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This study aims to analyze the legal protection of women's inheritance rights from the perspective of Indonesian civil law. The problems studied focused on the position of women as heirs and the extent to which the legal system provides guarantees of justice and equality. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach. Data was obtained through a literature study of legal regulations, doctrines, and court decisions relevant to inheritance issues. The results of the study show that normatively, civil law provides equal recognition of women's inheritance rights, especially in the Civil Code. However, in practice, there are still obstacles influenced by patriarchal culture and customary law that tend to place women in subordinate positions. This condition causes women to often experience difficulties in claiming or obtaining the proper share of inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations, harmonize national laws with the value of gender equality, and increase public legal awareness to ensure effective and fair protection for women in obtaining their inheritance rights.

Work motivation, job satisfaction, and employee performance are key aspects of management psychology that continue to evolve as organizational productivity demands increase. In an era of global competition, organizations are required to manage human resources effectively by enhancing work motivation and job satisfaction to achieve optimal performance. This study aims to examine the relationship between work motivation and employee performance, as well as to analyze the role of job satisfaction as a mediating variable in that relationship. The method used is a literature review with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through the Google Scholar and Publish or Perish databases using keywords related to work motivation, job satisfaction, and employee performance from a management psychology perspective. From 25 articles found between 2022 and 2026, 5 of the most relevant articles were selected for further analysis.The results of the study indicate that work motivation has a significant influence on employee performance, both directly and indirectly through job satisfaction as a mediating variable. Additionally, there is a growing trend toward the integration of management psychology approaches in efforts to enhance employee performance. Thus, it can be concluded that the simultaneous management of motivation and job satisfaction is a key factor in achieving optimal performance. Further research is recommended to develop a more comprehensive and integrative model.

This study examines the directing approach in portraying the process of character formation through a video feature titled “Ballet: Repetitive Steps, a Formed Self.” The research is grounded in the phenomenon of instant culture in contemporary digital society, which tends to prioritize rapid outcomes over gradual processes. The objective of this study is to explore how directing strategies can construct repetitive ballet training as a meaningful visual narrative that reflects discipline, consistency, and perseverance. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with a practice-based approach, where data are collected through observation, documentation, and the creative production process. The findings indicate that directing elements, including shot composition, rhythm, and audio-visual integration, play a significant role in transforming repetitive movements into a dynamic and progressive narrative. Repetition is not merely presented as a technical exercise but as a symbolic process of character development. The study also reveals that visual storytelling can effectively communicate reflective meanings and engage audiences emotionally. The implication of this research suggests that audiovisual works, particularly video features, can serve as a medium to challenge instant-oriented perspectives by emphasizing the value of process in personal development.

This study aims to reflect on the theological meaning of natural disasters in Sumatra (Aceh, Simeulue, Padang) from an ecological perspective. Although Sumatra is geologically prone to earthquakes and tectonic activities due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, hydrometeorological disasters such as floods and landslides are exacerbated by human actions, including deforestation, watershed degradation, and uncontrolled land conversion. This research employs a qualitative-descriptive approach using library research and a theological-reflective method. Primary sources include Sacred Scripture, Church documents (Laudato Si', Gaudium et Spes, General Directory for Catechesis), and relevant ecological theology literature. The findings indicate that natural disasters in Sumatra can be interpreted as "signs of the times" revealing both ecological and moral crises. Disasters are not divine punishment but consequences of humanity's misuse of freedom in managing creation. Ecological conversion is urgently needed at personal, social, and structural levels. Within the catechetical framework, disaster experiences become "texts of life" that guide the faithful toward mature faith expressed in lifestyle changes, solidarity, and responsibility for our common home.

