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This research aims to examine the provisions and status of probation as a principal punishment in the National Criminal Code, as well as its relevance to achieving the objectives of reforming the penal system in Indonesia. The research design employed is normative legal research using a legislative and conceptual approach. The data utilized consists of secondary data obtained through a literature review, analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques. The results of the research show that probation under Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code has been established as one of the principal penalties that can be directly imposed by a judge, thus no longer merely a component of conditional sentences as in the old Criminal Code. This regulation reflects a paradigm shift in sentencing from a retributive approach toward a rehabilitative and restorative approach by providing offenders with the opportunity to remain within the community under supervision. However, its implementation still faces challenges, including the absence of comprehensive technical regulations, potential conflicts of norms, and institutional limitations in carrying out supervision. Therefore, supervised probation holds significant relevance as a more humane sentencing alternative, although it requires strengthened regulations and a supervision system to ensure its effective and consistent application.

The architecture of consumer decision-making has completely changed due to the quick development of recommendation systems based on artificial intelligence (AI). The majority of earlier studies saw algorithms as instruments for forecasting and maximizing preexisting preferences. This study, however, makes a different claim: algorithmic curation actively shapes preferences rather than just reflecting them. This study creates and evaluates a structural model that examines the impact of algorithmic curation intensity on perceived search autonomy, identity resonance, affective evaluation, and the development of initial preferences. The model is based on identity-based consumption theory and the literature on human-AI interaction. The study's findings, which are based on survey data from Generation Z consumers and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, demonstrate a contradictory dynamic: algorithmic curation improves identity resonance and directly influences initial preferences while simultaneously decreasing feelings of autonomy. The primary mediating mechanism that links algorithmic exposure to emotional assessment and preference creation is identified as identity resonance. In addition to introducing the concept of algorithmic consumer formation as a new conceptual framework for comprehending consumer behavior in the AI-based digital era, our findings expand the notion of bounded rationality toward algorithmically bounded agency.

The relocation of the Social Welfare Shelter Environment (Lingkungan Pondok Sosial/Liponsos) in Sidoarjo represents a strategic effort to address social and spatial issues characterized by overcapacity, limited facilities, and an inadequate living environment that does not fully support the physical and psychological needs of people with social welfare problems (PMKS). These conditions indicate that the challenges faced by Liponsos are not merely social in nature but are also closely related to the quality of the built environment, which significantly influences the rehabilitation and recovery process of its residents. Therefore, a human-centered design approach is required in planning social service facilities. This study aims to analyze the application of humanistic architecture principles in the planned relocation of the Sidoarjo Liponsos as a foundation for creating a more livable, dignified, and user-oriented environment. The research employs a literature review method by collecting data from relevant books, journals, regulations, and previous studies. The analysis is conducted using descriptive and content analysis to examine the relationship between humanistic architectural principles and the needs of residents within social welfare facilities. The results indicate that the humanistic architectural approach is highly relevant to the relocation of Liponsos, particularly through spatial zoning based on levels of privacy and security, the provision of green open spaces and communal areas as media for social interaction and therapeutic activities, and the design of self-development spaces that support rehabilitation and empowerment. The implementation of these principles is expected to create a built environment that not only fulfills basic functional requirements but also supports psychological recovery, social stability, and sustainable improvement in the quality of life of PMKS residents.  

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven numerous innovations in wireless communications that not only demand technical efficiency but also raise philosophical questions about the nature of scientific knowledge. One such innovation is Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC), a communication technique that utilizes signal interference as a source of information to enhance system performance. This paper examines the philosophical dimensions of science within PLNC, focusing on three fundamental aspects: ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontologically, PLNC represents a new paradigm in wireless communication that reinterprets interference not merely as noise but as an opportunity. Epistemologically, knowledge of PLNC is derived through scientific methods such as mathematical modeling, experimentation, and simulation—yielding intersubjective and verifiable truths. Axiologically, PLNC holds practical value in terms of energy efficiency, data reliability, and contributions to the sustainability of IoT ecosystems, while also raising ethical considerations regarding privacy and information security. Thus, this study demonstrates that the development of PLNC cannot be separated from philosophical reflection, emphasizing the profound interconnection between technological advancement, scientific methodology, and human values.

