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This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the structure of child criminal liability in Indonesia and the Philippines, as well as to ascertain the specific nature of child criminal liability in both countries. This study is a prescriptive normative legal research. The research methodologies employed include the legal approach, the comparison approach, and the conceptual approach. The legal resources used can be classified into primary and secondary sources. To ensure the acquisition of precise primary and secondary data for this paper, data gathering is conducted through a thorough examination of relevant literature pertaining to the principles and regulations governing the child criminal justice system. This research focuses on comparing the legislation of child criminal culpability in Indonesia and the Philippines. The child criminal justice system is governed by specific legislation. In the State of Indonesia, it is managed by the Child Criminal Justice System Act, while in the Philippines, it is regulated by Republic Act No. 9344, with revisions made by Republic Act No. 10630. In Indonesia, the age at which a kid can be held criminally liable is between 12 and less than 18 years old. In the Philippines, children can be held criminally liable starting at the age of at least 15 years old and up to less than 18 years old. In the Philippines, there is a kind of criminal culpability that results in automatic suspension, removal from position, probation, and the application of vicarious liability for parents. Child criminal culpability in Indonesia is determined based on individual responsibility, as stated in Article 71 of the Child Criminal Justice System Law. This law specifies the application of criminal sanctions. Additionally, Article 82 of the same law outlines the imposition of action punishments.    

The rapid development of the current era has given rise to various advances in the world of technology, one of which is marked by the presence of crypto assets. Crypto assets themselves have been widely used for various purposes in various countries, including Indonesia. However, of all the regulations regarding activities related to crypto assets, there is not a single regulation that explains the actual status of the property rights of these crypto assets. The purpose of writing this article is to determine the status of property rights and the acquisition of property rights from crypto assets. The type of research used is normative research by examining legal materials consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Based on the results of this research, it was found that crypto assets can be said to be objects, in this case specifically intangible objects, movable objects, and some are consumable objects and non-consumable objects. According to the Civil Code, the method of obtaining the right is divided into several ways, namely claim, handover, inheritance, expiration, and withdrawal.  

This journal discusses the impact of TikTok's $1.5 billion USD acquisition of Tokopedia shares. Following the closure of TikTok Shop in Indonesia due to licensing issues, ByteDance (TikTok's parent company) re-entered the Indonesian e-commerce market through an investment in Tokopedia. This acquisition has sparked speculation about the collaboration and its impact on Indonesia's digital industry. Tokopedia will manage TikTok Shop in Indonesia, while TikTok will continue to operate as a social media platform. Concerns have arisen about potential monopoly and China's geopolitical influence, given ByteDance's close ties with the Chinese government. Issues of data ownership and security have also been highlighted as serious threats. This article emphasizes the importance of vigilance against foreign influence and its impact on Indonesia's economic sovereignty, drawing parallels to historical experiences such as the Trojan Horse, which illustrates the dangers of complacency.

Integrating infomaation technology media in language learning can produce the latest information to improve languaage skills and mastery, especially in early chilldhood. The research method used Systematic Literature Review. Date collecation during2018-2023. The articles used in this study were 36 national and accredited jourmal articles obtained from Google scholar, Scholar, Rasearch Gate, SINTA, DOAJ. Based onthis research,it is found that the integration of technology-based mediain learming can create eariy childhood interest, attract attention, make children happier and more motivated to leam and accelerate language acquisition.    

This research aims to examine the effect of the application of gamification learning media in accounting learning on the learning interests of students of SMKN Sukoharjo. The population of this study was the first grade students (class X) of Accounting and at SMKN Sukoharjo. The writer used random sampling technique to choose the sample. There were 36 students of X AKL B as the experimental class and 36 students of X AKL C as the control class. This study uses an experimental method with a quasi experimental approach. The technique of collecting the data was observation and questionnaire. The techniques of analyzing data were paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, and N-Gain. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in students' learning interest. It was proven by the acquisition of paired sample t-test test results with a significance level of 0.000 <0.05. In the independent sample t-test test results obtained a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. In the N-Gain test results obtained in the experimental class showed a score of 0.38 or 0.38> 0.3. In addition, the average learning interest of students in the experimental class after treatment was 79.81 higher than the control class which had an average of 72.19. Thus it can be concluded that gamification media affected the students' learning interest of basic accounting learning at SMKN Sukoharjo.

