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This study is motivated by the importance of understanding syntactic structures in Indonesian, particularly noun phrases that are frequently used in news texts. Noun phrases play a crucial role in ensuring clarity of meaning and accuracy of information, especially in journalistic language that emphasizes conciseness and precision. The aim of this research is to identify the types and analyze the structural patterns of noun phrases found in news articles about Universitas Negeri Semarang on the Suara Merdeka online portal, August 2025 edition. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with data collected through the observation and note-taking technique, followed by distributional analysis to classify phrase types and structures. The results reveal three main types of noun phrases: modificative, coordinative, and appositive, with the Diterangkan–Menerangkan (DM) pattern being the most dominant. This dominance indicates the journalistic tendency toward concise and efficient expression. The findings contribute theoretically to linguistic studies, particularly syntax, and practically offer helpful sugestions for journalists, educators, and students to improve accuracy and effectiveness in academic and journalistic writing.

This study examines clause structures and syntactic relations in argumentative articles published on the 2025 edition of the Badan Bahasa website. As a communication tool, language plays a crucial role in conveying ideas and shaping logical reasoning, particularly in argumentative texts that require a high degree of cohesion and coherence. The research aims to describe the patterns of clause structure and interclausal syntactic relations used in these articles to understand how linguistic constructions influence argumentative strength. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach with the distributional method, the study relies on internal linguistic elements as analytical instruments. The findings show that the articles generally employ single clauses with S–P–Pelengkap patterns as well as complex clauses expressing causation, alongside syntactic relations that include coordination and subordination, including causal, contrastive, purposive, and additive relations. These patterns indicate consistent application of Indonesian syntactic rules, although some repetitive tendencies appear in the use of active clauses and multi-layered complex sentence structures. The study highlights the importance of mastering clause structure in constructing logical, persuasive argumentative texts, and the findings are expected to serve as a reference for writers and language institutions to improve academic writing quality and enrich linguistic studies in digital contexts.

The increase in the number of elderly residents demands the provision of residential facilities that not only meet physical needs, but also support the psychological and social well-being of their users. This study aims to formulate the concept of behavioral architecture-based nursing home design by focusing on the relationship between elderly activity patterns, privacy levels, and spatial relationships of space in the local context of Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive approach in the framework of architectural design, with data collection through observation of elderly activities, site analysis, and documentation studies. Activity data was analyzed to identify space needs and usage patterns, then synthesized with site characteristics to formulate the concepts of zoning, circulation, and behavior-based spatial relationships. The results of the study show that the activities of the elderly form a layered behavioral structure, including residential and health activities as primary needs as well as social, productive, and educational activities as support for psychosocial welfare. Hierarchically arranged space zoning based on privacy levels has been proven to improve the readability of the space, sense of security, and comfort of the elderly. The integration of green open spaces as part of the activity system also strengthens support for light physical activity and social interaction. This study confirms that the application of behavioral architecture allows the translation of data on elderly behavior and site conditions into a contextual, humanist, and quality-of-life-oriented design concept. These findings provide practical implications for designers and policymakers in the development of sustainable elderly housing.

This community service programme aims to provide education and training on the utilisation of the TikTok application as a digital business medium for the community of Rejosari Village, RT 03 RW 07, Karanggeneng, Boyolali Regency. The rapid development of digital technology and social media has transformed patterns of economic interaction from conventional systems into platform-based digital economies. Nevertheless, at the village level, the use of social media remains predominantly oriented towards entertainment and has not yet been optimally directed as an instrument for enhancing household economic capacity. The implementation method adopts an educative–participatory approach through the delivery of conceptual materials, demonstrations of TikTok features, and hands-on practice in creating digital business content. The results of the activity indicate an improvement in participants’ understanding of social media–based digital business opportunities, as well as the emergence of collective awareness to utilise TikTok as a means of generating additional income. This programme confirms that social media–based digital business education can function as an effective instrument for empowering rural communities in responding to digital economic transformation.

