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The Iraqi economy demonstrates that, despite the substantial magnitude of oil revenues, theseresources have not been effectively utilized to establish a diversified economic base capable of supportingcomprehensive development and securing the rights of current and future generations. Instead, the majority ofthese revenues are allocated to consumption patterns or to financing current expenditures, which do notcontribute to achieving sustainable development goals. This study examines the interdependence between oilrent revenues and their management, assessing the resulting improvements or declines in Iraq's financial andeconomic performance. It emphasizes the necessity of adopting prudent financial management and diversifyingincome sources to ensure long-term stability and prosperity for the country. The research problem lies in theheavy reliance of Iraq's public finances on oil rents, which exposes the economy to significant risks due tovolatile global oil prices. This dependency leads to structural weaknesses in the revenue and expenditureframework, limiting its flexibility and sustainability, and consequently hindering efforts to achievecomprehensive economic development. The results of the estimated model indicate that current public revenuesare heavily dependent on the previous year's revenues, suggesting that revenue generation is influenced byexternal factors, particularly expectations regarding fluctuations in oil prices.

A cooperation agreement is a legal instrument that underlies the regulation of rights, obligations, and responsibilities between the parties involved in a collaboration. In the context of public health financing, this agreement aims to ensure access to adequate health services, especially for disadvantaged groups. Along with the reform of the health sistem in Indonesia in recent years, the government has sought to improve accessibility and quality of services through the transformation of the health financing sistem. The National Health Sistem (SKN) as the main framework is organized to ensure equitable health services. One of the crucial components in the SKN is health financing which is realized through the National Health Insurance (JKN). Legal provisions regarding the form and mechanism of this collaboration have been regulated in Law Number 17 of 2023, specifically Article 4 paragraphs (1) and (2), which emphasize that collaboration between BPJS and central and regional government institutions is carried out through a written agreement, which can be in the form of a memorandum of understanding, operational cooperation, functional cooperation, or other forms mutually agreed upon.

The Indonesian retail industry has experienced significant changes during the 2020-2023 period, starting with the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020. Although it is gradually showing signs of recovery, the companies have felt a huge impact, such as many stores closing, increasing operational costs, and decreasing consumer spending, which are challenges for retail business actors to maintain their business continuity. This study aims to determine the factors that can be predictors of the financial distress of retail industry companies in Indonesia. The sample in this study was retail industry companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2023 period and had complete financial reports, resulting in 10 companies. Data analysis uses the logistic regression method. The results of the study show that the debt-to-equity ratio (DER) and return on asset (ROA) have a significant effect, while the current ratio (CR), total asset turnover (TATO), and operational cash flow margin (OCF margin) do not have a significant effect on financial distress. Thus, retail industry companies can utilize debt as a financing strategy to accelerate growth and need to focus on efficient asset utilization so that they can increase revenue and profit margins in order to achieve better financial performance and reduce the risk of financial distress.

MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) are one of the main drivers of Indonesia’s economy. However, many MSMEs still face limited access to financing. One traditional Balinese culinary product that attracts tourists is ayam betutu, which represents the MSME sector. This study aims to analyze the influence of own capital, business duration, working hours, and e-commerce on the income of ayam betutu culinary MSMEs in Denpasar City, both simultaneously and partially. This research employs a quantitative method using multiple linear regression analysis. The sample was determined using purposive sampling, with criteria including MSMEs engaged in traditional culinary businesses with ayam betutu as their main product and those that utilize e-commerce in their business operations. A total of 70 ayam betutu culinary MSME actors in Denpasar City were included. The findings reveal that, simultaneously, own capital, business duration, working hours, and e-commerce have a significant effect on MSME income. Partially, own capital, business duration, and e-commerce have a positive and significant effect on income, whereas working hours do not have a significant partial effect. The implication of this study is that MSME actors need to improve their capacity in capital management, maintain business continuity, and optimize e-commerce utilization to increase income. The government is expected to support MSMEs through financial and digital literacy training, institutional strengthening, and the facilitation of mentoring programs and sustainable access to financing.