This research aims to analyze the protection of state forest areas against unauthorized forest product collection in Pasangkayu Regency, specifically from the perspective of preventive and repressive legal protection. The research method used is normative juridical with a descriptive-analytical nature, utilizing secondary data collected through literature studies. The results indicate that forest area protection in Pasangkayu Regency is currently still dominated by a repressive approach, namely legal actions taken after violations occur, such as enforcement operations and criminal proceedings. However, this approach has proven ineffective in providing a maximum deterrent effect due to the high rate of violations triggered by low legal awareness and the community's economic dependence on forest products. Meanwhile, preventive efforts such as monitoring and legal counseling have not operated optimally due to limitations in human resources and budget. Therefore, a balance between preventive and repressive approaches is required, along with strengthening community participation through economic empowerment to enhance the effectiveness of forest protection.

The issue of education financing in Indonesia, particularly in Islamic educational institutions, remains a challenge even though the national education budget has reached 20%. High operational costs, uneven budget distribution, and limited resources are obstacles to improving the quality of education and empowering the Islamic community. In this case, productive waqf presents itself as a sharia economic instrument that has the potential to support sustainable education financing and community development. This study aims to analyze the management strategy of productive waqf in empowering the Islamic community at the Lampung Al-Qur'an Center (LAC) and review it from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah) and waqf management. The study used a field method with a descriptive qualitative approach through interviews, observation, and documentation. The theories used are George R. Terry's management theory and Jim Ife's community empowerment theory. The results show that the productive waqf management strategy at LAC is carried out through waqf fund collection, management of Al-Qur'an education, socio-religious development, and community empowerment programs based on Islamic education. This management contributes to improving the quality of education, strengthening Islamic values, and social and economic empowerment of the community. From a muamalah jurisprudence perspective, the practice of productive waqf in LAC has a strong sharia basis because it is oriented towards the welfare of the community and the sustainability of the waqf's benefits. Thus, productive waqf in LAC can be an alternative for financing Islamic education and sustainable community empowerment.

This study examines legal protection for victims of criminal offenses from a victimological perspective, emphasizing the position, rights, and needs of victims within the criminal justice system. Victimology, as a scientific discipline, highlights that victims are not merely objects of crime but subjects who are entitled to protection, restoration, and justice. This research employs a normative juridical method supported by a conceptual and statutory approach to analyze existing legal frameworks governing victim protection. The findings indicate that although legal instruments have provided various forms of protection such as restitution, compensation, and psychological assistance their implementation remains suboptimal due to institutional limitations, lack of awareness, and procedural constraints. From a victimological standpoint, effective protection requires a balanced approach between offender accountability and victim recovery, including recognition of victims' rights, access to justice, and comprehensive rehabilitation. Therefore, strengthening regulations, improving institutional coordination, and adopting a more victim oriented justice system are essential to ensure optimal legal protection for victims of criminal acts.

The New Testament is an essential part of the Christian Bible, containing testimonies concerning the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as the development of the early Church. To fully understand its message, it is necessary to examine the historical and theological contexts that shaped its composition. This article aims to explore the New Testament from historical and theological perspectives by examining the social, political, cultural, and religious background of the first-century world, the process of the writing of the New Testament books, and their principal theological messages. The study employs a library research method with a descriptive-analytical approach to various biblical and theological sources. The findings indicate that the New Testament emerged within the context of Roman rule, Jewish religious traditions, and Hellenistic cultural influences, all of which shaped both the authors and their audiences. The books of the New Testament were written to address the needs of early Christian communities, affirm the identity of Jesus Christ, strengthen believers' faith, and provide guidance for Christian living. Theologically, the New Testament emphasizes central themes such as the Kingdom of God, salvation through Jesus Christ, grace, the formation of the Church, and eschatological hope. Therefore, an understanding of the historical background and theological message of the New Testament is essential for accurate interpretation and for maintaining its relevance to the life of the Church and contemporary Christian believers.

This study examines the effectiveness of legal protection for victims of cyberbullying in Indonesia from a victimological perspective. The rapid development of information technology and social media has led to an increase in cyberbullying cases, which significantly impact victims psychologically, socially, and emotionally. However, existing legal protections are often considered inadequate in addressing the needs of victims. This research aims to analyze the existing legal framework, evaluate its effectiveness, and assess the position of victims within the criminal justice system. The method used is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and victimological approaches, relying on secondary data from relevant legal literature and scientific journals. The findings indicate that although regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) provide a legal basis, their implementation remains ineffective due to weak law enforcement, lack of victim-oriented approaches, and limited awareness of victims’ rights. Therefore, strengthening victim protection through a victimological approach, legal reform, and the application of restorative justice is necessary to ensure justice and recovery for victims.           

