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This study explores the dynamics of children’s character formation within Christian families in the digital era from the perspective of church parents. Employing a descriptive light mixed-methods design, the study integrates survey data and semi-structured interviews to obtain both quantitative and qualitative insights. The findings indicate that digital media has become an integral and unavoidable part of family life, making children’s character formation highly dependent on parental guidance, reflective communication, and consistent faith-based education at home. Parents face various challenges related to time constraints, limited digital literacy, and the increasing exposure of children to external values that may not align with Christian teachings. At the same time, many parents actively utilize technology as a supportive and accessible tool for spiritual learning and moral development. The study concludes that character formation is shaped not merely by technology itself but more significantly by the quality of family relationships and parental role modeling grounded in Christian values. Therefore, the findings recommend strengthening faith-based digital literacy among parents and enhancing church–family collaboration to foster more holistic, balanced, and sustainable character development in children.

The architecture of consumer decision-making has completely changed due to the quick development of recommendation systems based on artificial intelligence (AI). The majority of earlier studies saw algorithms as instruments for forecasting and maximizing preexisting preferences. This study, however, makes a different claim: algorithmic curation actively shapes preferences rather than just reflecting them. This study creates and evaluates a structural model that examines the impact of algorithmic curation intensity on perceived search autonomy, identity resonance, affective evaluation, and the development of initial preferences. The model is based on identity-based consumption theory and the literature on human-AI interaction. The study's findings, which are based on survey data from Generation Z consumers and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, demonstrate a contradictory dynamic: algorithmic curation improves identity resonance and directly influences initial preferences while simultaneously decreasing feelings of autonomy. The primary mediating mechanism that links algorithmic exposure to emotional assessment and preference creation is identified as identity resonance. In addition to introducing the concept of algorithmic consumer formation as a new conceptual framework for comprehending consumer behavior in the AI-based digital era, our findings expand the notion of bounded rationality toward algorithmically bounded agency.

This study aims to improve student engagement and learning outcomes in the subject of Natural and Social Sciences (Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam dan Sosial / IPAS) through the implementation of the Auditory, Intellectually, Repetition (AIR) learning model in a fourth-grade elementary school class. The initial problem indicated that student engagement in learning was still low, at 37.5%, with learning mastery reaching only 33.3% and an average class score of 68.0, which did not meet the Minimum Mastery Criteria (KKM) of 75. Therefore, improvement efforts were needed through the implementation of a more active and student-centered learning model. This study employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach conducted in two cycles, where each cycle consisted of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The research subjects were 24 fourth-grade students. Data collection techniques included observation of student engagement, learning outcome evaluation tests, field notes, and documentation. Student engagement data were analyzed using percentages, while learning outcomes were analyzed through mean scores and the percentage of classical learning mastery. The results showed a significant improvement in each cycle. In Cycle I, student engagement increased to 62.5%, with learning mastery reaching 54.17% and an average score of 74.29, although it had not yet achieved classical completeness. In Cycle II, student engagement increased to 87.5%, with learning mastery reaching 100% and an average score of 85.42. These improvements indicate that the implementation of the AIR model was able to gradually and sustainably enhance both the learning process and outcomes. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the Auditory, Intellectually, Repetition (AIR) learning model is effective in improving student engagement and learning outcomes in IPAS. This model can serve as an alternative learning strategy to create a more active, systematic, and student-centered learning environment.

This research is entitled The Influence of Japanese Pop Culture on Children’s Toys Trends in Indonesia, 1980-2010. The study employs the historical method, which consists of four stages: heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography.John Fiske’s (2011) theory of popular culture and  Joseph Nye’s concept of soft power is used to analyze how Japanese popular culture, particularly through entertainment media and toy products, was disseminated persuasively and received by Indonesian children. Since the early 1990s, mass media such as television and children’s magazines have played an important role in introducing Japanese anime and characters, which subsequently encouraged the emergence of toy trends based on Japanese popular culture. The object of this research focuses on children’s toys influenced by Japanese popular culture that circulated in Indonesia between 1980 and 2010, including Tamiya, Beyblade, Tamagotchi, Crush Gear, B-Daman, and yo-yo. These toys not only developed as commercial products, but also contributed to the formation of children’s play patterns, communities, and social identities. However, during the period from 2008 to 2010, these toy trends began to decline due to the advancement of digital technology, changes in children’s consumption patterns, broadcast censorship policies implemented by Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI), and increasing competition from popular culture of other countries such as Korea, the United States, and China. This condition reflects a shift in children’s play culture from physical toys to more modern forms of digital entertainment.