This study explores strategies aimed at enhancing English reading comprehension. With the backdrop of a complex information era, where proficient reading skills are crucial for accessing and applying information, the study focuses on interactive reading techniques, vocabulary acquisition, prior knowledge activation, and reading fluency as key components. The research adopts a literature review approach, synthesizing findings from existing studies to identify effective strategies. The primary objective is to ascertain which methods best contribute to improved reading comprehension in educational settings. Findings indicate that interactive techniques such as group discussions and role-playing, coupled with explicit vocabulary instruction and prior knowledge activation strategies, significantly enhance comprehension levels. Furthermore, fostering reading fluency through repeated reading and guided oral sessions positively correlates with improved comprehension abilities. The study concludes that a holistic approach integrating these strategies is essential for developing proficient readers who can engage effectively with diverse texts and contexts.

Integrating internal information technology media with language acquisition can provide information that improves skills and language acquisition, especially in early childhood. This research method uses a systematic literature review. Data collection was carried out by documenting and reviewing all papers related to education for the 2018-2023 period. Articles Used In this research, 36 domestic journal articles and certified articles from Google Scholar, Research Gate, SINTA, and DOAJ were obtained. Based on this research, the data shows that the integration of technological media in learning can stimulate young children's interest, attract their attention, make children happier, increase their learning motivation, and accelerate language acquisition.  

This study explores the significance of English phonology in enhancing language skills during the golden age of childhood. Phonological awareness, encompassing sound discrimination and manipulation, plays a crucial role in vocabulary acquisition, reading proficiency, and overall linguistic development. Early intervention through phonological activities in educational settings, supported by parental involvement and technological integration, fosters a strong foundation for language acquisition. Continuous professional development for educators ensures the implementation of evidence-based practices in phonological instruction. Investing in phonological awareness during childhood is essential for promoting academic success, cognitive development, and lifelong literacy.

. This study reveals the application of the learning model using two stay two stray by determining the main problem that becomes the focus of the study, namely the low ability of students to express opinions about the material about the intristic story through this class action research in general to improve speaking skills learning at SD Inpress Bontomanai and specifically aims to improve students' speaking skills in class V students of SD Inpress Bontomanai Tamalate District Makassar City. The purpose of this study was to determine the improvement of speaking skills using TWO STAY TWO STRAY in Indonesian Language Learning for Class V Students of SD Inpres Bontomanai.Implementation of research using Speaking Test. The type of research used, namely classroom action research (PTK) which is designed through two cycles. Each cycle lasted for 4 (four) meetings. The subjects in this study were fifth grade students of SD Inpress Bontomanai, Tamalate District, Makassar City, totaling 24 students consisting of 8 boys and 16 girls. Based on the observation data, it can be seen that students' speaking skills through Two Stay Two Stray learning have reached high criteria with an acquisition score of 90. Meanwhile, the results of the student speaking skills test in cycle II show that the average value of speaking skills of grade V students is 83.33%. The test scores of students' speaking skills in cycle II consisted of 4 students who were not yet complete (16.66%), while students who had reached learning completeness were 20 students (83.33%).

Artificial intelligence is one of the most talked about technologies today. The advanced technology that allows computers to mimic human behaviour is what defines artificial intelligence. Advanced technology that allows computers to mimic human behaviour is at the core of artificial intelligence. The utilisation of this technology is widespread in all industries around the world. The purpose of this research is to find out how influential the advancement of AI Technology is on the insight of the archipelago. The method used is a qualitative method that emphasises qualitative information data. Qualitative research method is a research method that focuses on understanding a social phenomenon that occurs in society. The result of this discussion is that the development of the times has made technological advances increasingly sophisticated. Technology can facilitate the quick and easy acquisition of information about history, culture, values, and the latest national developments. Technology understands the diversity and uniqueness of each country, so it is expected to give birth to a spirit of solidarity to achieve common progress.

This research examines the influence of relational embeddedness and social networks on economic behavior in the home-based tofu industry in Arjasa District, Jember. The research focuses on how relational embeddedness influences the acquisition of business capital, work management, and conflict resolution within the business, as well as how home-based tofu industry owners strategize to develop their businesses amidst intense competition by utilizing their social networks. This research employs a qualitative approach with an ethnographic approach. The informants of this research are the owner of the AJ home-based tofu industry, workers who have kinship ties, and workers who do not have kinship ties. Data collection techniques utilize three components: observation, interviews, and documentation.    