This study aims to explore the meaning of service excellence from the perspective of hotel employees at Kinasih Resort Depok, Indonesia. Most existing research on service excellence has focused on guest satisfaction, leaving the subjective experiences of employees as service providers underexplored. This study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation from five purposively selected informants across the F&B Service, Housekeeping, Front Office, Human Resources, and management departments. Data analysis followed Moustakas's phenomenological procedure encompassing epoché, horizonalization, theme clustering, and essence description. Findings reveal that employees construct layered meanings of service excellence according to their hierarchical positions: frontline workers emphasize friendliness and responsiveness, supervisors emphasize speed and problem resolution, while management frames it as a holistic service ethos encompassing internal relationships. Emotional labor emerged as an inevitable dimension managed through collaboration, prioritization, and de-escalation strategies. Organizational factors including training systems, communicative leadership, guest feedback-based evaluation, and managerial attention to employee well-being demonstrably shape how employees internalize service excellence values. This study contributes to employee-centered literature on service excellence and offers practical implications for human resource development in resort contexts.

The rapid development of modern science and technology has brought major transformations to various aspects of human life, including education, communication, economics, health, and social interaction. Nevertheless, this progress often creates a gap between scientific advancement and spiritual or moral values, particularly when viewed from an Islamic perspective. This study aims to analyze the relationship between modern science and Islamic teachings, while also exploring relevant forms of integration between the two in responding to contemporary life challenges. The research employs a qualitative approach through a comprehensive literature review of books, scientific journals, and other academic sources related to science and Islam. The findings indicate that Islam is fundamentally not opposed to science; instead, Islamic teachings encourage critical thinking, intellectual development, and the pursuit of knowledge for the benefit of humanity. Furthermore, the integration of scientific knowledge and Islamic values is considered essential in maintaining balance between technological progress, ethical responsibility, and human morality. Therefore, continuous and contextual efforts are needed to harmonize science and religion so that both can contribute optimally to the development of a more humane, ethical, and spiritually grounded civilization.

 The phenomenon of identity crisis in the era of social media has become an increasing evident existential problem in contemporary human life. Individuals tend to construct their identities based on external recognition, such as social validation, popularity, and digital representations that are often unstable. This article aims to examine this identity crisis trough a medieval perspective, particularly the thought of Agustine of Hippo. Using a qualitative method, this study explores the concept of inquietum cor (the restless heart) and the idea of human beings as creatures who find their fulfillment only in relation to God. The findings show that the identity crisis in the social media era can be understood as a form of human alienation from the true source of meaning. When identity is built upon temporal and external elements, individuals experience restslessness, dissatisfaction, and a loss of life direction. Agustine’s thought offers a reflective framework in which true identity is transcendent and rooted in a relationship with God as the highest good (summum bonum). Thus, Agustine’s philosophy remains relevant as a critique of the shallow construction of modern identity, as well as a proposed solution for building a more authentic and meaningful identity amid the currents of digitalization.

This article aims to analyze the regulation of unfair contract terms from the perspective of civil law and to examine the issues and efforts to strengthen consumer protection in Indonesia. The main issue raised is how the legal construction of unfair clauses in standard contracts and the extent of regulatory effectiveness in protecting consumers from bargaining position imbalances. This research uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach, thru the analysis of the Civil Code, Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, as well as related regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and the Personal Data Protection Law. The research results show that although Indonesian positive law has imposed restrictions on standard clauses that harm consumers, particularly thru Article 18 of the Consumer Protection Law, the practice of unfair contract terms still prevails due to weak law enforcement, low consumer literacy, and the dominance of business actors in contract drafting. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen consumer protection thru regulatory harmonization, increased effectiveness of supervision and law enforcement, as well as the development of transparent and fair contracts. Thus, consumer protection is not only formal but also capable of ensuring substantive justice in contractual relationships

