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Sexual violence is an act that is degrading, humiliating, harassing, and/or attacking a person’s body or reproductive function, typically caused by an imbalance of power relations or gender discrimination, which results in psychological and physical suffering. Sexual violence against children is a social problem that requires special attention because this crime involves children in its commission. The Institute for Criminal Justice Reform (ICJR) also emphasizes that intercourse with a child constitutes a criminal offense, even if it is framed as consensual, in order to protect the child’s rights and future. Based on this issue, the author aims to examine efforts to combat sexual violence against children under the guise of sexual consent to find the most effective strategies to reduce this increasingly widespread crime. The research method used is a normative and empirical juridical approach. The data used includes both primary and secondary data. Data collection procedures involve literature study and field research. The data analysis was conducted using qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that efforts to combat sexual crimes include both penal and non-penal measures. Penal efforts involve the government enacting more specific regulations on sexual crimes involving adults and children under the pretense of sexual consent, as well as taking repressive measures as a last resort. Non-penal efforts conducted by relevant institutions include public outreach and education that provides information about such criminal behaviors. The suggestions in this study are: (1) To prevent sexual crimes committed under the guise of sexual consent, it is necessary to involve the community and a supportive environment that is aware of unlawful acts occurring around them, and to collectively protect family and community members from engaging in harmful behavior. (2) The government is expected to establish more specific policies regarding sexual crimes involving adults and children under the pretext of sexual consent.

Handaka Vijjananda's Buddhist comic "Aṅgulimāla: True Repentance" depicts the repentance of a ruthless murderer who undergoes spiritual transformation after meeting Gautama Buddha. This story not only conveys Buddhist moral teachings but also reflects the social, cultural, and religious dynamics of ancient Indian society. This study aims to analyze the intrinsic and genetic structures of the Buddhist comic "Aṅgulimāla" using Lucien Goldmann's genetic structuralism approach. The method used is qualitative descriptive, with the primary data source being the comic "Aṅgulimāla." Data collection techniques were conducted through intensive reading and note-taking, while data analysis was conducted by linking the intrinsic elements of the literary work with the socio-historical context and the author's worldview. The results show that the intrinsic structure of the comic "Aṅgulimāla" includes themes of repentance, karma, loving-kindness (metta), and wisdom; strong characters and characterizations; a progressive plot; internal and external conflicts; and a time, place, and social setting that reflect 6th-century BCE Indian society. Meanwhile, its genetic structure reveals human facts such as the caste system, power relations, and social morality, as well as the author's worldview, which emphasizes Buddhist values such as compassion, self-transformation, and hope for human moral change. Thus, genetic structuralism analysis confirms that the comic Aṅgulimāla is a literary work that is not only narrative in nature but also reflects social realities and humanitarian messages relevant to modern life.

This study aims to analyze the design of Indonesian horror film posters through Pierre Bourdieu's sociological lens. The main focus of the study is to understand how the visual elements in the poster reflect the social dynamics, culture, and structure of the film industry. By using the concepts of habitus, capital (cultural, symbolic, economic), field, doxa, and social reproduction, this study reveals that the design of horror film posters not only functions as a promotional tool, but also as a medium that reproduces local cultural values ​​and community beliefs about the supernatural world. Elements such as traditional ghosts such as genderuwo, kuntilanak and mystical symbols such as keris, offerings, then there are dark colors, and a scary atmosphere reflect the habits of audiences who are familiar with local myths. This study also shows that horror film posters reproduce stereotypes about the relationship between humans and the supernatural world, and strengthen the hierarchy of spiritual power through visual symbols. These findings confirm the relevance of Bourdieu's theory in understanding cultural phenomena through visual media. This study is expected to provide new insights for filmmakers, graphic designers, and students in understanding the interaction between culture, aesthetics, and the film industry.

This study examines the relationship between interest rates, inflation, and investment, as well as their impact on economic growth. High interest rates tend to hinder investment by increasing capital costs, while uncontrolled inflation can create economic uncertainty that negatively affects investment decisions. Based on the Fisher Effect concept, the nominal interest rate is the sum of the real interest rate and the expected inflation rate, indicating that changes in inflation directly influence central bank interest rate policies. An analysis of various journals reveals that interest rates have a negative relationship with investment, while inflation can have both positive and negative effects depending on its level. If inflation remains stable, investment tends to increase; however, if inflation is too high, purchasing power declines, and investors seek safer assets. On a macroeconomic scale, healthy investment is a key factor in driving economic growth, as it contributes to job creation and increased production. Therefore, a balanced monetary policy is essential to maintaining inflation stability, interest rates, and investment growth to ensure sustainable economic development.