This study aimed to identify the qualitative characteristics of local ducks in Kediri Regency, East Java, as a foundational basis for breeding and genetic improvement programs. A total of 250 female local ducks were observed across five subdistricts using purposive sampling. Data were collected through direct observation of feather color patterns and beak color and were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that all observed ducks had black beaks (100%) and brown head feathers (100%). Additional dominant characteristics included white feathers above the eyes (96%), brown wing feathers (98%), brown back feathers (100%), brown tail feathers (98%), and brown thigh feathers (100%). These findings indicate that Kediri local ducks are predominantly characterized by brown plumage with distinctive white stripes above the eyes and solid black beaks. The observed variations in feather and beak color are influenced by genetic factors, particularly melanin and lipochrome pigments. This study provides essential baseline data to support selective breeding strategies, genetic conservation, and the sustainable development of local duck resources, thereby contributing to regional livestock improvement programs.

Introduction: Tooth loss is a common oral health problem in the elderly population and can significantly impact quality of life. The use of dentures is an important solution to restore chewing function, aesthetics, and speaking comfort. This literature review aims to analyze the effect of gender on denture use in the elderly population. Method: The research method uses a narrative review approach by searching various scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Result: Consistent pattern exists that older women have a higher prevalence of denture use than men across countries and research settings. Factors influencing this difference include socioeconomic factors, care-seeking behavior, perceived need, aesthetic considerations, and a higher burden of tooth loss in women. Furthermore, denture use is correlated with improved quality of life and overall health. Women tend to have higher aesthetic expectations and satisfaction, while men are more functionally oriented. Conclusion: Shows that gender is an important factor that needs to be considered in planning dental health services for the elderly population.  

Indonesia represents one of the world's most complex and dynamic linguistic ecosystems, harboring over 700 regional languages alongside the national language (Bahasa Indonesia) and Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO). This synthesis study provides comprehensive analysis of the Indonesian linguistic landscape, integrating findings from five complementary large-scale investigations conducted 2020–2024: code-switching patterns in digital communication; typological uniqueness of Indonesia's tenseless temporal system; linguistic complexity of BISINDO and barriers to deaf inclusion; sociolinguistic stratification through first-person pronoun variation; and critical endangerment of regional languages. The synthesis employed integrative methodology encompassing 3,550 total participants, 20,000+ linguistic tokens, 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork, and analysis of 150 languages and 25 revitalization programs. Synthesis reveals five interconnected dynamics: (1) centripetal standardization through education, urbanization, and media; (2) centrifugal diversification through identity construction and social stratification; (3) typological persistence maintaining Indonesian distinctiveness despite contact; (4) parallel endangerment affecting regional languages and BISINDO; and (5) ideology-driven change linking language choice to modernity and prestige. These dynamics produce dynamic tension between homogenization and diversification. Indonesia's linguistic future depends on whether policies can balance national unity through Indonesian and linguistic diversity through regional language and BISINDO protection. 

Code-switching has become increasingly prevalent in digital communication among Indonesian youth, reflecting complex sociolinguistic dynamics in multilingual contexts. This study investigates code-switching patterns in Indonesian digital native youth's computer-mediated communication (CMC), examining the linguistic structures, social functions, and motivations behind this phenomenon. A mixed-methods approach was employed, analyzing 2,500 social media posts from 150 Indonesian youth aged 18–25 across Instagram, Twitter, and WhatsApp. Quantitative content analysis identified code-switching frequency and patterns, while qualitative thematic analysis explored motivations and functions. Myers-Scotton's Matrix Language Frame model guided the structural analysis. Results revealed that 78.4% of participants engaged in code-switching, with Indonesian-English being the most common pattern (62.3%), followed by Indonesian-Regional Language (23.5%) and trilingual switching (14.2%). Intrasentential switching occurred in 54.7% of cases, while intersentential switching appeared in 31.8%. Five primary functions emerged: identity construction (32.1%), emphasis/intensification (26.4%), topic shifting (18.9%), humor/creativity (14.3%), and lexical gap-filling (8.3%). Code-switching in Indonesian digital communication represents a sophisticated linguistic practice driven by identity negotiation, expressive needs, and technological affordances rather than linguistic deficiency. These findings contribute to understanding multilingual CMC in Southeast Asian contexts and have implications for digital literacy education and language policy.