This study aims to examine the innovation of rahn contract products in the development of gold pawn services in Islamic banking in Indonesia. Akad rahn is a sharia-based short-term financing instrument that provides liquidity solutions for the community without involving elements of riba, gharar, and maisir. As the need for fast, secure, and sharia-compliant financial services increases, innovation in rahn products is of strategic urgency. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a literature study of literature, reports of Islamic financial institutions, and related regulations. The results of the study show that rahn product innovation is carried out through three main aspects: (1) the development of the form of contract, such as the combination of rahn with ijarah or mudharabah; (2) the use of digital technologies such as e-KYC and AI to accelerate services; and (3) the expansion of socio-economic benefits, especially for MSMEs. The study also found that the increase in gold prices has also encouraged the increase in the use of gold pawns as an alternative financial solution. Therefore, Islamic banking needs to continue to develop gold pawn services based on rahn contracts to remain competitive, inclusive, and sharia-compliant.

This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach through field studies to explore in depth the implementation of product innovation in Qardh Hasan contracts in the form of business capital loans at Islamic financial institutions. The aim of this study is to understand how Qardh Hasan products function not only as interest-free financing solutions but also as tools for empowering micro and small enterprises. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with institution managers, field officers, and beneficiary customers, as well as through documentation and direct observation of the loan distribution process. The findings reveal that innovations in managing Qardh Hasan products—such as community-based approaches, business mentoring, and entrepreneurship training—can enhance the effectiveness of fund utilization and strengthen the sustainability of micro-businesses. The use of data triangulation confirms that the success of this product largely depends on transparency, social proximity, and the institution’s commitment to upholding Sharia values. This study provides a valuable contribution to the development of socially based Sharia financing models for fostering economic self-reliance within communities.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in driving the local economy but often face constraints in funding and market access. This study aims to analyze strategies for enhancing competitiveness and local creativity through a case study of Tajudin Shop, a microenterprise based in Cikampek. The business leverages partnerships with local doll artisans, digital marketplace distribution, and a sharia-based financing scheme through mudharabah contracts. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, using field observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation over a two-month research period. The findings show that the integration of community empowerment, digital marketing, and ethical financing significantly improves business competitiveness. These strategies not only expand market reach and increase revenue but also strengthen social networks and spiritual values in business practices. The study implies that value-based approaches, local collaboration, and technological innovation can serve as a replicable model for sustainable MSME development in other regions with similar characteristics.

Financing in the health sector plays an important role in ensuring the sustainability of hospital operations and the provision of quality health services. Structured and efficient financing planning contributes greatly to improving the health of the community. However, in practice, it is not uncommon to find problems due to weak financial planning, such as budget limitations that have an impact on the low quality of health services and waste due to inappropriate spending. To overcome these problems, strategic steps are needed, including through increasing funding, more accountable management and allocation of funds, and controlling service costs. Thus, the issue of health financing has a significant influence on the quality of public health and is an important part of the development of the national health system.

Tax is the main source of state revenue that plays a crucial role in financing development at the national level. However, many taxpayers try to reduce their tax obligations by engaging in tax avoidance or tax evasion. This study aims to explain the definition of tax avoidance and tax evasion, identify the factors that encourage tax avoidance, and examine the legal basis and sanctions applied to those involved in tax avoidance in Indonesia. In this analysis, it is stated that although tax avoidance occurs legally by exploiting loopholes in the law, this action still has a negative impact on state revenue and causes injustice in the tax system. The Indonesian government has issued various regulations, such as Law Number 28 of 2007 and PP No. 55 of 2022, to prevent these practices. Strict law enforcement and comprehensive tax education need to be carried out continuously so that taxpayer awareness and compliance in fulfilling tax obligations increase.  

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return On Asset, dan Earnings Per Share both simultaneously and partially on stock prices. The total of population in this study were 15 companies and the research sample was 13 financing service companies registered on the IDX, taken using criteria determined by the author. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression.  

