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    The Purpose of this was to identify procedures and way to apply the problem based learning (PBL) model that could improve student achievement in class IV SDIT Mutiara Hati Ngargoyoso. Thys type research is Classroom Action Research (CAR). The research subjects were students in grade IV SDIT Mutiara Hati Ngargoyoso in the 2021/2022 academic year a total of 27 students. This research was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle cinsisted of four stages such a planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The research subjects were selected based on the result of the first semester test score. The result showed that class IV had a low-class average and mastery grade. Data collection technique used was descriptive which compared the test score in the first cycle with the test score in the second cycle. The success criterion for learning outcomes was the minimum score of 75 (KKM = 75) and minimum score of class was 85%. The result showed that there was an improvement in Civics learning outcomes in the initial conditions (initil ability test), cycle 1 and cycle II. On theinital ability test, the average value was only 77,44. In cycle 1, the average value has increased. The result was that the average score was 79,22 and students who got scores ≥ 75 are 24 students. Furthermore, in cycle II also experienced an increase. The result is that the average value became 85,11 and minimum score of class became 100%. Student who score ≥  75 were 27 students. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the implementation of the problem-based learninng (PBL)model can improve student achievement  in class IV SDIT Mutiara Hati Ngargoyoso. Keyword : Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model, Learning Achievement, Rights and Obligations

Unauthorized communication interception constitutes a violation of privacy rights protected by the constitution and human rights principles. The development of digital technology has increased the potential for illegal interception of public communications and personal data. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for victims of illegal communication wiretapping and the effectiveness of Indonesian positive law in providing remedies for victims. The research employed a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The results indicate that legal protection for victims of illegal wiretapping has been regulated under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and the Personal Data Protection Law. However, the implementation of such protection still faces several challenges, particularly related to digital evidence, low public cybersecurity literacy, and the lack of optimal compensation mechanisms for victims. Existing legal protection remains more focused on punishing offenders rather than comprehensively restoring victims’ rights. Therefore, regulatory harmonization and strengthening of privacy protection mechanisms are necessary to ensure more effective legal protection for victims of illegal wiretapping.  

Interfaith marriage is a complex issue and often becomes a subject of debate in Indonesian society. In both legal and religious contexts, this type of marriage faces various challenges, particularly from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and the Indonesian Marriage Law. This journal aims to analyze the problems surrounding interfaith marriage in Indonesia by examining Islamic legal views, regulatory frameworks, and the resulting social implications. From the fiqh perspective, the majority of scholars agree that a Muslim woman is not permitted to marry a non-Muslim man, whereas the marriage of a Muslim man to a woman from the People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitab) remains a topic of debate, depending on social context and public interest (maslahah). This reflects how Islamic law prioritizes the stability of faith (aqidah), household leadership, and the continuation of religious values in the upbringing of children. From the standpoint of national law, Indonesia’s Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974 places the validity of a marriage under the religious laws of the respective parties, making it difficult for interfaith marriages to be officially registered. As a result, such couples often face administrative barriers, issues in inheritance law, child custody rights, and social discrimination. This study concludes that a fair and constructive approach is necessary in addressing this issue, while preserving religious principles and maintaining social harmony in Indonesian society.  

Children who grow up in orphanages have the same rights as children who are in a family environment. Communication carried out by caregivers to provide motivation to foster children in terms of self-confidence. Based on this, orphanage caregivers need to carry out good communication patterns in increasing the confidence of foster children. The theory used in this study is the theory of social penetration popularized by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor. This theory discusses the development of relationships through 4 stages, namely the orientation stage, the exploratory exchange stage, the affective exchange stage, and the stable exchange stage. This research uses a qualitative approach. Researchers use the constructivist paradigm, where knowledge is the result of human construction. Data collection techniques in this study through direct observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. The results showed that the pattern of communication of caregivers to foster children in increasing self-confidence in the Asyiyah orphanage was a wheel pattern, and a star pattern. The relationship between caregivers and foster children goes through 4 stages, namely the orientation stage, the exploratory exchange stage, the affective exchange stage, and the stable exchange stage. Factors that influence the increase in self-confidence in foster children are environmental factors and educational factors.

This paper will discuss democracy in Islamic education. The discussion on democracy in Islamic education starts from the most general definition of democracy, then democracy aims to provide equal opportunities for every student to achieve the highest level of education according to his abilities. As for what is meant by democracy is defined as an ideology or a way of life that prioritizes equal rights, obligations, and treatment for all citizens. In the context of education, democracy is shown by giving equal attention and effort to students, regardless of their natural ability, health or social status.