From the beginning of creation, God had forbidden the fruit of the knowledge of good and evil, warning that anyone who ate it would face death. However, this warning was ignored when Eve, tempted by Satan's persuasion, chose to disobey God's command. This action led to sin, as it reflected a wrong decision and went against God's will. Originally, Adam and Eve lived in a state of holiness and freedom from sin. God Himself stated that humans were created in His image and likeness, meaning they possessed a purity and nobility that reflected His love. However, their decision to eat the forbidden fruit removed that purity. As a result, humans were separated from God's holiness and fell into sin. This is the basis for the teaching affirmed in Romans 3:23, which states that "all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God." This wrong choice had profound consequences, illustrating the importance of obedience to God's commands for maintaining purity and an intimate relationship with Him.

This study examines the local wisdom values of the Javanese and Batak ethnic groups in maintaining harmony between humans and nature, as well as their relevance to shaping the spirituality of Generation Z. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a library research approach. Data were obtained from books, scientific articles, and previous studies. The findings show that Memayu Hayuning Bawana and Habonaron Do Bona both emphasize balance and harmony among humans, nature, and God. These values can be applied by Generation Z to develop ecological spirituality rooted in local wisdom and aligned with modern challenges. This study contributes to strengthening the spiritual identity of young generations in the digital era through the revitalization of local wisdom values, The younger generation can find a more holistic and harmonious life guide, while strengthening their spiritual identity amidst the currents of globalization and digitalization. This research contributes to efforts to shape the character and spirituality of an environmentally conscious young generation, based on local wisdom.

This reseacrch aims to reveal the metaphusical meaning within the Penti ceremony as a form of thanksgiving to God (Mori Kraeng) in the Kuleng Waga Tribe community, Mano Village, Easr Manggarai. The Penti ceremony is a hereditary customary rite that marks the end of the harvest season and server as a religious momentum to renew the relationship between humans, nature, ancestors, and God. From a metaphysical perspective, Penti reflects the awareness of the existential interconnectedness between creatures and the Creator, as developed in the philosophy of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas concerning actus assendi and participatio entis. Through a qualitative approach and cultur hermeneutics, this study interprets the symbols and ritual actions of Penti as a concrete expression of the ontological relationship between sreation and the Transcendent. The result of the study show that Penti contains three main metaphysical dimensions: first, the ontological dimension regarding human awareness of existence and dependence on God; Second, the perticipatory dimension concerning the role of ancestors as a spiritual bridge between humans and God; Third, the eschatological dimension regarding the hope for the ultimate perfection of life in God. Thus, Penti not only holds cultural value but also carries profound theological and metaphysical meaning.

This study examines the implementation of Indonesia’s Visa on Arrival (VoA) policy in DKI Jakarta as both an instrument of tourism-driven economic recovery and a component of non-military national defense management under Law No. 23 of 2019 on the Management of National Resources for National Defense. While VoA has significantly contributed to the rebound of international tourist arrivals—surpassing 11 million visits nationally in 2023—it simultaneously generates governance challenges at strategic entry points such as Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, where facilitation of mobility intersects with risks including overstaying, transnational crime, human trafficking, and potential infiltration by non-state actors. Existing scholarship largely emphasizes economic impacts and regulatory frameworks, leaving limited analysis of VoA as part of an integrated civil defense infrastructure. Addressing this gap, the study aims to analyze how VoA implementation in DKI Jakarta is managed within a non-military defense perspective, particularly regarding institutional coordination, immigration intelligence, and risk mitigation mechanisms. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with immigration officials and security stakeholders, document analysis of relevant laws and ministerial regulations, and review of official immigration statistics, followed by thematic analysis. The findings indicate that although VoA effectively supports economic and diplomatic objectives, its function as a non-military defense instrument remains constrained by fragmented inter-agency coordination, uneven intelligence integration, and limited adaptive governance capacity at the local level. Strengthening collaborative surveillance systems, data-sharing mechanisms, and strategic policy alignment between immigration authorities and national defense institutions is therefore essential. The study concludes that reframing immigration governance as part of Indonesia’s broader non-military defense strategy is crucial to balancing openness with security in high-density international gateways.