Learning English as a Foreign Language English as a Foreign Language still faces various linguistic and psychological challenges, both in school-age and adult learners, such as limited vocabulary mastery, pronunciation difficulties, and low confidence in the use of English orally. This condition is exacerbated by affective factors in the form of anxiety and fear of making mistakes. This article aims to examine the use of songs as a learning medium that is able to create a fun learning atmosphere, while improving learners' English skills. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews to explore learners' perceptions and experiences related to the effectiveness of songs in English language learning. Meanwhile, the data were analyzed thematically to identify patterns of learning experiences, especially in terms of vocabulary mastery, classroom atmosphere, and confidence level. The results showed that the integration of songs in English learning was highly motivating in the active involvement of learners. Where the repetition of lyrics combined with melodies helps to strengthen vocabulary retention in long-term memory, as well as facilitate the imitation of pronunciation, intonation, and rhythm of language naturally. At the same time, it creates a relaxed and fun learning atmosphere, thereby lowering psychological barriers as described in the Affective Filter Hypothesis. Thus, songs are an integrative learning medium that is effective in bridging the academic needs and emotional comfort of learners, and is relevant to support the development of listening and speaking skills in English learning across ages.

The phenomenon of digital da'wah has significantly transformed the ways religious knowledge is accessed, interpreted, and disseminated in contemporary society. This study aims to analyze the patterns of actions and perceptions of TikTok and YouTube users toward religious content delivered by Gus Baha within the context of the digital religious space. Using Max Weber’s theory of rationalization as an analytical framework, this research explores how religious authority, knowledge transmission, and user interpretation undergo processes of rationalization on digital platforms.This study employs a qualitative approach using virtual ethnography, content analysis, and in-depth interviews with users of both platforms. Data were collected through observation of uploaded content, analysis of user interactions and comments, and examination of engagement dynamics.The findings indicate that user responses to Gus Baha’s content reflect Weber’s four types of social action. Instrumentally rational actions are evident in the use of short videos as practical and efficient learning tools. Value-oriented rational actions appear in users’ consistent efforts to deepen religious understanding. Affective actions emerge from emotional attachment to Gus Baha’s communicative style, while traditional actions are reflected in the perception of digital da'wah as a continuation of established religious learning traditions. Furthermore, digital rationalization through algorithms, short-video formats, and platform accessibility, shapes how religious knowledge is selected, interpreted, and circulated.This study concludes that digital religious spaces function not only as channels of dissemination but also as arenas for the transformation of religious authority, meaning construction, and religious practice in the digital era.

High-dimensional clinical data exhibit complex and non-linear relationships among patient attributes, where outcomes are often influenced by feature interactions rather than isolated variables. However, many existing machine learning models prioritize predictive performance while providing limited interpretability and insufficient insight into interaction structures. This study aims to address this limitation by developing an interpretable and robust framework for feature interaction mining in clinical data. We propose a hybrid tree–neural modeling framework that explicitly captures and ranks feature interactions while maintaining stable predictive performance. Tree-based ensemble models are employed to identify non-linear interaction patterns, while neural representations enhance learning flexibility and generalization. The framework integrates interaction importance analysis, cross-validation–based stability assessment, and evaluation across multiple data splits to ensure robustness and interpretability. Experiments conducted on a real-world high-dimensional clinical dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves consistent predictive performance, with AUC values ranging from 0.628 to 0.641 across five cross-validation folds (mean AUC ≈ 0.633). Performance remains stable under varying train–test splits, indicating strong generalizability. Interaction analysis reveals that a small number of dominant feature interactions—such as age combined with length of hospital stay and medication count combined with diagnostic information—consistently contribute to model predictions, appearing in over 80% of validation folds. Ablation studies further confirm that removing interaction-aware components leads to noticeable performance degradation, highlighting their importance.  In conclusion, this study demonstrates that explicit feature interaction modeling enhances interpretability, stability, and generalization in clinical prediction tasks. The proposed hybrid framework provides a reliable foundation for developing trustworthy and transparent clinical decision-support systems

Digital transformation has significantly altered early childhood learning patterns. Platforms such as YouTube have become dominant media consumed by preschool children. Exposure to digital content during the golden age potentially affects moral development, as children remain in a critical phase of imitation and value internalization. This study aims to conceptually analyze the role of parents in assisting early childhood moral development amid YouTube exposure from an Islamic education perspective. The research employs a qualitative approach using a systematic literature review of reputable national and international journals published between 2020–2026. The analysis involves identification, inclusion-exclusion selection, thematic categorization, and critical synthesis. Findings reveal that effective moral development is strongly influenced by parental mediation patterns, including active mediation, screen-time limitation, Islamic value-based content selection, reflective dialogue, and digital role modeling. The study proposes an integrative Islamic-based digital parenting model combining modern moral development theory and Islamic tarbiyah principles. Theoretically, this study contributes by integrating family digital literacy with Islamic moral education within contemporary educational discourse.