Curriculum reform in Indonesia has repeatedly emphasized flexibility, deep learning, and student-centered instruction. Nevertheless, many reforms have not been translated effectively into classroom practice. Existing studies tend to focus on teacher competence and policy readiness, while the deeper dimension of teacher beliefs remains underexplored. This study aims to unpack how teacher beliefs shape responses to curriculum reform and to identify the belief-related factors that influence the success or failure of curriculum innovation. A qualitative descriptive design was employed using pre-Delphi reflective questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion data involving senior secondary school teachers and educational stakeholders. Data were analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns of belief, challenge, and adaptation. The findings reveal that teacher beliefs constitute the most decisive factor in curriculum implementation. Three major themes emerged: (1) a persistent gap between curriculum policy and classroom practice, (2) the difficulty of transforming teachers’ mindsets from fixed to growth-oriented perspectives, and (3) the construction of an ideal teacher identity characterized by reflection, adaptability, collaboration, and moral commitment. More importantly, teachers viewed curriculum change not merely as a technical demand, but as a moral and spiritual responsibility. Curriculum reform will remain ineffective unless it addresses teachers’ internal beliefs. Sustainable transformation requires professional development that integrates cognitive, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of teaching.      

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven numerous innovations in wireless communications that not only demand technical efficiency but also raise philosophical questions about the nature of scientific knowledge. One such innovation is Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC), a communication technique that utilizes signal interference as a source of information to enhance system performance. This paper examines the philosophical dimensions of science within PLNC, focusing on three fundamental aspects: ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontologically, PLNC represents a new paradigm in wireless communication that reinterprets interference not merely as noise but as an opportunity. Epistemologically, knowledge of PLNC is derived through scientific methods such as mathematical modeling, experimentation, and simulation—yielding intersubjective and verifiable truths. Axiologically, PLNC holds practical value in terms of energy efficiency, data reliability, and contributions to the sustainability of IoT ecosystems, while also raising ethical considerations regarding privacy and information security. Thus, this study demonstrates that the development of PLNC cannot be separated from philosophical reflection, emphasizing the profound interconnection between technological advancement, scientific methodology, and human values.

From the beginning of creation, God had forbidden the fruit of the knowledge of good and evil, warning that anyone who ate it would face death. However, this warning was ignored when Eve, tempted by Satan's persuasion, chose to disobey God's command. This action led to sin, as it reflected a wrong decision and went against God's will. Originally, Adam and Eve lived in a state of holiness and freedom from sin. God Himself stated that humans were created in His image and likeness, meaning they possessed a purity and nobility that reflected His love. However, their decision to eat the forbidden fruit removed that purity. As a result, humans were separated from God's holiness and fell into sin. This is the basis for the teaching affirmed in Romans 3:23, which states that "all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God." This wrong choice had profound consequences, illustrating the importance of obedience to God's commands for maintaining purity and an intimate relationship with Him.

This paper explores the role of Mary as a model of salvation in Catholic faith, focusing on the understanding of Mariology within the cultural context of the Ende-Lio people in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. Mary is regarded not only as the Mother of Jesus Christ but also as an example of faith marked by humility, obedience, and hope. Her humility and willingness to accept God’s will, especially in the Annunciation, serve as a concrete inspiration for Catholics to respond faithfully to God’s call. Within the Ende-Lio culture, which values loyalty, solidarity, respect for ancestors, and harmony with nature, Mary becomes a figure closely connected to daily life. Devotions such as the rosary, pilgrimages to Marian grottoes, and the celebration of the Marian months highlight Mary’s living presence in both the faith and cultural traditions of the community. Thus, Mary serves as a bridge between the Gospel and local culture, revealing a Church that is rooted in its own soil yet remains faithful to Christ. This reflection affirms that contextual faith is a living faith deeply rooted in local culture while open to the saving work of God.

