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Urban development has resulted in an increase in impermeable surfaces, increasing the risk of runoff inundating the road network. This situation occurs in the drainage system on Jl. Letjend S. Parman, Jl. Emo Kurniaatmaja, and Jl. Pulau Banda, Pasirkareumbi Village, Subang Regency. This study aims to evaluate the hydraulic performance of existing channels and develop redesign guidelines to reduce the risk of local flooding. The methods used include hydrological analysis of daily maximum rainfall data from the Subang rainfall station, rainfall frequency analysis using the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves, and hydrological and hydraulic simulations using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Model parameters include sub catchment area, rainfall intensity, time of concentration, infiltration using the Curve Number method, channel dimensions, cross-sectional shape, channel material, and the Manning coefficient. The results indicate that the GEV distribution provides a good fit for determining design rainfall. Based on the typology of a metropolitan city and a catchment area of ​​26.04 ha, the modeling period is 2 to 5 years. The SWMM simulation results indicate that some channel segments have very high flow velocities, potentially causing scour, while other segments have very low velocities, potentially causing sedimentation. This confirms the need for evaluation and restructuring of channel dimensions and slopes to improve the hydraulic performance of road drainage and reduce localized flooding.

This study examines the role of the Lubuk Intan Village Unit Cooperative (KUD) in assisting in managing oil palm sales for smallholder farmers in Peninjau Village, Batanghari Regency. The background of this study is based on the suboptimal distribution of economic benefits to farmers, despite increasing sales through the cooperative. This situation indicates the need to strengthen the role of cooperatives in the harvest marketing system. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Thirteen informants were interviewed: three administrators and ten members of the Lubuk Intan KUD in Peninjau Village, Batanghari Regency. The results indicate that the Lubuk Intan KUD plays a role in facilitating collective sales, providing price information, and creating certainty and transparency in the weighing and recording of harvests. This role has been able to improve marketing efficiency and member trust. However, its implementation still faces obstacles such as limited human resources, limited operational capital, and inadequate member participation.

There are chances for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) to boost local agricultural economies and increase profitability due to the rising demand for value-added dairy products.  This study uses the Hayami approach to evaluate the value distribution along the production chain in order to investigate the economic potential of cream cheese production in Samarinda, Indonesia.  In-depth producer interviews, cost documentation, questionnaires, and production process observations were used to gather primary data.  Identifying the main cost components and evaluating value generation at the processing step were the main objectives of the investigation.  The results show that processing adds a substantial amount to the total product value, with the acquisition of raw materials and packaging being the main sources of expense. Maximizing by-products like whey, implementing cost-effective packaging, and optimizing input sourcing are all ways to boost profitability. According to the report, local cream cheese makers can become more resilient and competitive by focusing on specialized markets, improving branding, and fortifying supply chain integration. These observations serve as the foundation for business plans and regulatory suggestions meant to promote long-term expansion in the artisanal dairy industry.

The adoption of holocratic leadership systems has become a crucial strategy for startups navigating market volatility, which demands organizational agility through the elimination of traditional hierarchies. This study aims to analyze the transformation of the Human Resource (HR) department's role within holocratic systems and its impact on HR efficiency in startup environments. Employing an integrative literature review approach, this research synthesizes various findings from reputable global and national journals published within the last five years to map the shifts in managerial functions. The results indicate that in structures devoid of conventional managers, the HR role transforms from a controlling authority into a system architect and governance facilitator that maintains compliance with the organizational constitution. HR efficiency is achieved through clear authority distribution within dynamic roles, transparent peer-to-peer feedback mechanisms, and the removal of slow bureaucratic coordination costs. The contribution of this research lies in the formulation of the "HR-as-a-Platform" conceptual model, which shifts the focus of management practices from personal supervision to systemic infrastructure optimization. The practical implications provide a guide for startup founders to re-engineer HR functions to support individual autonomy without sacrificing operational stability. This study confirms that the success of non-hierarchical organizations relies heavily on the integration of radical autonomy and robust digital protocols facilitated by the newly defined HR function.

