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Foreign debt (ULN) is one of the important issues in the dynamics of the global economy, especially for developing countries. This study aims to analyze the causal factors, conditions of ULN in Indonesia, and its impact on the economy. Qualitative research methods with a literature approach were used to collect data from various written sources. The results of the study indicate that the factors causing ULN in Indonesia include the inability to provide sufficient development funds, an imbalance between investment and savings, and dependence on imported goods. The impact of ULN on the Indonesian economy is divided into positive and negative impacts. The positive impacts include effective sources of development financing, recognition of the country's ability to pay off debt, the establishment of relations between countries, and encouragement of domestic policy improvements. The negative impacts include the burden on the APBN, reduction in spending strategies, the influence of creditor countries in policy making, and the stigma of being a failed state. The study concludes that ULN in Indonesia needs to be managed wisely by considering long-term risks. Some recommended solutions include delaying principal debt payments, changing payment obligations, and reducing principal debt. This study provides important information for policy stakeholders and the Indonesian public in understanding the importance of wise ULN management to encourage sustainable economic growth and improve people's welfare.

Guarantee fiduciary guarantees play an important role in economic financing in Indonesia. However, implementation of fiduciary guarantee execution often leads to legal conflicts, especially the abuse of executorial power by creditors. Court Decision Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 changes the execution mechanism to better protect the rights of debtors and emphasize the principle of justice. protect the rights of debtors and emphasize the principle of justice. This raises the need to reformulate Perkap No. 8/2011 to be relevant to the changes.changes. Research This research uses a normative method that analyzes the relevant laws and regulations related laws and regulations, the principles of justice, and their compatibility with social dynamics. The focus is to review the relevance and weaknesses of Perkap No. 8/2011 after the Constitutional Court Decision. The Constitutional Court's ruling limits unilateral execution and requires an acknowledgment of default or a court decision before execution. default or court decision before execution is carried out. This increases the protection of debtors' rights, but also adds procedural burdens for creditors. for creditors. The reformulation of Perkap No. 8/2011 is necessary to ensure that execution is more fair and lawful. The reformulation should include mechanisms that prioritize legality, protection of debtor rights, and oversight of abuse. monitoring against abuse. Synergy between the court, the police, and related parties need to be strengthened to create a balanced and transparent legal ecosystem and transparent.

BNI Fleksi Credit is a KTA facility offered to employees with fixed income for consumption purposes. The procedure for granting BNI Fleksi credit by Bank BNI Branch. Fatmawati still has problems, one of which is not providing physical collateral and there are still prospective debtors who do not understand the terms and conditions in applying for BNI Fleksi credit facilities. The purpose of this study is to find out what are the terms and conditions in applying for BNI Fleksi credit, to find out how the implementation of BNI Fleksi credit provision, to understand the various obstacles in the process of granting BNI Fleksi credit by Bank BNI Fatmawati Branch. The study method used is descriptive qualitative method. The result of the study shows that, 1) BNI Fleksi credit that has been implemented runs quite well and has been in accordance with the procedures and provisions, however, there are still some obstacles faced, one of which is the completeness of document requirements as support in the process of granting BNI Fleksi credit has not met the requirements. 2) In BI Checking, there are still prospective debtors who have arrears at various banks. 3) BNI Flexi Credit customers experience delays in paying principal and interest installments due to the company being late in paying salaries to employees, this has an impact on installment payments and the occurrence of collectibility which is the possibility of not receiving back the loan that has been given. 4) Refusal to provide BNI Flexion to prospective debtors because they do not guarantee themselves with credit insurance that can protect the risk of inability to pay, death, bankruptcy, termination of employment, repayment of remaining credit interest and arrears, and also simplify the loan application process.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of credit risk management in Islamic banking, which is a crucial aspect in maintaining business stability and sustainability. The research focuses on identifying credit risk control strategies, such as supervisory oversight by the board of commissioners, risk management policies, and internal control systems. The research method used is a literature review, examining various sources, including journals, books, and official documents. The article shows that credit risks in Islamic banking arise from customers' failure to meet payment obligations and involve concentration and counterparty risks. Islamic banks apply several strategies to address non-performing loans, such as rescheduling, restructuring, reconditioning, and, when necessary, collateral seizure. The implementation of credit risk management helps banks reduce potential losses and improve operational efficiency. Effective credit risk management enables Islamic banks to mitigate losses and maintain customer trust while adhering to Sharia principles and OJK regulations. With the right strategies, Islamic banks can ensure financial stability and sustain long-term growth..