This research is motivated by the lack of students' reading ability and interest in reading at SMPN 1 Pagu and they prefer fun activities because they think that reading is boring unlike when reading novels, comics and other picture books. So in this case it requires special attention from teachers and parents to provide extra education for children so that they are interested in reading and improve their reading comprehension skills, both at home and especially at school. The formulation of the problem is 1) What is the influence of the Quantum Reading Learning Model on Students' Reading Comprehension Ability in Class Ⅶ Social Sciences Subjects at SMPN 1 Pagu? ; 2) What is the influence of the Quantum Reading Learning Model on Students' Reading Interest in Social Sciences Subjects in Class Ⅶ at SMPN 1 Pagu? . The research objectives in this thesis are 1) To determine the effect of the Quantum Reading learning model on students' reading comprehension abilities in class VII social studies at SMPN 1 Pagu; 2) To determine the effect of the Quantum Reading learning model on students' reading interest in social studies subjects at SMPN 1 Pagu, Kediri Regency in 2023/2024. This research uses a quantitative approach. Quasi experimental type of quantitative research. The population in this study were all class VII students at SMPN 1 Pagu, Kediri Regency. The samples in this research were class VII B students consisting of 36 students and class VII C consisting of 36 students. Data collection techniques use questionnaires and tests. The data analysis technique used is the paired sample T test (Paired Sample T Test). The results of the research show that 1) the Quantum Reading learning model has an influence on the Reading (Comprehension) of Class VII students at SMPN 1 Pagu, Kediri Regency 2023/2024, as evidenced by the obtained significance value (2-tailed) 0.000 < 0.05, so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. 2) the Quantum Reading learning model influences the reading interest of Class VII students at SMPN 1 Pagu, Tulungahung Regency 2023/2024, as evidenced by the acquisition of students' reading interest with a significance (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05, so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted.

One of the benefits of using a farmer card is to access subsidized fertilizers. Farmer cards are those programmed by the government and can function to ease all farmers' affairs in making loans, transactions, savings and regarding the acquisition of subsidized fertilizers. This research was motivated by problems in the farmer card program which according to the community was less useful for them, especially in terms of accessing fertilizer. The farmer card is expected to be able to overcome the problem of fertilizer distribution that is not on target and is expected to be able to provide welfare for every farmer owned by farmers with the fertilizer obtained, so that the farm that is run produces satisfactory production for the farmers themselves. The results showed that, on average, the number of farmers who did not understand the farmer card was 60%, while those who understood the farmer card were 37%. This is due to the lack of socialization from related agencies, causing a lack of understanding of farmers towards the farmer card program, especially given the fact there are some farmers who have not studied at all. This farmer card has also not been benefited by farmers, so farmers have difficulty getting subsidized fertilizer and have to spend expensive costs to obtain fertilizer.

The study introduces the use of hand puppets as a tool to strengthen English vocabulary acquisition among third-grade students at MI Fathul Jannah, Palangka Raya. This Student Creativity Program (PKM) employs a descriptive qualitative methodology involving fifteen students as participants. During instruction, the team uses hand puppets to introduce new vocabulary covering family members, followed by interactive exercises to assess vocabulary retention and application. The results of these activities indicate that the use of hand puppets not only enhances vocabulary retention but also boosts students' confidence in using English. Students show enthusiasm and active participation during learning activities, indicating that hand puppets effectively create a more engaging and interactive learning environment. These findings underscore the significant potential of hand puppets as aids in teaching English vocabulary to elementary school students.

Background: The rapid advancement of Industry 4.0 has accelerated the integration of digital technologies such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), edge computing, and Digital Twin systems in smart manufacturing environments. However, many existing implementations remain fragmented and heavily dependent on centralized cloud infrastructures, resulting in latency constraints, limited scalability, and suboptimal real-time decision making. Objective: This study aims to develop and validate an integrated edge based Digital Twin optimization framework that combines IIoT sensing, hybrid edge cloud architecture, and reinforcement learning based adaptive control. Methods: The research adopts a multi phase design consisting of framework development, simulation based validation, and industrial pilot implementation. The proposed system integrates real time data acquisition, localized edge processing, Digital Twin synchronization, and intelligent optimization mechanisms to enhance operational efficiency. Results: The findings demonstrate significant performance improvements compared to conventional cloud based systems, including substantial latency reduction, increased production throughput, reduced downtime, and improved energy efficiency. Scalability and robustness testing further confirm that distributed edge intelligence enhances system resilience under increased workloads and network disruptions. These results indicate that integrating edge computing with Digital Twin modeling and reinforcement learning provides a scalable, responsive, and energy efficient solution for next-generation smart factories.