Leprosy remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia. West Java Province, as one of the most populous regions, continues to report new leprosy cases annually. Understanding the distribution of these cases is crucial for disease monitoring and early identification of affected areas. This study aims to visualize the distribution of new leprosy cases in a dashboard by districts and cities in West Java during 2016–2024. Secondary data were obtained from the Portal Data Jawa Barat, which provides the number of new cases per district and city. The study employs descriptive analysis with a dashboard-based data visualization approach. The dashboard presents comparisons of case numbers, yearly trends, and the proportional contribution of each district/city in an interactive, easy-to-understand format. Results show that new leprosy cases vary across districts and cities and fluctuate over the observed period. Some regions consistently report higher case counts, resulting in differences in their contributions to the provincial total. The dashboard facilitates rapid monitoring of case distribution and provides stakeholders with a clear visual overview of leprosy in West Java. This study provides comprehensive visual information on leprosy distribution, supporting stakeholders in planning effective public health strategies

This study aims to analyze the effect of work stress and work environment on employee performance with job satisfaction as a mediating variable at PT X. This study uses a quantitative approach with a census method of 198 employees at PT X. Data were collected through an online questionnaire (Google Form) and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) with the help of SmartPLS 4.0. Based on the results of the analysis that has been done, it was found that work stress has a negative and significant effect on employee performance. Meanwhile, the work environment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. In addition, work stress has a negative and significant effect on job satisfaction. Then, the work environment has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, while job satisfaction has a significant effect on employee performance. In addition, job satisfaction is able to mediate the effect of work stress and work environment on employee performance. This study provides a theoretical contribution to strengthen the understanding of the role of job satisfaction as an important mechanism that connects work stress and work environment with employee performance. Management needs to manage work stress through a balanced workload and system arrangement and create a safe and comfortable work environment to improve employee satisfaction and performance. These findings underscore the importance of job satisfaction as a basis for formulating human resource policies. This study is limited by the number of respondents, which is not fully representative of the entire population due to difficulties in communicating with employees. Furthermore, limited access to the research location, which is located outside of Yogyakarta, resulted in the distribution and collection of questionnaires being conducted only through long-distance communication. Future researchers are advised to add other variables and use research subjects from different industrial sectors to obtain a more comprehensive and comparable understanding.

Abstract: This study aims to deeply analyze the gap in basic education in Weleri District, Kendal Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, specifically Weleri Village, correcting the initial focus that was directed at the UIN campus environment. Using a qualitative approach with a case study design, data were collected through unstructured interviews, participant observation, and document analysis, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model with source triangulation techniques to ensure data validity involving eight key informants. The most important findings reveal that the educational gap in Kendal is a manifestation of significant multidimensional structural injustice, encompassing spatial disparities, educational attainment, and the distribution of human resources. Spatially, there is a concentration of quality schools in the center of Weleri District, while coastal areas experience limited access due to the "urban bias" of regional budgets. This phenomenon creates educational segregation from an early age. Only 35-40% of coastal youth successfully continue to high school due to economic barriers, distance, and a lack of scholarship information. The unequal distribution of certified teachers worsens the quality of learning and has the potential to trigger socio-religious fragmentation due to limited moderate Islamic insight in marginalized areas and reproduces intergenerational poverty. This confirms that the low quality of education is not an individual choice, but rather a systemic consequence of inequitable planning. Therefore, an urgent, holistic affirmative policy intervention is needed, encompassing equitable infrastructure and teacher distribution reform to ensure equal educational rights for every child in Kendal, in order to realize sustainable social justice that is responsive to the geographic context. This research provides a critical contribution in the form of a concrete empirical foundation for the formulation of affirmative policies that profoundly break the cycle of poverty and educational injustice in the coastal areas of Central Java, while also enriching the scientific literature on the sociology of education on the reproduction of injustice in marginalized areas in a comprehensive and sustainable manner. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis secara mendalam kesenjangan pendidikan dasar di Kecamatan Weleri, Kabupaten Kendal, Provinsi Jawa Tengah Indonesia khususnya Desa Weleri, mengoreksi fokus awal yang sempat mengarah pada lingkungan kampus UIN. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara tidak terstruktur, observasi partisipatif, dan analisis dokumen, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model interaktif Miles dan Huberman dengan teknik triangulasi sumber untuk memastikan validitas data melibatkan delapan informan kunci. Temuan terpenting mengungkap bahwa kesenjangan pendidikan di Kendal merupakan manifestasi ketidakadilan struktural multidimensi signifikan, mencakup disparitas spasial, capaian pendidikan, dan distribusi sumber daya manusia. Secara spasial, terdapat konsentrasi sekolah berkualitas di pusat Kecamatan Weleri, sementara wilayah pesisir mengalami keterbatasan akses akibat "urban bias" anggaran daerah, fenomena ini menciptakan segregasi pendidikan sejak dini. Hanya 35-40% remaja pesisir berhasil melanjutkan ke SMA karena hambatan ekonomi, jarak, dan minimnya informasi beasiswa. Distribusi guru bersertifikat yang timpang memperburuk kualitas pembelajaran dan berpotensi memicu fragmentasi sosial-keagamaan akibat terbatasnya wawasan keislaman moderat di wilayah marginal serta mereproduksi kemiskinan antargenerasi. Hal ini menegaskan bahwa rendahnya kualitas pendidikan bukan pilihan individu, melainkan konsekuensi sistemik dari perencanaan yang belum berkeadilan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan intervensi kebijakan afirmatif holistik mendesak mencakup pemerataan infrastruktur dan reformasi distribusi guru untuk memastikan hak pendidikan setara bagi setiap anak Kendal demi mewujudkan keadilan sosial berkelanjutan yang responsif terhadap konteks geografis. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi kritis berupa landasan empiris konkret bagi formulasi kebijakan afirmatif yang memutus siklus kemiskinan dan ketidakadilan pendidikan di wilayah pesisir Jawa Tengah secara mendalam, sekaligus turut memperkaya literatur ilmiah sosiologi pendidikan tentang reproduksi ketidakadilan di wilayah marginal secara komprehensif dan berkelanjutan.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in supporting local and national economic development, particularly through employment generation and income distribution. Seasonal religious events such as Ramadan significantly influence consumption patterns and market dynamics, creating both opportunities and challenges for MSMEs. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the “Seri Ramadhan” phenomenon within the strategic management practices of MSMEs in Martapura, focusing on the periods before and after Ramadan. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach with field study methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation involving selected MSME actors in the culinary, fashion, and retail sectors. The findings indicate that prior to Ramadan, MSMEs emphasize strategic planning through product innovation, stock preparation, promotional intensification, and operational adjustments. After Ramadan, they conduct performance evaluations, inventory control, and strategic realignment to maintain business sustainability. The study highlights that Ramadan is not merely a short-term sales opportunity but also a strategic momentum integrated into broader business planning cycles. The implications suggest that adaptive and cyclical strategic management enhances MSME resilience and competitive advantage in seasonal markets.