Gillnet fisheries play an important role in supporting the local economy and the welfare of coastal communities. However, fishermen still face challenges related to unequal access to livelihood assets and high vulnerability to external factors such as seasonal changes, catch fluctuations, market pressures, and environmental conditions. This study aimed to analyze the level of vulnerability, identify livelihood assets, and formulate strategies for sustainable livelihood development among gillnet fishing communities. The study was conducted in Margasari and Muara Gading Mas Villages in September 2025 using a mixed-method approach, combining questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and field observations. Samples were selected through purposive sampling, and data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods supported by a Likert scale. The results showed that fishermen’s vulnerability is relatively high (54.5%), affecting income stability. Social (81.4%) and natural (78.7%) assets are relatively strong, while human (38.6%), physic (48.3%), and financial (43.20%) assets remain relatively low. Limited education, lack of training, and restricted access to financial resources are the main constraints, leading to low adaptive capacity and limited livelihood diversification. Recommended strategies include improving human resource capacity, strengthening access to financial capital, and developing livelihood diversification based on local potential. These efforts are expected to enhance household economic resilience and support sustainable livelihoods among gillnet fishing communities.

This study analyzes the governance performance of information systems at the Career Center of Universitas Muhammadiyah Jambi using the COBIT 2019 framework. The primary objective is to evaluate the maturity level of IT governance and provide recommendations to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of information systems in supporting the institution’s strategic objectives. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and questionnaires involving system users and decision-makers within the Career Center. The findings indicate that several areas require greater attention, particularly Managed IT Changes, Managed Risk, and Managed Operations. These domains are considered critical in improving the management and reliability of the existing information systems. The study also identifies several challenges affecting system performance, including limited system integration, insufficient human resources, and the use of outdated technology. Based on these findings, the research recommends strengthening the organizational structure, improving the competence of human resources, and optimizing IT processes in accordance with COBIT 2019 standards. Implementing these improvements is expected to increase IT governance maturity, enhance service quality for students and alumni, and better support the university’s strategic development goals.

Drug misuse continues to be a complicated social and legal issue that has an impact on societal stability, public health, and personal wellbeing. Many criminal justice systems have moved away from punitive tactics in favor of rehabilitation-focused ones in recent years, especially for drug users who are frequently viewed as sufferers of addiction rather than serious criminals. The National Narcotics Agency (BNN) in Indonesia is implementing rehabilitation programs and restorative justice processes as a result of this change. This study investigates the efficacy of restorative justice in drug rehabilitation at Jambi Province's National Narcotics Agency and evaluates its applicability from the standpoint of Islamic law, specifically the framework of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah. The study uses a case study design and a qualitative methodology. Participant observation, document analysis, and in-depth interviews with BNN officials, rehabilitation counselors, medical staff, and ex-drug users were used to gather data. The results show that an integrated evaluation system that assesses drug users' physical, psychological, and social states in order to determine their eligibility for recovery is used to institutionally apply restorative justice principles. Combining medical care, psychological counseling, and social reintegration programs, the rehabilitation programs greatly aid in participants' recuperation, enhance psychological stability, and fortify familial ties. Additionally, by promoting individual responsibility, family support, and community involvement, restorative justice-based rehabilitation lowers the risk of recidivism. From the standpoint of Islamic legal philosophy, these actions are consistent with the goals of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, specifically the defense of human dignity, life (ḥifḍ al-nafs), and intellect (ḥifḍ al-ʿaql). According to the study's findings, restorative justice-based rehabilitation is a compassionate and successful method of treating drug dependency while encouraging social reintegration and long-term recovery.

Curiosity is a very important capital to start learning. Because, with curiosity, humans can dig up interesting information and tips so that they can gain broader insight. In this sophisticated era, it is easier for people to find the information they need. One media that is often used to access information is YouTube. There are many videos on YouTube that can provide interesting and quality information, one of which is Maudy Ayunda's video. This research aims to describe the forms of assertive speech acts contained in the booklist edition of Maudy Ayunda's YouTube channel. The approach used in this research is methodological and theoretical. The approach used in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach and a pragmatic approach. The data collection method used in this research was the observation method, followed by the observation technique. The data analysis method in this research is the pragmatic subtype. The research results found that there were types of assertive speech acts including, namely, assertive speech acts stating 31 data, suggesting 11 data, boasting that no data was found, complaining about 5 data, and claiming 14 data.

