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Business competition in the culinary sector continues to increase along with changes in people's consumption patterns towards ready-to-eat food. One product that is quite popular is fried dim sum, which is known for its variety of flavors and relatively affordable prices. In this competitive environment, understanding how consumers perceive product price and quality is crucial for businesses to maintain and increase customer interest in purchasing goods. Consumer perceptions of product price and quality when they choose fried dim sum are the subject of this study. Informants were selected purposively in this study, which used a qualitative and descriptive approach, namely consumers who have purchased and consumed fried dim sum products. Data collection methods included comprehensive interviews, direct observation, and supporting documentation. The collected data were analyzed using an interactive analysis model developed by Miles and Huberman through steps such as data reduction, data presentation, and discovery. The results show that consumers view price as an indicator related to the affordability and suitability of the product value. Price is considered acceptable if it is commensurate with perceived quality. In addition, product quality, including taste, texture, cleanliness, and packaging, is a primary factor considered before making a purchase. Positive perceptions of product quality increase customer trust and encourage repeat purchases. This study concluded that customer perceptions or opinions about price and product quality influence fried dim sum purchasing decisions. Therefore, culinary businesses need to prioritize proportional pricing and maintain consistent product quality to enhance business competitiveness.

The Indonesia–European Union Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IEU-CEPA) signed in September 2025 opens significant economic opportunities through the elimination of 98% of tariffs and broader access to the European Union market. However, the implementation of this agreement poses serious challenges for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which contribute 60% of GDP and absorb 97% of the national workforce. This research analyzes the readiness of Indonesian national law in supporting MSME participation in facing IEU-CEPA implementation using normative juridical methods with statutory and conceptual approaches. The research findings show that although IEU-CEPA offers 0% tariffs for 95% of Indonesian products, MSMEs face barriers in meeting European Union technical standards such as Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), and European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). National regulations such as Law Number 20 of 2008 and Government Regulation Number 7 of 2021 have not yet regulated mechanisms for assisting MSMEs in meeting international standards, traceability systems, and special legal protection. The research recommends comprehensive legal harmonization and reform strategies including regulatory revision, establishment of an IEU-CEPA Task Force for MSMEs, adequate budget allocation, capacity building programs, and strengthening legal protection mechanisms to ensure MSMEs optimally utilize IEU-CEPA opportunities.

This article discusses the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) in shaping inclusive attitudes of students in the midst of diverse Indonesian society. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study examines how PAK can teach the values ​​of love, justice, and respect for differences, and their impact on students' character. The results of the study indicate that PAK not only functions as a transmitter of the doctrine of faith, but also as a means to promote tolerance and interfaith dialogue. Teachers play an important role as facilitators who create a safe and supportive learning environment, and integrate multicultural values ​​into the curriculum. Although PAK faces challenges in the learning approach, collaboration between the church, school, and family can strengthen the impact of religious education. Thus, PAK has great potential in shaping a tolerant generation committed to social justice in a pluralistic society.

The public complaint system is an important facility for the police institution to improve the quality of public services, particularly in receiving, processing, and following up on various reports and complaints from the public. However, in practice, the complaint process is still largely carried out manually, such as through face-to-face interactions, paper-based forms, or direct communication that is not well documented. This gives rise to problems such as delays in handling, difficulties in tracking the history and status of reports, low work efficiency of officers, and limited transparency of information for reporters. These problems ultimately affect the level of public trust in the police institution. This study aims to design a web-based public complaint information system that supports a more structured, measurable, and transparent complaint management process. This system is designed by implementing the Kanban method as a workflow management tool that allows for prioritization, monitoring the handling process, and tracking the status of complaints in real time. The research methods include a literature review related to information systems and the Kanban method, direct observation of the existing complaint process, interviews with stakeholders, system requirements analysis, modeling using UML (Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, Sequence Diagram), and database design using Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). The results of this research resulted in the design of a web-based public complaints information system that can facilitate complaint data recording, report management and status updates, task assignments to officers, performance monitoring, and complaint status notification to the public.