Nutritional problems among children under five remain a public health concern in Indonesia, including in the working area of Semitau Public Health Center, Kapuas Hulu Regency. Nutritional status is an important indicator in assessing child growth and development. Nutritional disorders such as undernutrition, severe undernutrition, and stunting may have long-term impacts on health, cognitive development, and productivity. Therefore, regular monitoring of nutritional status is necessary to determine the nutritional profile of children under five in the Semitau Public Health Center area. Objective: This study aimed to describe the nutritional status of children under five based on Weight-for-Age (W/A), Height-for-Age (H/A), and Weight-for-Height (W/H) indicators, as well as to describe the characteristics of mothers and children. Methods: This study used a descriptive method with a retrospective approach. Data were obtained from the recap of child weighing results in March 2025 in the working area of Semitau Public Health Center. The study population consisted of 395 children aged 0–59 months, with 351 children meeting the inclusion criteria selected using total sampling technique. Data were analyzed univariately to obtain the frequency distribution of nutritional status. Results: Based on W/A, 77% of children had normal nutritional status, 13.5% were undernourished, 6.1% were severely undernourished, and 1.0% were overweight. Based on H/A, 62.1% were normal, 20.8% were stunted, 11.5% were severely stunted, and 1.8% were tall. Based on W/H, 76.4% had normal nutritional status, 7.9% were undernourished, 2.0% were severely undernourished, 3.1% were overweight, and 2.6% were obese. Conclusion: The majority of children under five in the Semitau Public Health Center area had normal nutritional status. However, the stunting prevalence of 32.3% remains high according to WHO classification. Strengthening nutritional monitoring through integrated health posts and providing parental education on balanced nutrition are recommended.

This study aims to analyze the effect of e-government implementation, Transparency and Maturity of Internal Control System (SPI) on the Quality of Buleleng Regency Government Financial Reports. The research method uses a quantitative approach with a survey method through the distribution of questionnaires to 74 respondents consisting of heads of financial sub-sections and financial report preparation staff at 37 Regional Work Units (SKPD) in Buleleng Regency. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Data are analyzed using multiple regression with the help of SPSS 26. The results of the study indicate that the e-government variable does not have a significant effect on the quality of Buleleng Regency government financial reports. Meanwhile, the Transparency and Maturity of Internal Control System (SPI) variables have a positive and significant effect on the quality of Buleleng Regency government financial reports. This finding indicates that the higher the level of implementation of transparency and maturity of the internal control system (SPI), the better the quality of local government financial reports. However, the implementation of e-government has not yet made a significant contribution, possibly due to the suboptimal implementation of the reporting system, which focuses solely on service and administration, and the limited use of technology by human resources. Therefore, the Buleleng Regency government is expected to improve the effectiveness of its e-government implementation and continue to strengthen the transparency and maturity of its internal control system (SPI) to improve the quality of its financial reports. Keywords: E-Government, Transparency, Internal Control System Maturity, financial report quality