The tradition of marriage gift money (uang hantaran) in the Malay community of Melibur Village, Talang Muandau District, Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province, remains a customary practice preserved as a symbol of respect for the bride’s family and a sign of the groom’s seriousness. However, over time, its meaning has shifted toward materialism, as the amount is often determined by social status, educational background, and family prestige, potentially causing economic burdens, psychological pressure, delays, and even the cancellation of marriages. This study aims to describe the practice of uang hantaran and formulate an Islamic legal reconstruction of the tradition in accordance with the principle of simplicity. This research is a field research employing a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and were analyzed descriptively and analytically using the maslahahmursalah approach in Islamic law. The findings indicate that the practice of uang hantaran in Melibur Village is still maintained as part of local custom; however, its implementation has shifted from a symbolic function to a materialistic one, resulting in economic pressure on the groom’s family, psychological burdens on prospective spouses, and delays in marriage. From the perspective of maslahahmursalah, uang hantaran may be categorized as maslahahhajiyyah when determined flexibly and without imposing hardship, but it becomes mafsadah when the amount is excessive and causes harm. Therefore, the reconstruction of Islamic law regarding this tradition emphasizes that uang hantaran is not a legal requirement for marriage but rather a complementary customary practice whose determination should be based on deliberation, mutual consent, economic capability, and the principle of simplicity (taysir), so that it does not hinder the objectives of marriage in Islam.

Project-Based Learning (PjBL) is a relevant instructional approach in vocational education because it emphasizes authentic learning experiences and competency development aligned with industry needs. However, its implementation is often limited to pedagogical practices and has not been systematically integrated with educational management functions. This study aims to analyze the optimization of PjBL in improving vocational students’ competencies through an educational management perspective. The research employed a qualitative literature review approach by examining national and international journal articles, academic books, and educational policy documents related to project-based learning, vocational education, and educational management. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis through categorization, interpretation, and conceptual synthesis. The findings reveal that the successful implementation of PjBL is influenced by competency-based planning, effective organization of learning resources, authentic project implementation, and continuous evaluation through authentic assessment. Institutional readiness, teacher competence, digital technology, and industrial partnerships also contribute significantly to the sustainability of PjBL implementation in vocational education.

Islamic education management in the contemporary era is no longer adequate if understood solely as an administrative activity, but must be built on a solid philosophical, ethical, and spiritual foundation. This article aims to analyze the concept of Islamic education management from the perspective of Al-Ghazali and Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas and examine the relevance of its implementation for contemporary Islamic education management. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research type. Data were obtained from the primary works of both figures and various relevant secondary sources, then analyzed through a comparative-conceptual approach with qualitative content analysis techniques and hermeneutic reading. The results show that Al-Ghazali emphasizes the ethical-spiritual dimension of education through the integration of knowledge, charity, morals, and purification of the soul, while al-Attas emphasizes the epistemological-philosophical dimension through the concepts of ta'dib, adab, and the Islamic worldview. Both have a common ground in the view that Islamic education must be directed at the formation of knowledgeable, civilized, and moral human beings, and should not be reduced to a technical process with neutral value. In terms of implementation, this study synthesizes the thoughts of both figures relevant to strengthening education, leadership, curriculum and learning management, institutional culture formation, and holistic educational evaluation. Therefore, Islamic educational management is ideally built on a foundation of ethical-spiritual and epistemological-philosophical integration to ensure effective, valuable, and transcendental-oriented educational governance.