Ownership of company shares entitles shareholders to do a number of things, such as attending and voting at GMS, receiving dividend payments and liquidation results; as well as. other rights pathways according to law. So that the ownership of the rights to shares is important to be able to have these rights, of course there must be proof of ownership of the rights to these shares. And if at any time the shares owned want to be sold or or transferred to the hands, a deed of transfer of rights over shares is required to be carried out with a deed of transfer rights. The deed of transfer of rights can be made in the form of a notarized deed or private deed. The deed of transfer of rights or compensation is submitted in writing to the Company. Which then records the transfer by the director.    

Contract work in construction is one of the common forms of work performed in the construction industry. In contract work, workers are hired to complete construction projects within a specified timeframe and agreed-upon cost. However, there are often cases where contract workers experience delays or wage payment postponements. The research aims to analyze the legal protection for contract workers in the construction industry concerning delayed wage payments. In Indonesia, there are labor regulations that govern the rights and obligations of workers, including wage payments. If there is a delay in wage payment, workers have the right to file a lawsuit or report the violation to the authorities. This research adopts a qualitative research method, analyzing data and gathering information from various sources. Legal protection plays a crucial role in safeguarding workers. Some relevant legal roles include employment agreements, which enable workers to enter into contractual agreements with employers that protect their rights.

This research is intended to examine and analyze the implementation of the fulfillment of children's rights in dealing with the law in the assimilation process. The type of research used in this study is a qualitative type with a normative method approach. Data collection techniques are carried out using review literature originating from statutory regulations, official records or treatises related to the discussion of a law. In addition, data collection was also carried out from several previous studies. The results of the study show that the current implementation is already under way but not yet fully in accordance with the principles of child protection. In addition, the fulfillment of the assimilation right given to correctional students should prioritize the provision of assimilation in the form of educational activities outside the fostering institution. This is so that children can adapt to the school environment when they finish serving their sentence.    

The binding of the parties to the construction service business is contained in the construction work contract. The construction work contract contains an agreement between the employer and the executor, which generally discusses rights and obligations. The purpose of this study is to find out how the form and content of the cooperation agreement between CV. X and PT. Cipta Wisesa Bersama, as well as find out the efforts to resolve defaults that occurred between CV. X and PT. Cipta Wisesa Bersama. The results of this study can be concluded that the cause of default is CV. X did not pay the money for the completion of the work to PT. Cipta Wisesa Bersama.    

The implementation of the ijon system by the community, especially farmers, has become a habit that has been passed down from generation to generation and has become entrenched in a number of areas, including Gorontalo. The 1945 Constitution, especially in Article 18B paragraph two (2) which reads that the State recognizes and respects customary law community units along with their traditional rights as long as they are still alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, which is regulated in law. Even so, buying and selling under the debt bondage system, in the eyes of the law, is strictly prohibited because in buying and selling the bonded bond system is very unclear because this is a form of extortion that can harm other people. The sale and purchase of the ijon system has also been confirmed in article 8 paragraph 3 of Law number 2 of 1960 concerning production sharing agreements, which reads: "payments by anyone, including owners and cultivators, to cultivators or owners in whatever form they have elements of ijon, are prohibited". The provisions used as the legal basis for the use of standard contracts in Indonesia are Article 1338 Paragraph (1) of the Civil Code which stipulates: "all agreements made legally apply as laws for those who make them" from the words all can be interpreted that every legal subject can make an agreement with any content, there is freedom of the legal subject to determine the form of the agreement. In other words, through the principle of freedom of contract, legal subjects have the freedom to make agreements, including opening opportunities for legal subjects to make new agreements that have not been regulated in the Civil Code so that they can follow the needs of society due to the times

The Teaching Campus Program is part of the Merdeka Campus program which involves students from various tertiary institutions and various educational backgrounds to participate in helping the teaching and learning process as an effort to equalize education which needs to be addressed after witnessing the Covid-19 pandemic. Equity and improvement of the quality of education are citizens' rights that must be fulfilled by the government which are included in the TPB/SDGs. The Teaching Campus also provides opportunities for students to be directly involved and develop themselves through activities outside of lectures. The Teaching Campus is used as a forum for students to contribute to improving student literacy and numeracy from an early age, starting from the elaboration of elementary school to high school. Where later students are required to create creative innovations in supporting interactive learning by creating teaching program ideas. One of them is the Pelita Nusa Program which was created from students participating in the Teaching Campus 5 program who served at Tembok Dukuh III/85 Elementary School in Surabaya. This research was made in accordance with the facts according to reports and activities that have been carried out by female students to implement the Pelita Nusa program at Tembok Dukuh III/85 Elementary School in Surabaya