This study analyzes the effectiveness of installed supervision (Waskat) by the Sub-district Head on the performance of employees at the Bukit Kapur District Office, Dumai City, in the midst of the demands of public service accountability. The background involves local bureaucratic challenges such as resource constraints and employee resistance. Using a qualitative approach with field observation for two weeks (15-29 December 2025), including in-depth interviews with 5 employees and 2 community informants, plus data triangulation from attendance records and performance reports, it was analyzed thematically. The results revealed attendance increased to 95%, absenteeism decreased by 2%, and work output increased from 50 to 65 permit documents each week. Quotes such as "Direct supervision motivates me" (Employee A, 2025) affirm the preventive role of Waskat, despite obstacles such as over-tasking, in line with Fauzan (2024) on civil servant governance. The discussion highlighted Waskat as a tool for local bureaucratic reform. This conclusion affirms the effectiveness of Waskat in improving performance, recommending humanistic and digital adaptation. Policy implications for local governments, with suggestions for future studies using a larger sample.

This study examines the process of religious habituation among congregants at Masjid Jami’ Al-Barokah Yasda, South Jakarta, through the perspective of Peter L. Berger’s theory of social construction. The mosque implements a series of religious programs conducted consistently on a daily basis, including ta’lim, recitation of Rotibul Haddad, congregational shalat tasbih, Yasin Tahlil Barzanji, silaturahmi, and jaulah. This research aims to understand how these programs are designed, implemented, and interpreted so as to shape the religious patterns of the congregation. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews with the head of the Mosque Management Board (DKM) and direct observation of religious activities. The findings indicate that religious habituation in this mosque is formed through an interconnected process of social construction: religious programs are formulated by mosque administrators as an expression of religious values and vision (externalization), subsequently carried out on a regular basis until they are accepted as traditions and a collective identity of the mosque (objectivation), and ultimately internalized by congregants as values that shape religious attitudes and consciousness of piety (internalization) in their daily lives.Overall, these religious activities are oriented toward sustaining Rahmatan lil ‘Alamin da‘wah da‘wah that promotes goodness, inner peace, and social benefit for both congregants and the surrounding community. The findings demonstrate that religious habituation, when managed consistently and adaptively, is capable of fostering a living religious culture, strengthening piety, and generating tangible social impacts within an urban religious context.

This study aims to describe and analyze in depth the actualization of school leadership based on the values of Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah (Aswaja) at SDIT Mutiara Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi Regency. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design. Data was collected through interviews, observations, and documentation studies of various parties involved in school management. The results of the study show that school leadership integrates Aswaja values, namely tawassuth (moderate), tawazun (balanced), i'tidal (firm/straight), and tasamuh (tolerant), in policy making, curriculum management, and character development of students. The actualization of these values has an impact on the creation of a harmonious, inclusive, and oriented learning environment for the development of moderate Islamic character. An important point found is the integration of Aswaja values in the school's visions and missions, student discipline, and religious programs such as morning dhikr and dawn lectures. These programs support the formation of righteous, intelligent, and outstanding students, while strengthening the school's identity as an educational institution based on moderate Islamic values. This research confirms that Aswaja-based leadership not only serves as a normative guideline, but also as a practical strategy in building a school culture that is sustainable and relevant to the needs of the community.

Formal organizational structures are crucial for ensuring the effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability of work processes within an institution. However, many organizations still face challenges such as overlapping tasks, ineffective communication, and inadequate control mechanisms. This study aims to analyze formal organizational structure design strategies through systematic steps, implementation mechanisms, and ongoing evaluation. The research method used is a literature review, based on a review of the latest scientific sources (books, journals, and research reports) related to organizational theory and structural design. The results indicate that organizational structure design should begin with defining objectives, analyzing activities, departmentalizing, establishing hierarchical relationships, coordinating mechanisms, and evaluating. Implementation mechanisms include socialization, human resource capacity development, process integration with technology, monitoring, and change management. The literature review also confirms that alignment between strategy, structure, and business processes is a key factor in improving organizational performance. Therefore, organizational structures must be adaptive, responsive, and data-driven to face the challenges of an ever-evolving strategic environment.

