudes in appreciating their children's interests and talents contribute to the athletes' high level of self-confidence and commitment. Thus, active parental involvement has been shown to significantly contribute to improving the performance of sepak takraw athletes, particularly at the district level. This research suggests the need for systematic parental involvement in regional sports development programs.  

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in toddlers that remains a global concern, including in Indonesia. This condition is characterized by height that is not appropriate for age due to long-term malnutrition, repeated infections, and environmental and social factors. The impact of stunting not only affects physical growth but also cognitive development, future productivity, and increases the risk of degenerative diseases in adulthood. Various factors contribute to stunting, including biological factors such as the child's gender and behavioral factors such as maternal knowledge about nutrition and health. This study aims to analyze the relationship between child gender and maternal knowledge and the incidence of stunting in toddlers. The research design used a quantitative cross-sectional approach. A sample of 73 respondents was selected using a stratified proportional sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through structured interviews using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements of toddlers. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis to describe frequency distributions, and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed no significant association between child gender and stunting (p > 0.05). This indicates that biological factors such as gender are not the primary determinant of stunting in the study area. Conversely, there was a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and the incidence of stunting in toddlers (p < 0.05), indicating that mothers with low levels of knowledge are at greater risk of having stunted children. These findings emphasize the importance of improving maternal knowledge through ongoing nutrition education programs, health counseling, and promotive-preventive activities at community health centers. These interventions are expected to prevent stunting and other health problems in toddlers and support the achievement of the national stunting reduction target.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious illness triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with transmission influenced by not only personal behaviors but also by the physical condition of the home environment. Environmental risk factors include flooring, wall material, ceiling structure, indoor temperature, humidity levels, air ventilation, habits of opening windows, and housing density. This research aimed to explore the correlation between individual behavior and the quality of home environmental conditions with pulmonary TB incidence in the Sematang Borang Health Center’s coverage area, Palembang, in 2025. A descriptive observational design was employed, involving 91 participants from Lebung Gajah Subdistrict. The sample consisted of both confirmed pulmonary TB patients (PCR positive) and individuals without TB (PCR negative), selected through purposive sampling. Data were processed using univariate analysis to describe frequency distributions and respondent characteristics. The study found that 35.2% of respondents were diagnosed with pulmonary TB, while 64.8% were not. Most participants were between 46 and 65 years old (42.9%), predominantly female (59.3%), and had a senior high school education (40.7%). In terms of TB-related knowledge and behavior, 59.3% had good knowledge, 63.7% held a positive attitude, and 50.5% practiced proper prevention measures. Nevertheless, more than half (56.0%) of the housing conditions failed to meet health standards for a safe home environment. These findings highlight that while the community shows generally good awareness and preventive behavior regarding TB, many still reside in environments that may contribute to TB transmission. Therefore, continuous health education, proactive contact tracing, and targeted health campaigns for at-risk groups—especially among those with lower educational backgrounds—should be prioritized.

This study aims to explore the perspective of Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) teachers and classroom teachers regarding the form and effectiveness of cooperation in the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5) with the topic of Sustainable Lifestyle at Pajajaran State Elementary School. The implementation of the Independent Curriculum emphasizes the importance of collaborative, comprehensive, and contextual learning, where synergy between teachers is the main foundation for the success of thematic projects. This collaboration is essential to ensure that learning not only develops cognitive aspects, but also forms character and environmental awareness in students. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through semi-structured interviews, direct observation during the learning process, and document analysis such as learning implementation plans and P5 project reports. The data was analyzed with the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing to obtain a comprehensive picture of the teacher's collaboration strategy. PJOK teachers play a role in field practice, such as teaching physical activities that prioritize the principles of sustainability and healthy living habits. Meanwhile, classroom teachers emphasized strengthening conceptual material on sustainability through discussions, literacy, and creative projects. The results of the study show that the synergy between PJOK teachers and classroom teachers creates more effective and meaningful learning. Challenges that arise include limited time for coordination, differences in teaching styles, and lack of a comprehensive understanding of sustainability concepts. However, motivation, commitment, and good communication are key factors to overcome these obstacles. This research emphasizes that teacher collaboration is crucial in supporting the successful implementation of the Independent Curriculum, while instilling the values of environmental care, independence, and social responsibility in students.

The phenomenon of bullying among teenagers is an increasing and complex social problem, not only occurring in everyday life but also widely represented through mass media, one of which is teen drama. One popular media that highlights this issue is My Nerd Girl Season 1, which shows the reality of bullying in its various forms. The main character, Rea, is depicted as a victim of bullying who experiences verbal, emotional, and social pressure from her environment. This representation illustrates that bullying is not just an individual act, but part of a social construction that is full of meaning. This study aims to explore how bullying is presented in the drama My Nerd Girl Season 1 using Roland Barthes's semiotic approach. The analysis focuses on the denotative, connotative, and mythical meanings contained in the visual and narrative symbols in the bullying scenes. The research data in the form of scene clips showing forms of bullying, are then analyzed to reveal the underlying social ideology. The results show that this drama represents bullying in various forms, ranging from verbal, cyber, physical, to social. These bullying acts are presented as a form of power, domination, and group control over individuals. The emerging connotative meanings indicate that bullying is legitimized by adolescent ideologies regarding popularity, physical appearance standards, and social acceptance in the school environment. The myth constructed through the drama's narrative is that symbolic and social violence is often considered normal or even necessary to maintain a certain social status. Thus, My Nerd Girl Season 1 serves not only as entertainment but also as a medium for social reflection that reveals the reality of bullying among adolescents.  