The research in this paper aims to explore the concepts and principles of the educational environment from the perspective of the Qur'an and Hadith using a tafsir tarbawi (educational exegesis) approach. The developmental dynamics of human potential, both spiritual and intellectual, do not occur in a vacuum but are heavily influenced by environmental factors (educational ecology). By employing textual, thematic, and contextual analysis methods on several key verses such as QS. Al-Alaq: 1-5, QS. At-Tahrim: 6, QS. Luqman: 13-19, QS. Al-Kahfi: 66-70, and QS. Al-Hujurat: 13 this study maps the Islamic educational ecosystem into several primary domains. The results of the analysis indicate that the Qur'an constructs the educational environment as an integrative macro-systemic unity, comprising the domestic family environment (as a fortress for moral and creedal protection), the formal academic school/pesantren environment (as a space for teacher-student etiquette and ethics), and the socio-communal environment (as an arena for egalitarian multicultural inclusivity). Furthermore, this study formulates five fundamental paradigms of Islamic educational ecology: the integralistic, tawhid (monotheistic), humanistic-egalitarian, gradual-systemic, and transformational-emancipatory paradigms. This theoretical reconstruction corrects Western secular empiricism while simultaneously providing a holistic foundation for educators in managing an educational environment that aligns with divine revelation values and the demands of modern civilization.

Shares trading below their intrinsic value present compelling return opportunities, particularly for long‑term investors. This study aims to assess the valuation of eight food‑and‑beverage issuers listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) over the 2021–2025 period using two market‑based valuation instruments: the Price to Earnings Ratio (PER) and the Price to Book Value (PBV). A quantitative descriptive design was employed, and a purposive sampling technique selected eight issuers: INDF, ICBP, MYOR, ROTI, GOOD, CLEO, CMRY, and CAMP. The sectoral benchmarks obtained were an average industry PER of 22.64 times and an average industry PBV of 3.45 times. Comparative analysis reveals that INDF (PER 7.38x; PBV 0.59x), ICBP (PER 17.60x; PBV 1.83x), ROTI (PER 18.86x; PBV 2.47x), and CAMP (PER 16.59x; PBV 1.78x) are undervalued relative to the industry average and therefore merit consideration as buy candidates, while MYOR, GOOD, CLEO, and CMRY are overvalued. INDF emerges as the most attractive investment candidate because its PBV remained consistently below 1.00 throughout the observation window, a condition recognized in value‑investing literature as deeply undervalued. The findings reinforce the argument that combining PER and PBV serves as a reliable tool for identifying high‑potential stocks from a fundamental analysis perspective.

This research aims to examine the values contained in Dalihan Na Tolu through the perspective of Christian eschatology and examine its relevance to the mission of the Catholic Church in society. Dalihan Na Tolu as a socio-cultural system of the Batak community contains the values of respect, solidarity, responsibility, and brotherhood which play an important role in building social harmony. This research uses a qualitative method with a library research approach through the collection of data from various books, journals, Church documents, and scientific sources relevant to the research theme. The results of the study show that the values in Dalihan Na Tolu are related to eschatological expectations in the Christian faith, especially in building a life that reflects the love, brotherhood, and fellowship that God wills. In addition, Dalihan Na Tolu also has relevance in the Church's mission as a means of inculturation in the proclamation of the Gospel that is more contextual in the Batak community. Thus, local culture is not seen as an obstacle to faith, but rather as a means that can support the realization of the values of God's Kingdom in common life.

This study examines code-switching dynamics in parenting communication among two Indonesian migrant families who have acquired Malaysian citizenship. Using a qualitative approach with an intrinsic case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation of four informants comprising parents (First Generation) and children (Second Generation). Analysis was conducted using Poplack's (1980) typology, Gumperz's (1982) sociopragmatic framework, and Spolsky's (2004) language ideology perspective. Findings indicate that intra-sentential switching is the most productive form with Malay functioning as the matrix language, addressee specification emerges as the most dominant function, and message qualification reveals a negative pattern in which Indonesian is no longer effective as a command reinforcer. Second Generation informants in both families tend to identify as Malaysian, with varying intensity that correlates directly with the degree of Indonesian language exposure at home. Code-switching among First Generation informants is shown to function as a deliberate identity strategy, whereby Indonesian is selectively maintained in specific domains as a conscious effort to preserve cultural ties amid the dominance of Malay in everyday life.