Ramadan brings significant changes in the shopping and consumption patterns of Indonesians. There is an increase in demand for various types of food and beverages, both for sahur and iftar. The purpose of this study is to map the characteristics of food and beverage purchasing and consumption patterns in a seasonal context (Ramadan): strategic implications for UMKM in the Greater Jakarta area. The research design used is descriptive quantitative with data collection techniques implemented by distributing questionnaires. Then, the questionnaire answers are summarized to obtain the frequency distribution of each item in the questionnaire. The population of this study is people domiciled in the Greater Jakarta area. The sample size was determined using the Lameshow formula, resulting in a sample of 100 respondents spread across the Greater Jakarta area. The majority of respondents, namely 92%, stated that they experienced changes in their shopping patterns during Ramadan. The type of food purchased changed (34%) was the most dominant change. The most dominant consumption purchasing decision during Ramadan was the practicality in preparing food (40%), with favorite shopping places being traditional markets (24%) and street vendors (24%). In a consumption analysis, 83% of respondents experienced changes in their consumption patterns during Ramadan, with the most dominant change being in the amount of food consumed (29%). During sahur (pre-dawn meal), respondents tended to consume vegetables (36%) and chicken (22%). Meanwhile, fried foods (38%) and rice cakes (rice cakes) were the favorite dishes for breaking the fast.

This study was conducted to examine how social media influences Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) behavior among its users. The research employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach by analyzing and reviewing 20 previous research journals related to FOMO behavior in social media users. The reviewed journals were published. The findings indicate that FOMO behavior is driven by high-intensity social media use, in which increased frequency and duration of use are associated with higher levels of anxiety and fear of missing information and social experiences. Continuous exposure to content and activities shared by other users encourages social comparison, which contributes to increased anxiety, self-dissatisfaction, and difficulties in emotional regulation, particularly among individuals with low self-esteem. These conditions may lead to dependence on social validation and promote increasingly addictive patterns of social media use, which in the long term can reduce self-control and negatively affect psychological well-being. When self-esteem is low and psychological well-being is disrupted, individuals may experience heightened pessimism and an increased risk of engaging in self-harm behaviors. Overall, the findings suggest that self-regulation and self-determination serve as preventive factors against FOMO behavior and its psychological and mental health impacts; therefore, strengthening self-regulation and self-determination is essential to prevent FOMO.

Small-scale beef cattle farming systems play an important role in rural livelihoods in developing countries. However, comprehensive analysis that integrates the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers with resource utilization patterns is still limited. This study aims to evaluate the socio-economic characteristics of farmers and resource utilization patterns in the beef cattle business in Dolokgede Village, Tambakrejo District, Bojonegoro Regency. Based on the results of the evaluation, it can determine and identify the potential for the development of livestock businesses and in this region. Quantitative descriptive research was carried out using a direct survey method on farmers through questionnaires and environmental analysis. The sample was determined by the Slovin formula with an error rate of 10%, resulting in 29 respondents who were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Farmers are dominated by the productive age of 31-60 years (72.41%) with the majority of elementary education (75.86%). The selection of 2-5 cattle dominates (65.52%) with the Peranakan Ongole type. The use of feed is integrated with the agricultural system through rice straw (96.55%) and corn waste (93.10%). Feed costs account for more than 60% of the total cost of production, but the R/C ratio shows a value above 1, indicating the economic viability of the business. The beef cattle business in Dolokgede Village has the potential for development through stronger plant-livestock integration, improved feed technology, and institutional support for market access and financing.