 In this study to see how small to medium-scale farmers face problems when developing beef cattle farming businesses in Perbaungan District, North Sumatra. The research utilised a descriptive survey to collect data through field observations, structured interviews and desk research. The research involved beef cattle farmers from various business scales. Livestock production, feed use and capital constraints were included in the quantitative and descriptive analyses.The results showed that low-quality feed, capital availability and technical knowledge affected livestock productivity in the area. Large-scale farmers use commercial feed to get better results, while small-scale farmers rely more on natural feed. Improved access to high-quality feed, technical training and low-interest business credit are some of the development plans. Thus, to achieve sustainability of the sector, beef cattle enterprise development requires a holistic approach with government support, continuous training and cooperation with relevant institutions.

Quick and Safe Credit (KCA) is one of the superior service product facilities of PT Pegadaian, which is a loan based on the pawn law with easy, safe, and fast service procedures. Quick and Safe Credit (KCA) is intended to help customers and communities with the problem of investment funds and funds for working capital.This study aims to analyze the factors that influence customer/community demand for PT Pegadaian’s Quick and Safe Credit (KCA) facility. This research is a quantitative descriptive study conducted at PT Pegadaian Oesapa Branch Kupang City. Data were collected using literature study methods, questionnaires, and observations. The results showed that the level of customer income, number of customer family dependents, and level of customer education had a significant effect on the demand for Quick and Safe Credit (KCA) at the Oesapa Branch Pegadaian office. This means that the higher the customer's income, the greater the number of dependents of the customer's family, and the higher the customer's education level, the greater the demand for Quick and Safe Credit (KCA).

The Samsat Digital application is designed to improve efficiency and transparency in the management of motor vehicle taxes in South Sumatra. The main goal is to provide the best service to the public using information technology. The Samsat Digital application is an innovative solution that aims to make it easier for the public to access motor vehicle tax administration services. This application provides various features that allow users to make vehicle tax payments, check tax status, extend STNK, and search for information related to Samsat services online. Through mobile application-based technology, Samsat Digital seeks to reduce long queues at Samsat offices, increase time efficiency, and provide a more practical user experience. This system is equipped with secure authentication features, tax payment reminder notifications, and integration with various digital payment methods such as e-wallets, mobile banking, and credit cards.Keyword : Aplikasi Samsat Digital.

Islamic boarding schools are educational institutions that are free from credit or financing practices. Islamic boarding schools are free from online loans, currently many santri are trapped in online loans. The purpose of this study is to analyze in depth the santri who have online loans, the reasons for making online loans, and how to pay off these loans. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach based on the phenomenon with the aim of obtaining sample data results in the field. Comprehensive surveys and interviews were conducted with santri who have online loans at boarding schools. The sample consisted of 40 santri and, we conducted the data collection using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results of this study show that most santri can obtain online loans and each santri uses online loans for consumptive needs and not for productive needs, thus having a negative effect on the educational process at boarding school.

This study examines the debt restructuring process of PT Adhi Persada Properti through a Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU) proceeding. By employing a normative legal research method with a descriptive approach, this study analyzes the legal framework governing PKPU and its application in the case of PT Adhi Persada Properti. The findings reveal that the company's delay in submitting a peace plan and the lack of a clear restructuring strategy have raised concerns about the fairness of the process for creditors. The study highlights the importance of timely compliance with legal requirements in PKPU proceedings and the need for a balanced approach that protects the interests of both debtors and creditors.

Because interest-bearing deposits are not allowed by Islamic Sharia rules and principles, Islamic banks generally collect deposits in the form of profit-sharing investment accounts. These accounts differ from conventional deposits not only because of the profit-sharing nature of the returns they offer but also because the relationship between the customer and the bank is not a debt contract, so these deposits are not considered 'fixed capital.' (artinya, nasabah dapat menerima hasil negatif atau kerugian). This last characteristic poses serious regulatory issues in jurisdictions where bank deposits are legally required to have a definition of 'certain capital.' In general, the presence of such 'risk-bearing instruments' in the capital structure of Islamic banks complicates the assessment of their capital adequacy. Moreover, the fact that profit-sharing investment account holders are a type of equity investor without the governance rights held by creditors or shareholders poses a significant oversight problem. This article explains these issues in more detail and proposes a solution in the form of a structural distinction between Islamic banks in the narrow sense on one side, and entities managing profit-sharing investment accounts on the other.