This study aims to describe the application of management functions in pastoral care for PLHIV. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The study was conducted at the HKBP AIDS Ministry (HAM) Balige. Research Findings indicate that the implementation of pastoral care management functions such as planning, organizing, implementing, monitoring and evaluation has been carried out well. The planning stage generally concerns the foundation's readiness to provide assistance in the form of data collection on the identity of the assisted, infrastructure, and scheduling. The organizing stage includes the division of personnel tasks, the formation of peer groups as service partners. The implementation stage is the aspect of implementing pastoral care with the aim of realizing assistance for PLHIV through early detection facilities, providing medication to PLHIV, and educating the community in the form of socialization or seminars. The monitoring stage is carried out by monitoring the progress of the assisted through ARV compliance forms. Meanwhile, evaluation of pastoral care for PLHIV is carried out in weekly meetings to ensure all activities are carried out properly. The implications of these findings support the principle of the importance of managerial aspects in pastoral care so that the assistance is more effective, structured and sustainable so that efforts to improve the quality of life and the healing process of PLHIV can be enhanced.

This study examines and critically analyzes speaking tasks in Netzwerk Neu A1.1 (Chapters 1–6) by evaluating their alignment with principles of German as a Foreign Language (DaF), Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Using qualitative content analysis, 26 speaking tasks were identified, coded, and categorized based on task type, CEFR communicative activity (spoken interaction or spoken production), interaction mode, and levels of learner output. The findings show that template-based tasks dominate the textbook, accounting for 69.2% of activities, while guided and free production tasks are relatively limited. Spoken interaction is the most prevalent communicative activity (76.9%), reflecting an emphasis on dialogic formats such as short exchanges and role plays. Although this design provides appropriate structural support for beginner learners, the limited use of open-ended and autonomous tasks may restrict the development of fluency, communicative flexibility, and strategic competence. Interviews with seven learners and two instructors reveal that while tasks are generally perceived as accessible and confidence-building, they are also considered repetitive and insufficiently authentic. The study underscores the need to balance structured support with opportunities for spontaneous language use in beginner DaF textbooks.

This research examines the practices of a B4 class teacher at RA Takhrimah Tungkop in identifying children’s Multiple Intelligences (MI) through authentic observation during an activity of printing moon shapes using banana stems. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with data collected through in-depth interviews and participatory observation. Data were analyzed thematically and supported by source and technique triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. The results indicate that the teacher’s understanding of the MI concept was still focused on linguistic, logical-mathematical, and visual-spatial intelligences. Despite this limited conceptual scope, the implementation of authentic observation during the art-based activity successfully revealed a broader range of children’s intelligences. The moon-printing activity demonstrated indicators of visual-spatial intelligence through shape recognition and composition, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence through hand–eye coordination and motor control, and intrapersonal intelligence reflected in children’s ability to manage emotions, maintain focus, and show persistence during the task. Repeated observations accompanied by anecdotal records enabled the teacher to construct individual and continuous MI profiles for each child. These profiles can be utilized to design more varied, contextual, and child-centered learning strategies that align with the characteristics of early childhood learners in the Raudhatul Athfal setting. The practices observed also illustrate the connection between Gardner’s MI theory and Islamic early childhood education grounded in concrete learning activities. The findings support the development of child-friendly learning environments and encourage teacher creativity in conducting activity-based assessments. This study recommends strengthening teacher competencies through training in authentic MI assessment and further research using a research and development approach.

Traditional snack micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia face increasing market competition and rapidly changing consumer preferences, particularly among younger consumers seeking innovative and symbolic food experiences. This community engagement study aims to strengthen the profitability and sustainability of traditional snack MSMEs by integrating local flavor innovation with simple business governance practices. Using a participatory action research approach under the Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program in Palangka Raya, this study involved co-creation between students and local entrepreneurs in product development, production standardization, and basic financial management. Qualitative data were collected through participatory observation and stakeholder discussions, while quantitative data were obtained from sales records and simple financial reports. The results demonstrate that local flavor-based innovation, combined with standardized operating procedures and cost control mechanisms, improved product differentiation, operational efficiency, and financial performance. The intervention generated a positive net profit and strengthened the partner’s capacity for independent business management. This study contributes to the literature by positioning traditional food MSMEs as sites of cultural innovation and micro-governance, while supporting Sustainable Development Goals related to inclusive economic growth, cultural preservation, and responsible production.