Digital developments in the financing system for issuing Drug Examination Result Certificates (SKHPN) have had a significant impact on improving administrative governance in the health and legal sectors in Indonesia. This study uses an empirical legal approach with a juridical-sociological method to analyze the use of information technology in payment mechanisms and governance of SKHPN services. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, questionnaire distribution, and studies of regulations, including Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024. The findings show that the digitalization process of financing has a positive impact on shortening bureaucratic channels, accelerating service verification, and encouraging budget transparency and accountability. The implementation of an integrated health information system as regulated in Articles 371 to 378 of Law Number 17 of 2023 also strengthens service management through real-time and traceable digital recording. Meanwhile, PP No. 28 of 2024 emphasizes the importance of using electronic payment systems, transparency of financial reporting, and public involvement in service supervision. Although there are still obstacles such as limited infrastructure and low digital literacy, digitalization in SKHPN financing has proven to be a strategic step in realizing adaptive, open and inclusive public services in accordance with the direction of technology-based health policies.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between financial performance, green accounting, and capital structure. The research covered 72 food and drink producers that were listed on the BEI in the years 2019–2022. Twenty businesses were chosen through a purposeful sampling process. Multiple linear regression analysis of secondary data is performed in SPSS 26. According to research, green accounting helps companies improve their financial performance by financing large environmental costs. Financial performance is impacted by capital structure, which in turn increases profits and debt levels. Revenue growth, however, has no bearing on bottom-line results

This study aims to determine the innovation of musyarakah contracts in Islamic Banking, Hadith Perspective and its Relevance to Modern Practices. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method through a literature study method, with secondary data in the form of the Qur'an, hadith, and related literature. The analysis was carried out using the syarah maudhui (thematic) method of relevant hadiths. The research findings show that musyarakah values such as justice, transparency, trust (amanah), and the prohibition of betrayal and usury are the ethical and spiritual basis for Islamic banking operations. The application of the musyarakah concept today, including in the form of schemes such as musyarakah mutanaqisah and working capital financing, has encouraged innovation and flexibility in Islamic financial products.

This study aims to analyze the application of the legal principle of utility (kemanfaatan hukum) in relation to the inclusion of the phrase Basmallah at the beginning of authentic deeds in Murabahah financing contracts. In notarial practice, it has been found that certain notaries include the phrase “Bismillahirrahmanirrahim” at the beginning of the redaction of Islamic financing deeds. However, the form and structure of authentic deeds are explicitly regulated in Article 38 of the Notary Act (UUJN), which serves as the normative reference for notaries in drafting legally binding deeds. According to Article 1868 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), an authentic deed is a document drafted in a format prescribed by law, created by or before a public official authorized for such matters, and executed at a place designated by law. Therefore, the inclusion of the Basmallah, which is not stipulated in the formal structure of deeds, may pose legal issues as it can be deemed a deviation from formal requirements, potentially undermining the evidentiary strength of the deed. To ensure both the utility and legal certainty of authentic deeds, it is necessary to reaffirm the formal boundaries as outlined in Article 1869 of the Civil Code, so that deeds drawn up by notaries maintain both formal and substantive legal validity. The scope of this study encompasses three main aspects: First, whether the inclusion of the Basmallah at the beginning of a Murabahah financing deed holds legal authenticity; second, to what extent such inclusion aligns with the principle of legal utility.

This study examines the influence of leverage, profitability, and capital structure on earnings management in consumer non-cyclicals companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2019–2023. Earnings management has become a central issue in financial reporting, as it reflects managerial discretion in presenting financial information that may not fully align with the company’s actual economic condition. Understanding the determinants of earnings management is therefore essential to enhance transparency, credibility, and stakeholder trust in corporate financial reports. The research employed a quantitative approach using multiple linear regression analysis, with data processed through SPSS version 25. The sample consisted of 104 company-year observations, which were selected using purposive sampling techniques and subsequently refined through outlier testing to ensure data validity and reliability. The independent variables analyzed were leverage, profitability, and capital structure, while earnings management served as the dependent variable. The empirical findings demonstrate that leverage and profitability exert a significant influence on earnings management practices. Specifically, companies with higher leverage tend to engage in earnings management as a mechanism to meet financial obligations and reduce the risk of violating debt covenants. Similarly, higher profitability motivates managers to manipulate earnings in order to sustain investor confidence and maintain a favorable corporate image. In contrast, capital structure is found to have no significant effect on earnings management, indicating that financing decisions between debt and equity may not directly influence managerial behavior in financial reporting. These results highlight the importance of monitoring leverage and profitability indicators as potential predictors of earnings management. For corporate management, the findings suggest the need to implement stronger internal control systems and uphold ethical financial practices. For investors and regulators, the study provides useful insights into assessing company performance beyond reported earnings, thereby supporting more informed decision-making and promoting the integrity of capital markets.