This research aims to implement the C4.5 algorithm in predicting bad credit in digital loan systems in the FinTech industry. The C4.5 algorithm was chosen because of its ability to handle numeric and categorical attributes, as well as produce a decision tree that can be interpreted easily. This research uses a dataset containing customer transaction and profile information, such as employment status, income and payment history. Test results show that the C4.5 algorithm is able to achieve an accuracy of 89.6% in predicting the possibility of bad credit, so it can help FinTech companies manage credit risk more effectively.

More and more BPRs have had their operational permits revoked by the OJK. The revocation of a BPR license is due to the bank's unhealthy financial condition, which has the potential to threaten the banking system and harm various parties. Therefore, the bank must have its business license revoked with several previously determined considerations. One of the BPRs whose business license was revoked was BPR Persada Guna Pasuruan. This research aims to analyze the forms of legal violations in the case of revocation of BPR Persada Guna's business license and find out the follow-up given by the authorities in the case of BPR Persada Guna Pasuruan. This research uses a normative juridical approach. The research results show that the forms of legal violations include credit violations, capital insufficiency, and violations of bank governance. Meanwhile, the follow-up provided is through the Decree of the Members of the Board of Commissioners of the Financial Services Authority Number KEP-84/D.03/2023 dated 4 December 2023 regarding the Revocation of the Business License of PT Bank Kredit Kredit Rakyat Persada Guna.

This article discusses the socialization of provisions on bad credit from the perspective of creditor risk on collateral that does not belong to the debtor in Mojokerto City. This research was conducted through strategic steps including identifying community needs, developing informative socialization materials, and implementing educational activities. The results of the survey and interviews showed low public understanding of creditor risk and the importance of valid collateral. The socialization program designed with simple language and educational materials such as brochures and short videos succeeded in increasing public awareness. Evaluation through focus group discussions (FGD) revealed the need to increase interaction and consistency in socialization. In addition, supporting studies showed the importance of supervision, coaching, and prevention efforts to overcome bad credit. With suggestions to increase the frequency of socialization programs, utilize social media, and involve banking practitioners and legal experts, it is hoped that it can increase public understanding and reduce the number of bad credit, as well as support financial stability in Mojokerto City.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and study how Non-Performing Loan (NPL), Third Party Funds (TPF), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), and Operating Costs to Operating Income (BOPO) affect credit distribution. Quantitative research uses secondary data from the financial statements of banking service companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018–2022. A sample of 235 companies was collected through a purposive sampling method. Data was processed using the SPSS application. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to conduct this analysis. The results of the study showed that the Non-Performing Loan (NPL) Third Party Funds (TPF) variable with credit distribution did not have a significant positive impact. The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Operating Costs to Operating Income (BOPO) variables had a significant negative impact on credit distribution, while the Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) variable had a significant positive impact.

The goal of the socialization program for People's Business Credit (KUR) use in Bangsal Village, Mojokerto Regency, is to enhance the community's knowledge, perspectives, and practices about KUR for MSMEs. Prior to and during the socializing activity, questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to gather data for this qualitative research. The study's findings demonstrated a decline in the usage of KUR for non-productive consumption and an increase in community awareness of the advantages and prerequisites for using KUR. The community is positively encouraged to use KUR for their business requirements as a result of this socialization program. Increased stakeholder participation, improved instructional materials, wider outreach, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation are all required to improve the efficacy of KUR socialization. In order to promote regional economic growth and enhance community welfare overall, it is anticipated that the findings of this research would significantly increase access to and advantages of KUR.