Licensing for road transport is an effort to accommodate legal certainty and rights for road transport owners so that it can operate properly. Basically efforts to control licensing can also make a real contribution to Buton Regency's own-source revenue (PAD) in the service sector, thus making the Buton Regency Transportation Agency the main instrument in minimizing violations of route permits and order in public transportation in Buton district which It has quite intense traffic activity. This effort makes the people of Buton district orderly in the field of licensing in terms of transportation, indirectly this can be used as a measure of the success of the Buton Regency Transportation Service as one of the cogs of good government. Legal Review of Traek Permit Violations (Study at the Buton Regency Transportation Service), The main objectives of this research are (1) to find out technically how the arrangements are made by the Buton Regency Transportation Service in implementing route permits in Buton Regency; (2) To find out the factors that led to violations of route permits in Buton Regency and the forms of settlement that occurred.  

Law is a tool for regulating people's lives with a coercive nature and requires people to follow existing rules. The law is made for the benefit of the people and contains the norms of life as a guide in society. Death penalty is a punishment with the most severe sanction scale for perpetrators of extraordinary crimes such as narcotics, premeditated murder, terrorism, and crimes against state security. However, the application of death penalty in Indonesia is controversial because it violates Human Rights (HAM) and the right to life guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution Article 28A paragraph (1). Even though there is an update in the latest Criminal Code (KUHP) which regulates probation for 10 years, pros and cons still occur in the application of death penalty. Various views on capital punishment exist, in which some consider human rights and the principles of justice. However, the death penalty must be applied carefully and pay attention to human rights.

In an effort to create fulfillment of rights and special protection for children, the Convention On The Right Of The Child aims to encourage international cooperation among countries that have ratified the Convention On The Right Of The Child to improve a decent life for children, especially in developing countries. -developing countries and provide full protection for children to avoid crimes that can endanger their lives such as commercial sexual exploitation.     The type of research used in this study is normative legal research, which is a type of legal research to find a rule of law, legal principles, or legal doctrines to answer the legal issues at hand. This research will describe to what extent the written positive laws are synchronous or in harmony with each other. Article 34 of the convention on the right of the child is the basis of international law regarding commercial sexual exploitation, in which it emphasizes that participating countries must strive to be able to provide protection to children, so as to avoid all forms of sexual exploitation, Indonesia as a country that has ratified the convention on the right of the child has attempted to develop national legal instruments to provide protection for children to avoid the dangers of sexual violence, but legal instruments have not been able to accommodate the dangers of commercial sexual exploitation of children, because there is still a lack of definition and cannot explain forms of commercial sexual exploitation in instruments existing laws.  

This research aims to examine the legal protection provided by law to a child who becomes a worker in protecting and maintaining the legal rights and growth and development rights of a child. As well as providing knowledge for a child who will become a worker and for a business owner in employing a child into the workforce so that both parties understand their respective rights and obligations. This research was conducted in order to contribute to the legal protection of a child so that the growth and development of children can be guaranteed and protected properly and is intended to be useful for readers and add insight that is so important in applying special treatment for a child who becomes a worker.

Legal counseling can be done through community empowerment which is one of the efforts made by lecturers at the Faculty of Law, Gorontalo State University in understanding legal knowledge to the community, including about, parents' civil responsibility for post-divorce in Kaaruyaan Village, Mananggu District, Boleoa Regency. Legal prohibition for violations of non-fulfillment of children's rights after divorce often occurs in a number of areas including in some villages where this is caused by ignorance of the community in general and parents are concerned about what are the rights and obligations of parents to children after divorce where the case is mostly dominated by fathers as insurers who have not fulfilled their obligations as fathers,  Especially when the father re-married another woman. So the impact of empowering this legal counseling is the independence and understanding of the community in overcoming their legal problems through community initiatives and creativity and village officials assisted by lecturers in the environment of the Faculty of Law, Gorontalo State University.  Of course, it requires people who are willing and able and have the knowledge, skills and attitudes to get out of their problems. This paper uses the quality descriptive method, in this case the descriptive analysis will discuss the condition of partners regarding understanding of the law. While quantitative analysis is carried out to calculate the feasibility of legal settlements carried out by partners. The result of this discussion is that with the growing understanding of law, the pillars of justice and expediency must be accompanied by efforts to foster and develop to legal counseling so that it becomes a law-conscious, independent and sustainable society.