In the 21st century, the acquisition of English as a second language is very important for a group of children in Walal Village who are currently studying at elementary school. This is useful for supporting 6 skills of 21st century education, namely critical thinking, communication, creativity, collaboration, culture and connectivity. Walal Village is one of the model villages in Sorong Regency which has a high enthusiasm for creating the latest breakthroughs, especially in the field of education. Walal Village is located in Salawati District which must be traveled 35 kilometers from Sorong City. Thus, access to information related to education is very limited for children in Walal Village. In this case, students of the Community Service Lecture (KPM) at the Muhammadiyah Sorong Education University provided one month of English literacy assistance for the children of Kampung Walal community. The aim of this assistance is an effort to empower Human Resources (HR) through a community empowerment program for English language learning guidance.  This English literacy assistance is very important to provide to Walal Village children who are already aware of the importance of English around them. This program is also related to the description of the Walal Village Government's vision and mission in developing human resources in terms of quality education. English literacy assistance includes acquiring English, processing language in the form of remembering and memorizing words or terms, and understanding meanings that can be applied to listening, reading, speaking and writing skill activities. The efforts of this English literacy assistance are to change the mindset of the children of Walal Village that learning English is fun, regardless of age, and affordable. In fact, through mentoring, children in Walal Village experience changes in knowledge and attitudes during the English literacy process.

The integration of metaverse technology in employee training has the potential to significantly enhance digital skills, collaboration, and overall learning outcomes in virtual workspaces. This study explores the effectiveness of metaverse-based training compared to traditional methods, focusing on participant engagement, learning retention, and practical application in immersive virtual environments. The results indicate that metaverse technology leads to increased participant engagement, offering real-time communication, interactive simulations, and realistic task scenarios that foster deeper involvement and better skill acquisition. Additionally, the immersive nature of metaverse platforms improves learning effectiveness, especially for high-risk tasks such as medical procedures and technical skills that benefit from hands-on experience. However, challenges such as technological barriers, infrastructure limitations, and initial resistance from employees were identified, requiring organizations to provide adequate support and training for smooth adoption. While the upfront costs of developing and maintaining metaverse training platforms are significant, the long-term benefits—such as scalability, reduced need for physical resources, and enhanced training outcomes—outweigh these initial investments. Organizations looking to implement metaverse-based training solutions should carefully consider the required technological infrastructure, support for employees, and privacy concerns. Future research should explore advancements in metaverse technology, including AI integration, and investigate the broader adoption of these technologies across various industries, focusing on overcoming adoption barriers and measuring their long-term impact on workforce development.

This research examines the optimization of brain plasticity in Arabic language learning through a neurolinguistic approach, using a literature review method. Brain plasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and change through learning and experiences, plays a crucial role in language acquisition. Neurolinguistic approaches, which integrate techniques such as task-based learning and the use of educational technology, have proven effective in enhancing language learning outcomes. Literature analysis indicates that learning techniques involving various sensory modalities and educational technology can stimulate new neural pathways, strengthening language comprehension and memory. Studies focused on Arabic language learning highlight that traditional approaches are less effective compared to more interactive and communicative methods. The use of technology such as mobile applications and augmented reality provides a dynamic and engaging learning experience for students. Practical recommendations include developing more interactive curricula, utilizing educational technology, and training educators in neurolinguistic techniques. This research emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to enhance the effectiveness of Arabic language learning, providing insights and strategies to optimize language learning through a better understanding of brain plasticity and neurolinguistics.

This research examines the optimization of brain plasticity in Arabic language learning through a neurolinguistic approach, using a literature review method. Brain plasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and change through learning and experiences, plays a crucial role in language acquisition. Neurolinguistic approaches, which integrate techniques such as task-based learning and the use of educational technology, have proven effective in enhancing language learning outcomes. Literature analysis indicates that learning techniques involving various sensory modalities and educational technology can stimulate new neural pathways, strengthening language comprehension and memory. Studies focused on Arabic language learning highlight that traditional approaches are less effective compared to more interactive and communicative methods. The use of technology such as mobile applications and augmented reality provides a dynamic and engaging learning experience for students. Practical recommendations include developing more interactive curricula, utilizing educational technology, and training educators in neurolinguistic techniques. This research emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to enhance the effectiveness of Arabic language learning, providing insights and strategies to optimize language learning through a better understanding of brain plasticity and neurolinguistics.

This study investigates the impact of introducing the basics of English morphology to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. Morphology, the study of word formation and structure, is fundamental to understanding and mastering any language. The research focuses on how foundational knowledge of English morphology influences EFL students' language acquisition and proficiency. By incorporating morphological instruction into the curriculum, students can enhance their vocabulary, improve their reading comprehension, and develop a deeper understanding of grammatical structures. The study involved a group of EFL students who received systematic instruction in morphology, including the identification and usage of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Pre- and post-tests were administered to measure the student's progress. The results indicated a significant improvement in the student's linguistic skills, particularly their ability to decode and construct words and overall language comprehension. The findings suggest that integrating morphology into EFL teaching strategies can provide substantial benefits, facilitating more effective language learning and boosting students' confidence in English. This research underscores the importance of morphological awareness in EFL education and offers practical implications for educators aiming to enhance their teaching methods to support student success in acquiring English.