Collaborative governance is a decision-making approach that brings together multiple stakeholders to work toward a shared objective. This study aims to describe the collaborative governance process in poverty alleviation through the Tasik Bageur Program in Tasikmalaya City. Poverty in the city is a multidimensional issue that affects social, economic, and environmental aspects of community life. In response, the Tasikmalaya City Government initiated this program as a collaborative effort involving government institutions, private sector actors, and academic organizations. The program is implemented every Wednesday and is designed to foster cooperation and mutual support in addressing poverty-related needs.Although the program has succeeded in attracting participation from several private and academic actors, this study identifies a major challenge: the number of poor residents remains significantly higher than the number of collaborating partners. This imbalance limits the amount and diversity of assistance provided and reduces the program’s overall effectiveness.This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observations, interviews, and document analysis. The findings indicate that the collaborative process within the Tasik Bageur Program has not yet reached optimal implementation. Limited understanding and low awareness among private-sector actors hinder broader participation. As a result, the gap between community needs and the available collaborative resources remains substantial.

The high consumption of coffee as part of people's lifestyle and the dominance of Americano and Cappuccino variants in sales at Roost Restaurant necessitate an analysis of consumer assessments of these two beverages. Therefore, this study aims to determine consumer assessments of the popular Americano and Cappuccino coffee beverages at Roost Restaurant at The Nest Hotel Nusa Dua. This study uses quantitative descriptive analysis techniques with data collection techniques through documentation and questionnaires distributed to 82 respondents. Consumer assessments are analyzed based on five indicators, namely taste, aroma, balance, presentation, and price. The results show that all indicators for both coffee beverages are in the high category, meaning that consumer assessments of Americano and Cappuccino are good in all aspects. The indicator with the highest rating for Americano and Cappuccino is presentation, while the indicator with the lowest rating for Americano and Cappuccino is taste. These findings indicate that although consumer ratings are generally good, improvements in taste, especially for Americano, are still needed to enhance consumers' positive perceptions of the products served.

Wheat has limited nutritional content, therefore fortification with other ingredients is required to complement these nutrients, one of which is fortification with pineapple peel flour and chicken bones in noodle products. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of adding chicken bone and pineapple peel flours on the characteristics of wheat flour noodles, with the goal of developing a product enriched in fiber and minerals, and exhibiting acceptable sensory qualities. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 experimental factors, namely pineapple peel flour concentration (0%,3%,5%) and chicken bone flour concentration (0%,5%,10%) with triplicate replication. Based on the optimal treatment by Zeleny method, sample N1T3 emerged as the most favorable formulation. This sample exhibited the following chemical profile: a moisture content of 8.77%, an ash content of 4.52%, a protein content of 14.45%, a fat content of 1.52%, and a fiber content of 0.4%. Furthermore, sensory evaluation of Sample C yielded scores of 3.11 for color, 3.11 for aroma, 3.00 for taste, 2.89 for texture, and 2.89 for overall acceptance.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Management Internship Program (KKM) and its contribution to improving students' professional competence at the Medan Amplas District Office. The background of this study stems from the need for higher education to produce graduates who not only master theory but also possess practical skills appropriate to the demands of the workplace, particularly in government administrative environments. This study used a qualitative descriptive method through in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and direct observation of KKM participants and field supervisors. The results showed that the KKM program had a significant impact on improving students' professional competence. Improvements were seen in hard skills, such as understanding of government administration (88%), ability to use office applications (81%), and report preparation (76%). In addition, there was a significant increase in soft skills, including communication skills (92%), discipline (85%), and self-confidence in completing tasks (78%). Direct interaction with employees and the community and active guidance from field supervisors were key supporting factors in the program's effectiveness. However, the study also identified several obstacles such as limited supervision and high agency workload. Overall, this study concludes that KKM plays an important role as a contextual learning tool that is able to improve students' professional competence through the application of theory to real practice in the government environment.