This theological research explores Mary’s essential role in the narrative of salvation and her deep connection with the Church, as outlined in key Catholic documents like Lumen Gentium and Redemptoris Mater. Using a qualitative approach that combines descriptive and analytical methods, the study reviews Church teachings, Scripture, and theological literature. It highlights Mary’s pivotal status as Mother of God (Theotokos) a title affirmed by the Council of Ephesus in 431 CE, which underscores both Christ’s divinity and Mary’s unique participation in God’s redemptive plan. The study traces the theological roots of this title through biblical texts, portraying Mary as the chosen vessel through whom the Word became incarnate. It examines how Old Testament prophecies about Mary are fulfilled in New Testament events, especially in the Annunciation and Elizabeth’s greeting of Mary as “the mother of my Lord.” The research also delves into Mary’s bond with the Church, focusing on her recognition as Mother of the Church by Pope Paul VI during the Second Vatican Council. Mary is presented as the ideal disciple, embodying unwavering faith, obedience, and humility in her acceptance of God’s will. Her presence at key moments, from the Incarnation to Pentecost, positions her as both a member and a model of the Church. Ultimately, the study concludes that Mary’s unity with the Church is reflected in her dual role as Mother of Christ and spiritual mother to all believers, offering a profound example of Christian virtues and guiding the faithful in their collective journey toward salvation.

The rapid development of information and communication technology has led to the emergence of various forms of digital-based crimes, including the dissemination of electronic information containing online gambling content through social media. This situation poses challenges for criminal law enforcement, as the parties involved are not limited to gambling operators but also include individuals who promote and facilitate access to online gambling platforms. This study aims to examine criminal liability for perpetrators who disseminate electronic information containing gambling content and to analyze judicial considerations in sentencing, referring to the Decision of the Tanjung Karang District Court Number 823/Pid.Sus/2024/PN Tjk. The method used is normative juridical research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Data were collected through literature studies of relevant regulations, criminal law doctrines, and court decisions, and then analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method. The results show that the elements of criminal liability are fulfilled, including the existence of a criminal act, intent, capacity to be responsible, and the absence of grounds that eliminate criminal liability. Furthermore, the panel of judges’ considerations reflect a balanced assessment between juridical and non-juridical aspects, resulting in a decision that embodies legal certainty, justice, and utility. This study is expected to contribute to the development of criminal law, particularly in addressing online gambling crimes in the digital space.

This community service project aims to accentuate inclusive values among the youth of Tanjung Dapura, Makassar City, to strengthen social cohesion in a heterogeneous urban environment. The implementation methods included team consolidation, material preparation, and strategic coordination with local government authorities. The core activities were conducted through participatory counseling and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) to independently analyze social exclusion challenges. The materials focused on the importance of respecting diversity and the strategic role of youth as inclusive agents of change. The results indicated a significant increase in participants' understanding of inclusion literacy and their ability to formulate creative solutions for local discrimination issues. Evaluation through observation and reflection confirmed a paradigm shift among the youth from passive tolerance toward active participation in embracing differences. This project concludes that the synergy between critical education and collaborative dialogue successfully transforms youth into resilient pillars of social harmony. The accentuation of these inclusive values is expected to become the foundation for a more just and sustainable coastal community in Makassar.

Bureaucratic reform in Indonesia has encouraged the strengthening of civil service management oriented toward performance through the policy of appointing Government Employees with Work Agreements (PPPK) in order to improve the effectiveness of public organizations. This study aims to analyze the performance of PPPK in supporting the implementation of tasks at the Environmental Agency of Jambi City by using Mangkunegara’s performance theory as the analytical framework. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and documentation, and then analyzed using data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing techniques. The results show that the performance of PPPK is generally in the good category and contributes positively to organizational effectiveness. This is reflected in the aspects of work quality, work quantity, and responsibility as explained in Mangkunegara’s performance theory. The alignment between job placement and competence, increased work motivation due to employment status certainty, and organizational support through training and coaching are the main factors supporting performance optimization. However, there are still constraints, particularly the suboptimal understanding of main duties and functions, thus requiring strengthened organizational communication and continuous capacity development. This study confirms that competency-based management and systematic development of PPPK play an important role in improving the effectiveness of task implementation in the public sector.