PayLater services are increasingly popular as a payment method that offers ease of transactions and financial flexibility for its users. However, this convenience can also increase consumptive behavior that has the potential to affect individual financial stability. This study aims to analyze the impact of PayLater service on consumption interest and lifestyle of PT Tripatra employees. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed to PT Tripatra employees who use PayLater services. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistical tests and linear regression to measure the relationship between PayLater usage, consumption behavior, and financial stability. The results showed that the PayLater service provided significant benefits in the ease of transactions and increased employee purchasing power. However, there is a positive correlation between the use of this service and an increase in consumptive behavior, including impulse purchases. This has the potential to reduce individual financial stability in the long run, especially for those who lack good financial literacy. Uncontrolled use of PayLater services can increase financial risk. Therefore, awareness and good financial literacy are needed so that the benefits of this service can be optimized without causing negative impacts. As a recommendation, companies are advised to provide financial education to their customers. 

Readiness for exclusive breastfeeding was important in supporting the development of newborns. Mrs. Priigravida does not know what influences the relationship in the readiness of exclusive breastfeeding. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that affect the readiness to give exclusive breastfeeding to primigravida. This study uses a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample used was primigravida pregnant women in the Bangetayu Health Center working area of Semarang City. The number of respondents in this study was 50 people, with the technique used being total sampling. The data obtained were processed statistically using the spearmen rank correlation test. The results showed that the majority of respondents at the age of not at risk were 90%, the last education of high school/vocational school was 56%, mothers who were not working were 60%, knowledge of primigravida was high as 100%, family support was good as 98%, nutritional status of primigravida was high as 96%, and spiritual support of primigravida was high by 100%. The results of the statistical test obtained that the factor that most affects the readiness of exclusive breastfeeding in primigravida is spiritual support with a beta score of 0.582. There was a relationship between knowledge, family support, nutriall status, and spiritual support to readiness of exclusive breastfeeding in primigravida. The most powerful factor of influence is spiritual support.

This study analyzes the international ramifications of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, focusing on its economic, political, and security dimensions. The conflict has disrupted global trade, particularly in the energy and agricultural sectors, leading to inflation and price volatility worldwide. Politically, it has shifted global alliances, with Western countries strengthening NATO and imposing sanctions on Russia, while some nations have chosen strategic neutrality. In terms of security, the conflict has exacerbated global tensions and driven increased military expenditures across major powers. The research employs a qualitative approach, using a literature review method to analyze both primary and secondary sources, including policy documents, academic journals, and international reports. The study identifies key challenges such as food security, energy shortages, and the polarization of international relations. The paper suggests that strengthening multilateral diplomatic efforts is crucial for mediating the conflict and mitigating its global economic and security consequences. In conclusion, the study argues that addressing the global impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict requires strategies that 

The Indonesian National Army Law (UU TNI) is a legal product that regulates the role, function and authority of the TNI in the Indonesian constitutional system. In the context of this policy, the power apparatus plays a role in the formation, implementation and supervision of regulations governing the TNI. The power apparatus includes the executive, legislative, and actors who have an interest in the state's defense and security structure. In policy formation, political actors and government institutions play a dominant role in formulating regulations that balance civilian and military interests. The implementation of the TNI Law is also greatly influenced by how power is exercised, both in the defense bureaucratic aspect and in the relationship between the military and the civilian government. The tendency for politicization of military institutions can occur if there is excessive intervention from political power in determining strategic defense policies. Apart from that, the power dynamics in the TNI Law policy are also related to how control and supervision mechanisms are implemented. Security sector reform requires a balance between civilian supremacy and military professionalism to ensure that the regulations made do not conflict with democratic principles. Therefore, understanding the power apparatus in the TNI Law policy is important in examining the extent of the role and influence of political actors on the regulations governing military institutions in Indonesia.

This study examines the impact of political and public official corruption on Nigerian democracy and government legitimacy between 1999 and 2023. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, supported by documentary analysis, with the elite theory framework as the basis for gathering and evaluating relevant data. The study argues that the pervasive corruption within Nigeria’s democratic system is largely driven by the ruling elites, who control both political power and wealth. The elites are able to appropriate state powers and utilize them to amass resources and build networks of patronage, which are crucial for maintaining their dominance and subjugating the un-elite majority. Through the lens of power relations, the study highlights how these corrupt practices have led to the entrenchment of the elites’ control over political and economic systems. The study concludes that political corruption has significantly undermined the government's ability to provide essential public goods and services, which has, in turn, contributed to a decline in public trust in Nigeria's political institutions and democratic processes during this period. As the political landscape has become increasingly dominated by corruption, citizens have grown disillusioned with the system. The study recommends that Nigeria's political leadership reassess its current, money-driven and self-serving political approach, and adopt a more service-oriented model. Strengthening the rule of law, promoting public involvement in governance, and ensuring governmental accountability and legitimacy could help prevent Nigeria's slide toward political authoritarianism and reverse the democratic decline.