The management of expired medications in community health centers (Puskesmas) is crucial because it directly relates to the quality of healthcare services, patient safety, and environmental impact. Medications that have passed their expiration date no longer guarantee effectiveness and safety, and therefore require proper handling in accordance with applicable regulations. Furthermore, improper management can lead to waste and the risk of misuse. This study was conducted to describe the expired medication management system in community health centers (Puskesmas) in Pemalang Regency, specifically regarding separation, recording, reporting, and destruction. This study used a descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach to describe the conditions in the field. The data used were primary data obtained through direct observation and interviews with pharmacists at the community health centers. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling at five community health centers: Losari, Purwoharjo, Sarwodadi, Rowosari, and Kebandaran. The instrument used was an observation sheet as an interview guide, while the collected data was analyzed descriptively to provide an overview of the implementation of expired medication management. The study results indicate that all community health centers (Puskesmas) have properly separated, recorded, and reported expired medications in accordance with regulations. Overall, the management of expired drugs in health centers in the Pemalang Regency area has been running well and in accordance with the guidelines of the Indonesian Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) Regulation Number 20 of 2025 concerning Good Distribution Practices for Medicines (CDOB), reaching 100%.

Cloud job-length prediction remains challenging when the target distribution is highly skewed and contains rare extreme values. This study proposes a log-transformed, regime-based machine learning framework for robust prediction of cloud job length, represented in million instructions (MI). The approach integrates sequential feature engineering, logarithmic target transformation, weighted learning, and regime-aware modeling to distinguish between normal and extreme job-length behavior. Using an ordered GoCJ-derived cloud job-length sequence of 1000 jobs, the dataset exhibits a heavy-tailed distribution, with a mean of 129,662 MI, a median of 93,000 MI, a 95th percentile of 525,000 MI, a 99th percentile of 900,000 MI, and a skewness of 3.695. The proposed model is evaluated against sequential baselines and stronger machine learning baselines, including Naive_Last, RollingMean_5, Global_Log_ExtraTrees, RandomForest, GradientBoosting, and MLP_Log. On the main test split, the proposed Regime_Log_ExtraTrees achieved the best RMSE of 206,255.66 and the least negative R² of −0.01062, while Global_Log_ExtraTrees remained competitive in terms of MAE, MedAE, and RMSLE. Additional walk-forward validation confirms that the regime-aware model consistently achieves the best mean RMSE and mean R² across temporal folds. Ablation results further show that regime-aware learning is the primary contributor to robustness, although accurate prediction of extreme jobs remains challenging. These findings indicate that log-transformed, regime-based learning provides a practical and more robust strategy for cloud job-length prediction under heavy-tailed workload conditions.

Land acquisition for public purposes is intended to ensure land availability for development while safeguarding the rights of affected parties through fair and equitable compensation as regulated under Law Number 2 of 2012 and its implementing regulations. However, disputes over land ownership often prevent direct payment of compensation, thereby necessitating the use of a consignment mechanism through the court. This study examines the implementation of consignment for disputed land and analyzes the legal standing and fulfillment of rights of both the prevailing and losing parties in the land acquisition process for the development and revitalization of Balohan Port, Sabang. The research addresses the problem of how compensation is secured and distributed when ownership remains contested, and whether the mechanism ensures legal certainty and justice for all parties involved. Employing an empirical legal method with a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews and document analysis. The findings reveal that consignment functions as a legal instrument to safeguard and temporarily suspend compensation payment until a final judicial determination is reached. Supreme Court Decision Number 1675 K/Pdt/2021 affirms that the prevailing party is entitled to full land compensation as recognition of proprietary rights, while building compensation may be relinquished through a peace agreement and social compensation partially allocated. Conversely, the losing party forfeits land rights but retains full building compensation and partial social compensation based on the settlement deed. The study concludes that dispute resolution in land acquisition extends beyond final court judgments and requires non-litigation mechanisms to ensure proportional distribution of rights, thereby reinforcing legal certainty, preventing further disputes, and ensuring equitable protection in public interest development.