The reform of Indonesia’s criminal law through Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) marks a fundamental shift in the national criminal justice system, particularly through the formal recognition of the living law as law that lives within society. This article analyzes the correlation between living law and the principle of legality within the context of national criminal law reform. The study employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to examine how the 2023 Criminal Code seeks to balance legal certainty with substantive justice. The findings indicate that the regulation of the principle of legality in Article 1 of the KUHP remains the primary foundation for ensuring the protection of individual rights and preventing arbitrary state actions. However, the recognition of living law under Article 2 of the KUHP expands the sources of criminal law beyond written statutes to include social values living within the community, insofar as they are consistent with Pancasila, general legal principles, and human rights. The relationship between the principle of legality and living law in the 2023 KUHP is not antagonistic but rather complementary and harmonious. Living law enriches the legality principle substantively through moral and social justice dimensions, while the legality principle serves as a normative safeguard to maintain legal certainty and prevent the abuse of power. Therefore, the integration of both principles reflects a new paradigm of Indonesian criminal law that is pluralistic, just, and civilized, reaffirming the nation’s legal politics grounded in Pancasila values and the principles of a democratic rule of law.

Tegal possesses substantial capture fisheries potential, supported by the availability of adequate human resources and appropriate infrastructure. One of the most commonly utilized fishing gears at the Tegalsari Nusantara Fishing Port is the pocket seine net. This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental friendliness of pocket seine fishing gear operated by fishermen at the Tegalsari Nusantara Fishing Port and to analyze the composition of the catch produced by this gear. The research employed a survey method using a questionnaire instrument based on nine criteria for environmentally friendly fishing gear. The respondents in this study were fishermen operating pocket seine net, and the number of respondents was determined using the Slovin formula. Data were processed using descriptive analysis. Meanwhile, the catch composition data were analyzed using the comparative method. The results of the fishing gear friendliness assessment indicate that the pocket seine gear used by fishermen at the Tegalsari Nusantara Fishing Port falls within the environmentally friendly category, with an indicator score ranging from 19 to 27. The catch composition of pocket seine gear comprises 12 species, which are classified into main catch and bycatch. All captured species possess economic value; consequently, no catch is discarded.

Social media has brought significant changes in the way humans interact, construct meaning, and shape social identities. In Indonesia, TikTok is the most widely accessed social media platform, reaching 32% of users. TikTok is not only a medium of entertainment but also a space for the production and reproduction of values, tastes, and social standards. The TikTok algorithm presents personalized content according to user preferences, creating a continuous flow of information that is visually and repetitively consumed. From an anthropological perspective, this article aims to analyze how algorithms influence the formation of digital identity and generate new status symbols in virtual spaces. This research uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods and literature studies on TikTok usage practices. The results of the study show that indicators of popularity such as the number of views, followers, likes, and interaction rates become new forms of status symbols that represent users’ social influence in the digital world. From an anthropological perspective, TikTok can be understood as a new cultural space where algorithms act as structural agents that influence social practices, identity production, and symbolic hierarchies within digital society. This study emphasizes that algorithms function not only as technical technologies but also as cultural forces that shape how individuals understand themselves and their social positions within the social media ecosystem.

The rapid advancement of technology has brought significant changes to the field of education, requiring adjustments in the roles and competencies of educators to improve the quality of human resources. The teaching profession is no longer limited to delivering knowledge but also demands the ability to adapt to technological developments, utilize digital tools, and create innovative and relevant learning experiences. This study aims to examine the challenges faced by the education profession in improving the quality of human resources and to identify strategies that can be implemented to address these challenges. This research employs a literature review method by analyzing ten relevant scientific articles using a descriptive qualitative approach. The findings reveal several major challenges, including limited teacher competence and professionalism, constraints in the use of technology, weaknesses in human resource management in education, and the lack of optimal training and professional development programs. In addition, disparities in access and readiness for digital transformation also hinder the improvement of educational quality. The results suggest that improving the quality of human resources through education requires a comprehensive approach, including strengthening teacher competencies, providing continuous professional development, improving educational management, and ensuring adaptive policy support. Therefore, the education profession is expected to play a crucial role as a driving force in producing competent, high-quality human resources who are well prepared to face future challenges.