This reseacrch aims to reveal the metaphusical meaning within the Penti ceremony as a form of thanksgiving to God (Mori Kraeng) in the Kuleng Waga Tribe community, Mano Village, Easr Manggarai. The Penti ceremony is a hereditary customary rite that marks the end of the harvest season and server as a religious momentum to renew the relationship between humans, nature, ancestors, and God. From a metaphysical perspective, Penti reflects the awareness of the existential interconnectedness between creatures and the Creator, as developed in the philosophy of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas concerning actus assendi and participatio entis. Through a qualitative approach and cultur hermeneutics, this study interprets the symbols and ritual actions of Penti as a concrete expression of the ontological relationship between sreation and the Transcendent. The result of the study show that Penti contains three main metaphysical dimensions: first, the ontological dimension regarding human awareness of existence and dependence on God; Second, the perticipatory dimension concerning the role of ancestors as a spiritual bridge between humans and God; Third, the eschatological dimension regarding the hope for the ultimate perfection of life in God. Thus, Penti not only holds cultural value but also carries profound theological and metaphysical meaning.

Object detection plays a crucial role in intelligent transportation systems, particularly for outdoor traffic monitoring applications that require accurate and real-time performance under limited computational resources. Recent developments in YOLO-based architectures have introduced multiple model variants; however, their practical performance under constrained training conditions remains insufficiently explored. This study presents a comparative evaluation of YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8 for outdoor traffic object detection using a real-world dataset and identical experimental settings. The main objective of this research is to analyze the robustness and detection quality of different YOLO variants when trained with a limited number of epochs, reflecting practical deployment scenarios. All models were trained and evaluated using the same dataset, preprocessing pipeline, and hardware configuration to ensure a fair comparison. Performance evaluation was conducted using multiple metrics, including precision, recall, mAP@50, Precision–Recall curves, area under the curve (AUC), and peak F1-score. Experimental results indicate that YOLOv5 outperformed YOLOv7 and YOLOv8 in terms of overall detection stability and robustness. The merged Precision–Recall analysis shows that YOLOv5 achieved a higher effective AUC and superior mAP@50, reflecting better global detection performance. In addition, YOLOv5 exhibited a higher peak F1-score, indicating a more balanced trade-off between precision and recall. In contrast, YOLOv7 and YOLOv8 showed performance degradation under limited training conditions despite their more advanced architectures. These findings suggest that YOLOv5 remains a reliable and efficient solution for outdoor traffic object detection, particularly in resource-constrained environments. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluation metrics and practical experimental settings when selecting object detection models for real-world applications.

Object detection plays a crucial role in intelligent transportation systems, particularly for outdoor traffic monitoring applications that require accurate and real-time performance under limited computational resources. Recent developments in YOLO-based architectures have introduced multiple model variants; however, their practical performance under constrained training conditions remains insufficiently explored. This study presents a comparative evaluation of YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8 for outdoor traffic object detection using a real-world dataset and identical experimental settings. The main objective of this research is to analyze the robustness and detection quality of different YOLO variants when trained with a limited number of epochs, reflecting practical deployment scenarios. All models were trained and evaluated using the same dataset, preprocessing pipeline, and hardware configuration to ensure a fair comparison. Performance evaluation was conducted using multiple metrics, including precision, recall, mAP@50, Precision–Recall curves, area under the curve (AUC), and peak F1-score. Experimental results indicate that YOLOv5 outperformed YOLOv7 and YOLOv8 in terms of overall detection stability and robustness. The merged Precision–Recall analysis shows that YOLOv5 achieved a higher effective AUC and superior mAP@50, reflecting better global detection performance. In addition, YOLOv5 exhibited a higher peak F1-score, indicating a more balanced trade-off between precision and recall. In contrast, YOLOv7 and YOLOv8 showed performance degradation under limited training conditions despite their more advanced architectures. These findings suggest that YOLOv5 remains a reliable and efficient solution for outdoor traffic object detection, particularly in resource-constrained environments. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluation metrics and practical experimental settings when selecting object detection models for real-world applications.