One of the various salted egg products with smoking methods is smoked salted eggs which have a distinctive aroma and taste. This study aims to determine the effect of smoking and storage time  and its  interaction on  smoked salted  eggs  with on  physical  and  chemical  properties, total microbes as well. This research is experimental by using ducks eggs and a mixture of coconut shells and fibers, and rice husks as smoke fuel. The experimental design used is Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a 3x5 factorial pattern. As the first factor (P) is the smoking time which consists of P0= 0 hours, P1= 12 hours, P2= 15 hours while the second factor (H) is the storage time which consists of H0= 0 days, H1=7 days, H2= 14 days, H3= 21 days, and H4= 28 days. The variables observed were egg weight, albumen and yolk pH, moisture content, protein, and total microbial colony of smoked salted eggs. The results of the study were that the smoking time of 15 hours resulted in the lowest weight of smoked salted eggs (56.13g), while the storage time decreased the pH of albumen. Smoked salted duck eggs have a moisture content of 58.435-67.149%. The length of smoking increases the protein level. Salted duck eggs with a smoking time of 15 hours have the highest protein content, which is 15.39%. however, the duration of smoking and storage did not affect the total microbes of smoked salted eggs and there was no interaction between the duration of smoking and the duration of storage on the physical, chemical and total microbial properties.

This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to explore the impact of users’ mental models on the implementation of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) as a strategy for mitigating password guessing risks in organizational environments. Amid the growing landscape of cyber threats, single-factor authentication has proven to be vulnerable, making MFA an essential layered security solution. However, the adoption of MFA remains slow. Existing studies indicate that expert users perceive MFA as a useful additional layer of verification, whereas non-expert users often view it as a burdensome task (a chore) and may even struggle to distinguish between different types of MFA. Dependence on mobile devices emerges as a common source of frustration for both groups. These findings emphasize that understanding users’ mental models is crucial for improving the implementation and usability of MFA. Innovations such as adaptive MFA or Single Input Multi-Factor Authentication (SIMFA) show potential as solutions to balance security requirements and user experience.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) complaints in muscles, joints, and soft tissues can be caused by poor posture, repetitive movements, and excessive physical load. In the wet cake-making industry, workers often sit or stand for long periods, bend, and perform monotonous hand movements, which increases the risk of MSDs. The impact includes decreased work comfort, productivity, and quality of life. This study aims to assess the ergonomic risk level in wet cake-making workers and identify the relationship between work activities and MSD complaints. The method used is descriptive quantitative research with a cross-sectional design, involving 45 workers at Kue X Silaberanti. Ergonomic risk was assessed using the REBA method, while MSD complaints were measured using the Nordic Body Map questionnaire. The results show that in the mixing process, 58.8% of workers experienced a very high risk of MSDs. In the molding and baking processes, 52.9% and 68.8% of workers, respectively, were at high risk. The most frequent complaints were pain in the back, neck, shoulders, arms, and wrists due to poor posture and repetitive movements. To reduce the risk of MSDs, workers need to improve their posture, use ergonomic aids, rotate tasks, and undergo training in safe working techniques.

This study investigates the long-term impact of adaptive digital learning ecosystems on students' self-regulated learning (SRL) behaviors and academic persistence. Adaptive learning systems personalize the learning experience by adjusting content and feedback to meet individual students' needs, preferences, and performance. These systems enhance engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes through real-time adjustments and continuous feedback. The research aims to explore how adaptive learning systems influence SRL and academic persistence in university courses over time. Using a longitudinal quantitative design, the study tracks SRL behaviors and academic persistence at multiple points during the semester. Results show significant improvements in SRL behaviors such as goal setting, planning, self-monitoring, and reflection among students engaged with adaptive learning environments. These students exhibited greater autonomy, improved metacognitive awareness, and higher motivation. Additionally, students in adaptive systems demonstrated greater academic persistence, as indicated by more time spent on tasks, higher assignment completion rates, and sustained engagement. The findings suggest that adaptive learning platforms promote SRL and academic persistence by offering personalized, responsive learning experiences. Unlike static, non-adaptive environments, adaptive systems provide dynamic support, enhancing students' ability to regulate their learning and remain engaged despite challenges. The study concludes that adaptive learning systems are vital for long-term academic success, though further research is needed to assess the sustainability of these effects in various educational settings and among diverse student populations.