Pedagogical challenges faced by elementary school teachers remain a critical issue in classroom instruction. Teachers are expected to implement student-centered learning while addressing diverse student characteristics, increasing curriculum demands, limited instructional resources, and various classroom constraints. This study aims to understand and describe the pedagogical challenges experienced by elementary school teachers in classroom instruction through a qualitative library research approach. Data were collected from peer-reviewed journal articles published within the last five years and relevant academic books published within the last ten years. The selected literature was analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and key issues related to pedagogical practices. The findings indicate that major challenges include classroom management difficulties, the implementation of differentiated instruction, curriculum adaptation, technology integration, and limited opportunities for professional development. These challenges reveal a persistent gap between pedagogical theories and classroom realities. The study concludes that addressing pedagogical challenges requires not only teacher competence but also strong institutional support, flexible curriculum implementation, and continuous professional development.

The development of digital technology, particularly social media, has brought significant changes to human social interaction patterns. Although the ease of digital communication offers various advantages, in reality, it does not always reduce feelings of loneliness. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the intensity of social media use and loneliness levels among students in the digital era. The method used in this research is a quantitative approach with a correlational design, involving 120 active students as the sample. To measure the variable of social media use intensity, the Social Media Intensity Scale was used, while loneliness levels were measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The data analysis results showed a significant positive relationship between the intensity of social media use and loneliness levels among students. This means that the higher the intensity of students' social media use, the higher the loneliness they feel. These findings provide important insight that, despite social media facilitating easier interactions, excessive use does not always positively affect the quality of social relationships. On the contrary, high social media use intensity can be associated with greater feelings of loneliness, indicating the need for a deeper understanding of the impact of social media use on individuals' emotional well-being.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the emotional development of early childhood based on a literature review. Emotional development is a crucial aspect of character formation, emotional regulation, and children’s social skills in daily life. The research method employed is a literature review, which involves examining relevant sources such as academic journals, books, and research The methodology utilizes a synthesis of peer-reviewed journals and relevant publications concerning the impact of caregiving styles on early childhood emotional maturity The reviewed literature was analyzed descriptively to identify patterns and trends in previous research findings. The results of the literature review indicate that parenting styles have a significant influence on children’s emotional development. Democratic (authoritative) parenting is consistently found to have the most positive impact on children’s emotional development, including better emotional regulation, self-confidence, independence, empathy, and social competence. Children raised with democratic parenting tend to express their emotions in a healthy manner and adapt well to social environments. In contrast, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting styles are often associated with emotional difficulties, such as low social skills, poor self-control, and challenges in managing emotions. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that democratic parenting plays a vital role in supporting optimal emotional development in early childhood

This article explores mathematical logic as a fundamental discipline within mathematics that systematically investigates the principles of valid, coherent, and consistent reasoning. Mathematical logic serves as an essential foundation for developing structured thinking and constructing well-grounded, persuasive arguments supported by clear justification. It primarily focuses on the processes of reasoning, argumentation, and formal proof, enabling individuals to distinguish between valid and invalid conclusions. By establishing precise rules and logical structures, mathematical logic provides a rigorous framework for assessing the strength and consistency of arguments. The discipline emphasizes clarity, objectivity, and analytical accuracy in examining propositions and their relationships. In practice, mathematical logic is presented through the use of symbolic representations, formal logical statements, connectives, quantifiers, and truth tables to analyze patterns of reasoning and verify the truth values of statements. These systematic tools allow complex ideas to be evaluated methodically, prevent logical fallacies, and ensure that conclusions are derived from sound and demonstrable reasoning principles.

Social media is one form of technological advancement that has become an integral part of students’ lives, including university students. Its use is not limited to communication and information sharing, but it may also generate psychological effects that influence both physical and mental health. The purpose of this review is to identify and explain the psychological impacts of social media use through appropriate theoretical approaches, which serve as a foundation for discussing the research findings. This study employs a literature review method by examining various academic books and relevant scientific articles. The findings indicate that excessive use of social media has the potential to cause psychological problems among university students, such as social comparison behavior, cyberbullying, decreased sleep quality, and reduced learning productivity. These issues are influenced by several factors, including the intensity of social media use, the type of content accessed, and individuals’ ability to manage emotions and time. Furthermore, uncontrolled social media use may lead to difficulties in social relationships, increased procrastination, poor time management, and reduced self-control in using social networking platforms. Therefore, students are encouraged to develop healthier patterns of social media use to reduce the risk of psychological disturbances. This review is also expected to assist healthcare professionals in understanding the relationship between the intensity of social media use and the occurrence of depressive symptoms among university students.