This community service activity aims to improve basic accounting literacy for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through financial recording training and simple financial report making. Many MSME actors do not have a neat bookkeeping system, making it difficult to find out net income and access financing from financial institutions. Therefore, the introduction of simple accounting is a strategic step to encourage more professional and sustainable business management. This activity was carried out by a team of lecturers accompanied by students, with a participatory approach and based on direct practice. The training material includes basic understanding of accounting, recording daily transactions, preparing income statements, and simulating the use of financial statements for working capital submissions. Through this method, it is hoped that there will be an effective and applicable transfer of knowledge from academics to the public. The results of the activity showed that participants were able to understand the importance of financial recording and began to implement a simple bookkeeping system in their business operations. In addition, participants also showed increased confidence in compiling financial statements that can be used as supporting documents in applying for financing to cooperatives, banks, or other financial institutions. This activity not only provides practical benefits for MSME actors, but also strengthens the role of universities in community economic empowerment. In the future, similar activities can be developed with the integration of digital technology to support more efficient and accurate financial recording.

The need for development financing in the regions is increasing, while dependence on the APBN/APBD funds cannot meet all those needs. Therefore, the regional government is starting to explore alternative financing cooperation, including with non-government entities (private and international financial institutions). This article aims to examine the role of national civil law as the legal basis for regulating the relationship between the parties in such cooperation schemes. This research uses a normative juridical method with an approach based on legislation and concepts. It is found that national civil law, particularly agreements in the Civil Code and modern contract law, plays a vital role in determining the rights and obligations of the parties, ensuring legal certainty, and preventing disputes in the implementation of non-APBN/APBD funding cooperation. In addition, the flexibility of civil law allows for adaptation to the needs of the region and funding partners. Strengthening the legal capacity of local governments and harmonizing with sectoral regulations are necessary.

This study aims to map the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of each village within Awangpone Subdistrict to formulate a strategic model for enhancing the local economy in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. Employing a qualitative field research design, the study integrates interdisciplinary, theological, and development economics approaches. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, direct observation, and documentation. The analysis follows Miles and Huberman’s interactive model, encompassing data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The SWOT analysis reveals that the coordinates fall within Quadrant I, indicating that strengths outweigh weaknesses and opportunities surpass threats. Accordingly, the recommended strategy is the Strength-Opportunity (S-O) approach, which emphasizes leveraging internal strengths to capitalize on external opportunities. This strategy is deemed most effective for stimulating local economic growth and accelerating SDG achievement. Internal constraints identified include underutilized tourism potential and limited access to sharia-compliant financing mechanisms. External threats comprise weak partnership collaborations and limited foreign investment engagement. While several SDG targets—such as education and community participation—have shown promising progress, others remain underdeveloped, particularly in infrastructure development and equitable access to justice for rural populations. The findings underscore the importance of context-sensitive, multi-sectoral strategies that integrate local wisdom, theological values, and economic principles. The proposed strategic model offers a practical roadmap for village-level economic empowerment, contributing to inclusive and sustainable development. This research provides actionable insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and local stakeholders seeking to optimize village potential and foster resilience in rural economies.

This study discusses the implementation of Murabahah contracts in pension financing products at Islamic Banks in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the procedures, mechanisms, characteristics, and obstacles faced in the implementation of Murabahah contracts in pension financing. The research method uses a literature approach and field observation to obtain data and information related to the financing process. The results of the study indicate that the pension financing procedure based on the Murabahah contract has been running in accordance with sharia principles and applicable regulations, starting from submission, document verification, feasibility assessment, to disbursement of funds through the wakalah mechanism. The characteristics of pension financing emphasize the certainty of payment through direct autodebit from pension funds. However, there are several obstacles such as limited customer understanding, regulations that are not yet specific, and the complexity of administrative procedures. This study recommends increasing sharia literacy and strengthening regulations to support the development of sustainable sharia pension financing.

The role of Islamic banks in distributing funds to MSMEs in Cikarang is crucial for strengthening the local economy. By offering financing products based on Sharia principles such as murabahah, musharakah, and mudharabah, Islamic banks provide capital solutions for MSMEs while upholding the principles of justice and risk-sharing. A qualitative review of the literature indicates that the involvement of Islamic banks can enhance access to capital, improve business productivity, and foster long-term relationships between banks and entrepreneurs. The main issues identified include a lack of understanding of Sharia principles among MSMEs and credit-related risks. The recommendations from this study include increasing Sharia education, simplifying contractual procedures, and strengthening the role of supporting institutions.