This study aims to analyze the effect of green accounting and carbon emission disclosure on firm value in palm oil sector issuers listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and participating in the PROPER program during the 2020–2024 period. Green accounting is proxied using the PROPER rating, which reflects a company's environmental management performance, while carbon emission disclosure is measured based on the level of carbon emission disclosure in the company's annual report or sustainability report. This study uses a quantitative approach with panel data regression analysis. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, with the criteria being palm oil companies listed on the IDX, participating in PROPER, and consistently publishing annual reports throughout the study period. The data used are secondary data obtained from financial reports, sustainability reports, and official publications related to PROPER. The results are expected to show that the implementation of green accounting has a positive effect on firm value, as it reflects the company's commitment to sustainability and increases investor confidence. Furthermore, carbon emission disclosure is expected to have a positive effect on firm value, depending on market perception and the quality of environmental information disclosure. This research is expected to contribute to the development of environmental accounting literature and serve as a reference for regulators, investors, and company management in improving transparency and environmental performance to create sustainable corporate value.

This study examines the impact of MBKM, campus culture, and learning achievement on work readiness in Islamic financial institutions, specifically for students from the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business at UIN Datokarama Palu, Class of 2022. Using a quantitative approach with descriptive research design, the study aims to analyze how these factors influence students' preparedness for work in the industry. The findings show that MBKM, campus culture, and learning achievement each have a positive and significant effect on work readiness. MBKM, with its emphasis on direct industrial experience, has the strongest impact, while campus culture shapes students' character and work ethics. Learning achievement reflects academic competencies essential for entering the workforce. The combined influence of these three factors was proven to significantly impact work readiness, with an F-value of 5.393, greater than the F-table value of 2.72. This demonstrates that work readiness stems from a combination of practical experience, acceptance of campus values, and academic success, all of which should be developed continuously.

English is an international language that plays a vital role in education and technology; therefore, students are required to master reading comprehension skills, especially narrative texts, to face the challenges of globalization. This study, entitled "Improving Students' Reading Comprehension of Narrative Texts Through Storytelling Activities Using Webtoons in Grade I of MA Daruttholibin Watumalang," aims to improve students' reading comprehension of narrative texts through storytelling activities using Webtoons as a learning medium. This study employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design conducted in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data were collected using descriptive qualitative methods through interviews, tests, and classroom observations. The research procedure began with a pre-test, followed by the implementation of treatment and post-tests in each cycle. The findings indicate that the use of storytelling supported by Webtoons effectively improved students' reading comprehension. This improvement was reflected in students' increased learning motivation, better understanding of narrative text elements, and improved ability to accurately retell stories.

This study analyzes law enforcement related to the application of the death penalty with a ten-year probation period as stipulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP). The results of the study show that the enforcement of the conditional death penalty is carried out in three stages, namely the formulation, application, and implementation stages. The formulation stage is reflected in the establishment of the death penalty as a special alternative and conditional punishment in Law Number 1 of 2023, the application stage is carried out through the application of norms by law enforcement officials, while the implementation stage relates to the execution of court decisions against convicts. The change in the construction of the death penalty from an absolute primary punishment to an alternative and special conditional punishment has fundamental legal implications for the criminal justice system in Indonesia, especially with the existence of discretion for judges and law enforcement officials to assess the possibility of changing the type of punishment based on the convicted person's remorse and efforts to reform themselves during the probation period.

Vocabulary acquisition is a fundamental component of English language learning because it enables students to comprehend texts and develop broader communication skills. In elementary school contexts, however, vocabulary instruction is frequently delivered through traditional teaching practices that are not closely related to students’ real-life experiences. As a result, students often face difficulties in understanding and retaining new vocabulary. One potential approach to address this issue is the integration of local wisdom into learning activities so that the materials become more contextual and meaningful for learners. Therefore, this study aims to examine how the incorporation of local cultural elements can support vocabulary development among elementary school students. This research employed a descriptive qualitative design using a library research method. The data were gathered from various academic sources, including national and international journal articles, scholarly books, and conference proceedings that discuss English language learning, vocabulary development, and the integration of local wisdom in educational practices. The collected data were analyzed through thematic analysis by identifying, comparing, and synthesizing relevant findings from previous studies. The results indicate that the use of local cultural content, such as folklore, traditional practices, and community-based contexts, can significantly support students in understanding and remembering new vocabulary items. Learning materials that reflect students’ cultural backgrounds also contribute to higher levels of learning motivation and classroom participation. In conclusion, integrating local wisdom into English learning can create a more meaningful instructional environment and effectively support vocabulary mastery among elementary school students.