The goal of the socialization program for People's Business Credit (KUR) use in Bangsal Village, Mojokerto Regency, is to enhance the community's knowledge, perspectives, and practices about KUR for MSMEs. Prior to and during the socializing activity, questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to gather data for this qualitative research. The study's findings demonstrated a decline in the usage of KUR for non-productive consumption and an increase in community awareness of the advantages and prerequisites for using KUR. The community is positively encouraged to use KUR for their business requirements as a result of this socialization program. Increased stakeholder participation, improved instructional materials, wider outreach, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation are all required to improve the efficacy of KUR socialization. In order to promote regional economic growth and enhance community welfare overall, it is anticipated that the findings of this research would significantly increase access to and advantages of KUR

The increasingly dynamic global financial landscape demands effective risk management strategies to ensure financial stability and institutional sustainability. Two critical approaches, risk financing transfers and risk retention, offer complementary solutions. Risk financing transfers allow institutions to redistribute financial risks to third parties through mechanisms such as securitization and Credit Risk Transfers (CRTs), improving market efficiency. In contrast, risk retention emphasizes accountability by require institutions to retain a portion of the risks, fostering market discipline and investor confidence.This study employs a Semantic Literature Review (SLR) to analyze the interaction between these approaches, focusing on mechanisms like securitization, contract design, and macroprudential policies. By reviewing ten peer reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2024, key themes and challenges related to systemic risks, moral hazards, and regulatory gaps are identified. Thematic analysis, supported by tools like NVivo, reveals the potential of these mechanisms to enhance financial stability when implemented within a robust regulatory framework.The results highlights that while risk financing transfers increase flexibility and market efficiency, they May exacerbate moral hazards without sufficient risk retention. Macroprudential policies and accurate risk pricing is crucial in addressing systemic risks, particularly in sectors like shadow banking and climate vulnerable regions. The study also underscore the importance of transparent contract design and the integration of innovative tools, such as geospatial data and machine learning, to support fair and efficient risk distribution.In conclusion, balancing market efficiency and systemic risk mitigation is imperative.While​ risk retention strengths accountability and oversight, effective integration with risk financing transfers is necessary to create a sustainable and resilient financial system.This​ review provides valuable insights for policy makers and practitioners in addressing emerging financial challenges.

This research aims to determine the different kinds of risks that Bank Muamalat KCP Sepanjang faces as well as the mitigation strategies implemented to manage these risks. This research uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach to understand risk phenomena in depth through interviews and observations. The research results show that Bank Muamalat faces several main risks, including credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and strategic risk. Strategic risk is the biggest challenge because it requires adjustments to changes in business competition, innovation and technological developments. The mitigation strategies implemented by Bank Muamalat include strict supervision of strategic policies, collaboration with other parties, and adaptation to new technology. With the right mitigation strategy, Bank Muamalat KCP Sepanjang can maintain its stability and growth in the sharia banking sector.  

The involvement of a third party in a debt agreement as the owner of the collateral object is a legal act that often occurs in society. Not a few third parties feel disadvantaged due to the debt agreement between the debtor and the creditor because there are still no regulations that clearly regulate their legal protection, one of the cases is Decision Number 808 / Pdt.G / 2021 / PA CN This study aims to examine problems related to legal protection for third parties as owners of collateral according to applicable laws and regulations. This research method uses a normative legal approach by approaching the laws in force in Indonesia, then a normative analysis is carried out using data sources in the form of laws and regulations, court decisions, opinions of legal experts, along with existing legal concepts. This study will later focus on legal protection for third parties as collateral owners based on applicable regulations and legal settlements if third parties feel disadvantaged by the collateral object they own. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is no prohibition on the involvement of third parties as guarantors of land rights in the debt agreement process, however, legal regulations regarding the role of third parties are only explained implicitly in Law No. 4/1996, resulting in third parties being vulnerable to being harmed. As a form of legal protection for third parties, it can be done through a preventive process by issuing APHT and SKMHT by authorized officials, in addition, if the third party's rights have been harmed, it can be taken through litigation and non-litigation.

Bill Of Lading is a document of receipt of goods that have been loaded onto a ship that serves as proof of ownership, and a contract between the carrier and the sender. The export process in the shipping world requires the issuance of a Bill Of Lading as a condition for transporting goods and the obstacle is the exporter's delay in sending the Shipping Instruction document. The purpose of writing this paper is to find out the process of issuing a Bill Of Lading in the export of goods. as well as efforts made so that the export process can run smoothly at PT. Seroja Jaya Agency, Kuala Tanjung Branch. The efforts made so that the process runs smoothly, including the Bill Of Lading must be received directly from the carrier where the Bill Of Lading is issued by the sender, the Bill Of Lading must state the name and shipping address, the Bill of Lading must be signed by the captain, the Bill Of Lading must be matched with the invoice and Letter of Credit, the Bill Of Lading date must not exceed the shipping date, the Bill Of Lading must match the Letter of Credit regarding the implementation of payment.