This community service initiative aims to educate and assist in the implementation of an Internal Control System ICS at Minimarket Malika as a strategic effort to safeguard assets and enhance operational effectiveness and efficiency. The ICS applied includes a systematic recording process for inventory, purchase prices, and selling prices. These records are intended to ensure that all transactions are properly documented and accountable.Internal evaluations are conducted regularly through annual stock-taking activities, which involve verifying and matching inventory data recorded in the system with the actual physical stock in the store or warehouse. This activity serves as a critical benchmark for assessing business stability, the accuracy of inventory records, and the overall effectiveness of inventory management. Any transactional errors identified during sales operations are corrected immediately in real-time to prevent error accumulation and potential financial losses. The role of management is essential, particularly in maintaining business continuity through improved service quality and the timely fulfillment of customer needs. In response to intense competition and dynamic market changes, Minimarket Malika adopts adaptive strategies such as price adjustments, excellent customer service, and a broader product assortment to meet diverse consumer demands. To prevent fraud, the minimarket has installed CCTV cameras at strategic locations and provides training for employees on how to detect counterfeit money and suspicious behavior. The ICS also supports risk management in inventory by monitoring the movement of goods in real-time, allowing management to make accurate decisions about which products need to be stocked in accordance with current consumer demand trends.Through the consistent and comprehensive application of an internal control system, Minimarket Malika is expected to improve its competitiveness while maintaining the integrity and sustainability of its business operations amid ongoing economic challenges. Furthermore, this approach serves as a practical model for other small and medium enterprises (SMEs) aiming to strengthen their internal governance and adapt to an increasingly complex retail environment.

This study aims to analyze the role of mental health as a moderation variable in the relationship between work facilities and employee job satisfaction. Adequate work facilities are generally thought to be able to increase job satisfaction, but these effects can vary depending on the individual's psychological condition, particularly mental health. This research is motivated by the importance of a holistic approach in human resource management, which includes both physical and psychological aspects of the work environment. The research method used was a quantitative approach with survey techniques to 150 respondents working in the public service sector in urban areas. The data collection instrument was in the form of a closed questionnaire with a Likert scale, and hypothesis testing was carried out through moderation regression analysis using the help of SPSS software. The results of the study show that work facilities have a positive and significant influence on employee job satisfaction. In addition, it was found that mental health played a significant role as a significant moderation variable in the relationship. This means that the influence of work facilities on job satisfaction becomes stronger or weaker depending on the level of mental health possessed by employees. These findings underscore the importance of organizations not only focusing on improving physical work facilities, but also paying attention to and managing employees' mental health as an integral part of strategies to improve well-being and work productivity. Interventions such as counseling programs, work-life balance, and stress management training need to be considered as part of the organization's policies. This research makes a theoretical contribution in enriching the understanding of the role of psychological variables in job satisfaction dynamics, as well as a practical contribution to management in designing a healthier and more productive work environment.

Inclusive education plays a crucial role in achieving equal access and improving the quality of education for all students, including students with special needs. In the context of Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning, the implementation of inclusive education still faces significant challenges, both in terms of teaching strategies, teacher skills, and available supporting facilities and infrastructure. This study aims to describe the perceptions of PJOK teachers and classroom teachers regarding the implementation of inclusive learning for students with special needs in PJOK activities at the elementary school level. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques including semi-structured interviews and documentation. The research subjects consisted of PJOK teachers and classroom teachers who teach at SDN 2 Gobras. The results show that the teachers have a good understanding of the importance of creating a friendly, adaptive, and enjoyable learning environment for students with special needs. The teachers make adjustments in learning activities through modifying tools, implementing small group strategies, providing appropriate motivation, and close collaboration with homeroom teachers and parents. However, limitations in the training received and the support of existing facilities remain significant obstacles. The findings of this study provide important implications regarding the need for ongoing training and strengthened collaboration between teachers to support the creation of more effective and sustainable inclusive education. Therefore, this research is expected to make a positive contribution to the development of inclusive education in elementary schools and raise awareness of the importance of supporting students with special needs in the learning process.

This study aims to identify and compare the prevalence of eating disorders and body image disturbances among female athletes and non-athlete members of fitness clubs. Given the rising societal emphasis on physical appearance and performance, young women are increasingly exposed to unrealistic body ideals, potentially increasing the risk of psychological issues such as body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors. The research employed a descriptive quantitative design involving 100 women aged 18–25 years, consisting of 50 athletes actively participating in competitive sports and 50 non-athletes who regularly attend fitness clubs for general health purposes. Data were collected using two standardized instruments: the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) to assess levels of body image disturbance, and the SCOFF questionnaire to screen for symptoms of eating disorders. Results indicated that 34% of female athletes reported high levels of body image disturbance, compared to only 2% of non-athletes. Additionally, symptoms of eating disorders were present in 54% of athletes, while 14% of non-athletes showed similar tendencies. Statistical analyses using Mann-Whitney U and independent samples t-tests confirmed a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05), suggesting that athletes may be at a higher risk for developing these psychological issues. These findings underscore the psychological pressures faced by female athletes, who are often required to maintain specific body standards to meet performance expectations. The study highlights the urgent need for preventive measures, including psychological support services and educational interventions that promote healthy body image and eating habits. Implementing such programs in both sports and general fitness environments can help reduce the prevalence of these disorders and foster a healthier relationship with body image among young women.