Contractual fairness is a fundamental principle in international trade, ensuring balanced and equitable agreements between parties of different jurisdictions. However, disparities in bargaining power, varying legal standards, and cultural differences often lead to imbalances that challenge the notion of fairness. This study examines the concept of contractual fairness within the framework of international trade and analyzes the business law standards that govern cross-border agreements. The research explores how contractual fairness is interpreted and enforced under different legal systems, emphasizing its significance in promoting transparency and fostering trust in international business relationships. Through a comparative analysis of legal frameworks in major trading jurisdictions, the study identifies key factors that influence fairness, including standardized contractual terms, dispute resolution mechanisms, and the role of international organizations like the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). This study also highlights the challenges of achieving fairness in complex trade agreements, such as those involving developing economies, where unequal access to legal resources and expertise can create significant disadvantages. By addressing these challenges, the research aims to propose practical solutions for harmonizing business law standards and enhancing contractual fairness in international trade.The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on global trade reform, offering insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and businesses. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that ensures fairness while maintaining the flexibility necessary for dynamic international trade practices.

This study examines code-switching practices in Asian professional workplaces, with a specific focus on its linguistic and cultural dimensions. Through a multidisciplinary theoretical framework incorporating Communication Accommodation Theory and Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, the research investigates how professionals strategically employ code-switching to foster workplace inclusivity, manage hierarchical relationships, and adapt to industry-specific communication demands. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, collecting data through semi-structured interviews with 50 professionals, online surveys (n=200), and 100 hours of workplace observations across various Asian business settings. Results indicate that code-switching serves multiple functions: enhancing communication clarity (87% of respondents), reflecting and reinforcing cultural norms (73%), and mitigating power imbalances in hierarchical structures (65%). The findings underscore code-switching's strategic role in navigating multicultural professional environments, offering practical insights into effective cross-cultural communication strategies and fostering of cohesive professional interactions in Asian workplaces. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on linguistic adaptation in professional contexts and provides practical implications for managing multilingual workplaces in Asia.

This study examines the construction of narratives on immoral issues in political discourse through a critical approach. Immoral issues are often used as political tools to build an image, discredit opponents, or divert public attention from the main issues. This study focuses on how immoral issues are designed, disseminated, and received by society through media and political discourse. Using critical discourse analysis, this research explores the relationship between power, ideology, and the representation of immoral issues in a political context. The findings show that immoral issues are frequently manipulated to influence public perception, control political narratives, and reinforce the dominance of certain groups. The implications of this practice include the distortion of public space, the decline in the quality of political discourse, and threats to democratic integrity. This study highlights the importance of critical literacy in political discourse to foster healthier and more substantive discussions.

Legal politics in the implementation of executive power in Indonesia, which is an integral part of the government system based on the constitution. Legal politics not only determines the direction and content of government policy, but also reflects the power relations between the executive, legislative and judicial institutions. This research aims to analyze how legal politics influences decision making at the executive level, with a focus on the role of the president in the presidential system, regulatory challenges, and political dynamics that influence the implementation of law in Indonesia. A qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical methods was used in this research, through literature review, analysis of legal documents, and evaluation of executive policies. The research results show that legal politics in Indonesia is characterized by challenges such as regulatory disharmony, the dominance of executive power in the presidential system, and political intervention in the legislative process. This situation has the potential to weaken the principles of rule of law and democracy. However, legal politics also functions as a transformation tool to strengthen fair, accountable and transparent governance. Legal political reform through harmonization of regulations, strengthening supervisory mechanisms, and empowering the community in the legislative process is very necessary to create a democratic and just legal system. This paper recommends the need to strengthen checks and balances between state institutions, consistent legal policies that are in line with the constitution, as well as legal education for the public so they can participate actively in the political process.

Critical philosophy of education plays an essential role in shaping students' critical thinking and influencing the teaching approach of democracy and citizenship education in Indonesia. Critical education focuses on the students’ ability to think reflectively and responsibly, understanding the relationship between knowledge, power, and freedom in a democratic society. This paper examines the contribution of critical philosophy of education to democratic education through a case study in several Indonesian schools that implement a critical approach in civic education. The aim of the research is to understand the implementation of critical education philosophy in teaching democracy and citizenship, and to see how it affects students' abilities to actively participate in the democratic process. The findings suggest that the application of critical philosophy of education can raise students' awareness of social and political issues and encourage them to be more active in community activities, though significant challenges remain in achieving consistent implementation.