Ship berthing and departure planning is one of the crucial aspects in supporting the operational effectiveness of shipping companies. This study aims to analyze the important role of planners in ship berthing and departure activities in supporting marketing activities at PT. Nusantara Pasifik Sentosa Belawan. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approach through observation and documentation study. The findings indicate that well-planned and coordinated ship berthing and departure activities provide a significant contribution to customer satisfaction, delivery punctuality, and the company’s image in the eyes of business partners. Effective planning also helps the company maintain service reliability and improve operational efficiency in port activities. However, several obstacles were identified, including lack of coordination between departments, limited information flow, and schedule disruptions caused by external factors such as weather conditions and port congestion. These challenges can affect the smoothness of operational activities and indirectly influence the company’s marketing performance. Therefore, strategies are required to improve human resource competencies, enhance digital communication systems, and strengthen cross-sector collaboration. With a well-structured planning system, PT.Nusantara Pasifik Sentosa is expected to improve its service quality and increase its competitiveness in the national shipping industry.

This community service activity aims to improve the effectiveness of clean water distribution management through the implementation of a Water Level Control (WLC) system as an automatic control for water pumps and three-phase motors at a regional drinking water supply company in Lamongan. The methods employed include field observation, problem identification, system design and implementation, as well as periodic evaluation of system performance. The activity focuses on the water treatment unit by conducting control and monitoring of operational parameters such as frequency (Hz), pump pressure, and flow stability to ensure optimal water distribution according to consumer needs. The results indicate that the implementation of the WLC system enhances operational efficiency, minimizes human error, and supports more structured and sustainable equipment maintenance. In addition, this activity contributes to improving the knowledge and technical skills of personnel in operating, monitoring, and maintaining automated control systems. In managing automation-based technology in a professional and independent manner, human resource capacity is strengthened, while the quality of clean water services is also improved through this community service program.

Digital transformation in the public sector has driven various service innovations, including pension administration services for State Civil Apparatus (ASN). This study aims to analyze the development of digital-based public service innovations in pension administration and identify the benefits and challenges of their implementation. This study used the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by reviewing various relevant scientific articles from national journals that discuss the digitalization of public services and pension administration. The literature selection process was carried out systematically to identify, evaluate, and synthesize research findings related to digital-based pension service innovations. The review results indicate that digitalization of pension administration services through the use of electronic service applications and platforms can improve administrative efficiency, accelerate data verification and pension fund disbursement, and increase transparency and accountability in public services. The implementation of digital services also contributes to simplifying bureaucratic procedures and increasing service accessibility for retirees. However, the literature review also revealed challenges in implementing digital pension services, including low digital literacy among retirees, limited access to technological devices, and suboptimal dissemination of service information. The findings of this study indicate that the success of digital-based service innovations depends not only on technology, but also on human resource readiness, the organizational capacity of government institutions, and the level of public acceptance of the use of digital technology. Therefore, developing digital-based pension services requires a comprehensive strategy.

Digital transformation in the public sector has significantly driven service innovations, particularly in pension administration for Civil Servants (ASN). This study aims to analyze the development of digital-based public service innovations in pension administration while identifying the benefits and challenges associated with their implementation. The research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by examining relevant scholarly articles from national journals focusing on the digitalization of public services and pension systems. The literature selection process was conducted systematically to identify, evaluate, and synthesize key findings related to digital pension service innovations. The results indicate that digitalization through applications and electronic platforms enhances administrative efficiency, accelerates data verification, and improves the speed of pension fund disbursement. It also strengthens transparency and accountability while simplifying bureaucratic procedures and expanding service accessibility for retirees. However, several challenges remain, including low digital literacy among retirees, limited access to technological devices, and insufficient public awareness regarding digital service usage. The findings suggest that the success of digital-based public service innovations depends not only on technological availability but also on human resource readiness, institutional capacity, and the level of public acceptance. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is required, including improving digital literacy, strengthening information technology infrastructure, and optimizing communication efforts to ensure effective adoption.