The concept of tolerance is an important thing to study, especially in a pluralistic society with different ethnicities, nations, races and religions.  This study discusses the concept of tolerance from the viewpoint of Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah, in order to examine the concept of tolerance in literature from the Nahdhatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, and Islamic Unity fronts (FPI) so that it can be implemented in life, especially in Islamic education learning.  The research method used is a qualitative method with a literature study approach.  The results of the study show that from the perspective of Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah tolerance is an important principle in building brotherhood and harmony among religious communities by emphasizing the importance of equality in rights and obligations without discrimination.  In line with that, the application of the concept of tolerance in PAI learning can be through religious education curriculum content which is not only dominated by worship and belief material, but material about the harmonious life of fellow human beings which is implemented through religious tolerance.  Instilling the concept of tolerance in PAI learning can also be implemented with an emphasis on PAI teachers in tolerance learning practices and assisted by significant learning materials that assist in tolerance learning both in early childhood education, elementary schools, junior high schools, high schools even in  study bench.

Alpen Food Industry, the most renowned ice cream manufacturer in Indonesia, boasts a widespread presence with 80,000 outlets across the nation. However, beneath the surface of PT. Alpen Food Industry's success, having once been honored with the Excellent Brand Award, allegations of labor law violations have emerged, leading to protests by its employees. In an effort to fight for their rights, the workers staged a two-week strike. The strike was initiated to advocate for their entitlements. Additionally, PT. Alpen Food Industry is accused of unilaterally implementing Termination of Employment (PHK) procedures. Nonetheless, the company refutes these allegations, asserting that they conducted the PHK in accordance with existing protocols and guidelines. They claim to have sent two separate Call Letters to the workers, which went unanswered, and argue that this inaction is tantamount to resignation based on the prevailing guidelines. This research employed a qualitative approach, gathering data through literature review methods involving various sources such as journals, news articles, and websites. The author then drew conclusions based on the obtained data. The research findings suggest that the dispute arose primarily from a lack of communication between the workers and the employer.  

This study aims to clearly describe the regulation of regulations that examine changes in the Employment Copyright Act, the legal consequences that can be caused to companies if they do not provide severance pay at the time of Termination of Employment and Government Regulation no. 35 of 2021. This type of research uses a normative juridical research model. Based on the Employment Act, a person who has retired, his rights and severance pay must be paid in accordance with the mandate of Article 156 paragraph (1). The results of this study are 1). based on several legal provisions as mentioned above, we can conclude that the retirement age in 2022 is at the age of 58 (fifty eight) years, 2). the current regulation regarding layoffs does not have to go through the determination of the Industrial Relations Court (PHI), the Company only needs to inform the workers of the intent and reason for the layoffs. If the worker refuses to be laid off, the worker can propose bipartite negotiations to the company and if a meeting point does not occur, mediation can be carried out, up to a settlement at the PHI, 3). different arrangements between the Manpower Act and the Job Creation Act. Among them is the amount of entitlement to severance pay. In the Manpower Act, a person who retires gets a severance pay amount of 2x (twice) the provisions of Article 156. While in the Employment Act it is 1.75 (one point seventy-five) from Articles 156, 4). criminal law provisions in the Copyright Act, if the employer does not provide severance pay in accordance with applicable legal provisions to workers who have been laid off due to entering retirement age. This is not regulated in the manpower law which is more civil in nature in terms of resolving disputes over layoffs.

Company dissolution and legal protection of shareholder rights are regulated based on Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies in Indonesia. The journal discusses the procedure for dissolving a company, the reasons for dissolving, and options for filing a lawsuit against the court for dissolving a company when a dispute arises between shareholders. The author emphasizes the importance of legal protection for shareholders and the need for clear regulations in the Indonesian Limited Liability Company Law. Normative legal research methods (normative legal research). The results of this study indicate that the procedure for dissolving a company based on Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning limited liability companies can apply for the dissolution of a company through a district court. There are shareholder rights that must be protected and shareholders must exercise their rights through adequate procedures that have been determined by the company.