The workshop "To Be A Powerful Public Speaker" is designed to improve the public speaking skills of SMA Negeri 14 Samarinda students, especially new members of the Student Council. This activity aims to increase confidence, mastery of communication techniques, and interaction with the audience. The training method includes theory, practice, and evaluation, involving speakers with various topics, such as the basics of public speaking, speaking techniques in broadcasting, and tips for becoming a professional MC. The training results showed that 85% of participants felt more confident in public speaking, increased mastery of intonation and gestures, and the ability to build better relationships with the audience. The hands-on and practical approach to this training ensures that participants understand the theory and can apply it in real life, particularly in their leadership roles. These workshops positively impact students' communication skills, supporting their personal and professional development.

Sexual violence in the university environment is a significant challenge in creating a safe and supportive educational atmosphere. This phenomenon is influenced by unequal power relations, patriarchal culture, and lack of understanding and application of legal protection. Regulation of the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology Number 30 of 2021 is presented as a legal framework to prevent and handle sexual violence in higher education, with strategic steps such as the formation of the Task Force for the Prevention and Handling of Sexual Violence (PPKS Task Force). This research aims to examine the juridical aspects of protecting students and teaching staff from sexual violence, analyze the implementation of regulations, and identify obstacles faced in their implementation. This research uses a normative-juridical method, which prioritizes the analysis of laws and regulations, legal documents, and related legal theories. The results show that although the regulation has provided quite detailed guidelines, its implementation still faces challenges in the form of social stigma, lack of resources, and gaps between policy and practice. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of continuous evaluation and education to improve the effectiveness of regulations and encourage universities to become agents of change in the fight against sexual violence.

Ludruk "Sogol Pendekar Sumur Gemuling" is a performing art work rich in human values. In this analysis, the theme of solidarity is highlighted through the interaction of characters who support each other in facing challenges. The courage of the characters in fighting for the truth and protecting the weak illustrates the essence of human struggle in everyday life. Intelligent and meaningful dialogues lead the audience to reflect on their role in the community, as well as the importance of respecting and helping each other. In addition, the sacrifices shown by the main characters provide a deeper dimension to the understanding of human values. These sacrifices are not only physical, but also emotional, reflecting the complexity of human relationships. Through these elements, this ludruk successfully invites the audience to absorb the importance of empathy and a sense of social responsibility. Thus, "Sogol Pendekar Sumur Gemuling" is not only entertainment, but also a means of reflection on the noble values that must be upheld in community life.

Sexual harassment in academic settings often goes uncovered due to unequal power relations between perpetrators and victims. This phenomenon is of particular concern on Malang campuses, where victims feel intimidated and do not have a safe space to speak out. This research aims to explore how power relations contribute to the occurrence of sexual harassment and its impact on victims in the academic environment. A qualitative approach was used with a case study method at several universities in Malang. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with victims, witnesses, and campus administration, and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The results showed that harassers often utilize positions of authority, such as lecturers, seniors, or campus staff, to commit acts of harassment. Victims, who are mostly students, are reluctant to report cases for fear of negative impacts on their education and career. The findings also reveal that the lack of strict campus policies and victim-friendly reporting mechanisms exacerbate the situation. This research highlights the importance of reforming campus policies and engaging the academic community in creating a safer and more equitable environment. This research suggests that universities in Malang need to strengthen reporting systems, introduce sexual harassment prevention training, and improve the structure of more equal relationships between students and faculty.

This article examines the accusations of PKI affiliation contained in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Ahmad Tohari's work, with a literary sociology approach. This novel describes the lives of village communities are hit by social and political tensions after the incident G30S/PKI. Through the main character Srintil, a ronggeng who is trapped in stigma politics, this article analyzes how accusations of PKI affiliation affect social dynamics and culture in the village. The focus of this study is to understand how social elements, especially gender and the role of women in Batak custom, interact with greater political power, and how this is reflected in the novel's narrative structure. By using literary sociology theory, this research also discusses identity social and political aspects are formed through literary texts, as well as the implications of these accusations on the formation of morality and views of society at that time. Through analysis It is hoped that this article will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between literature, politics and social identity in Indonesia, especially in context post-1965 history.

This article examines the accusations of PKI affiliation contained in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Ahmad Tohari's work, with a literary sociology approach. This novel describes the lives of village communities are hit by social and political tensions after the incident G30S/PKI. Through the main character Srintil, a ronggeng who is trapped in stigma politics, this article analyzes how accusations of PKI affiliation affect social dynamics and culture in the village. The focus of this study is to understand how social elements, especially gender and the role of women in Batak custom, interact with greater political power, and how this is reflected in the novel's narrative structure. By using literary sociology theory, this research also discusses identity social and political aspects are formed through literary texts, as well as the implications of these accusations on the formation of morality and views of society at that time. Through analysis It is hoped that this article will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between literature, politics and social identity in Indonesia, especially in context post-1965 history.