This study aims to analyze and examine the effect of financial literacy and self-control on financial management behavior, with financial attitude as an intervening variable among accounting students at universities in Lamongan. This research employed a quantitative approach using a survey method through questionnaire distribution via Google Form. The population consisted of accounting students at universities in Lamongan, with a total sample of 232 respondents selected using probability sampling with a simple random sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) version 4.0. The results indicate that financial literacy does not have a significant effect on financial management behavior, while self-control has a significant effect on financial management behavior. Furthermore, financial literacy and self-control significantly influence financial attitude, and financial attitude significantly affects financial management behavior. Financial attitude is also proven to significantly mediate the relationship between financial literacy and self-control on financial management behavior.

The transformation of revolving funds from the former PNPM Mandiri program into BUM Desa Bersama entities requires accountable financial management aligned with applicable accounting standards. However, inconsistencies between regulations and accounting practices remain. This study analyzes the recognition and measurement of revolving fund assets at BUM Desa Bersama Ajimas Lestari LKD in Ajibarang and assesses their compliance with Ministerial Regulation of Village PDTT No. 136 of 2022 and SAK ETAP. Using a qualitative case study approach, data are collected through interviews, observation, and documentation involving five internal informants. The results show that asset recognition follows regulations, where revolving funds are recorded as receivables upon loan distribution to Women’s Savings and Loan (SPP) groups at nominal value. However, discrepancies persist in asset measurement and presentation, particularly in receivable classification and the placement of allowance for doubtful accounts under equity. These issues stem from limited human resource capacity, lack of a standardized accounting information system, and weak supervision. Strengthening accounting competence and implementing standardized financial reporting systems are essential to improve accountability and transparency in managing community revolving funds.

Childbirth is a series of natural processes that trigger various changes in the mother's body so that she can deliver her baby through the birth canal. Perineal stiffness can actually be anticipated and prevented early in pregnancy, one way is through physical exercises such as pregnancy yoga. Pregnancy yoga has many benefits, especially in alleviating complaints during pregnancy, reducing anxiety, improving sleep quality, and preparing the physical condition before childbirth by strengthening and increasing the elasticity of the pelvic floor muscles, so that the birth process becomes easier. This study aims to analyze the effect of prenatal gentle yoga on the incidence of perineal tears in mothers who will give birth in the work area of ​​the Tiley Health Center on Morotai Island. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a posttest control design. The sample used in the study consisted of mothers giving birth who met certain inclusion criteria, with a total of 36 pregnant women. The instruments used in this study were the Kegel Exercise SOP observation sheet and the assessment of the level of perineal tears. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney statistical test. The results showed a distribution of respondents regarding Kegel exercises: 18 respondents (50%) performed Kegel exercises and 18 respondents (50%) did not. The highest rates of perineal rupture were grade I and grade II, with 13 respondents (36.1%) each. The resulting p-value was 0.0001 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of Kegel exercises on the rate of perineal rupture in primiparous women.

The study aims to analyze in greater depth the influence of work motivation and employee loyalty on employee performance at PT ABC. This research employs a quantitative approach with an explanatory design intended to systematically explain the relationships among variables. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires using a Likert scale (1–5) to employees with a minimum of one year of tenure, as they are considered to have an adequate understanding of organizational conditions. Data analysis was conducted using the Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method with the assistance of SmartPLS 4 software to obtain more accurate and comprehensive results. The findings indicate that all research indicators have met the established validity and reliability criteria. The structural model test shows that work motivation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.207; p = 0.007), and employee loyalty also has a positive and significant effect (β = 0.718; p = 0.000). The R-square value of 0.753 indicates that both variables are able to explain 75.3% of the variation in employee performance. These findings emphasize that work motivation and employee loyalty play important roles in improving performance, with loyalty being the most dominant factor influencing employee performance.

This study aims to analyze visitors’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) and to estimate the economic value in supporting the development of Gunung Meja Nature Tourism Park (TWA) as a conservation area. This study employed the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) with a total of 156 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods to obtain the average WTP value and its distribution. The results showed that the average WTP of visitors was IDR 19,300 per person, with the highest distribution in the range of IDR 10,000–30,000 and a dominant value of IDR 20,000 (23%). The estimated economic value of the area based on WTP reached IDR 3,939,245,800 per year, which is higher than the actual revenue of IDR 2,755,431,000 per year. The difference of IDR 1,183,814,800 indicates a potential increase in revenue through tariff adjustment. These findings indicate that visitors have a higher willingness to pay compared to the current tariff. Therefore, the WTP value can be used as a basis for determining optimal tariff policies to support sustainable management of conservation areas and to maintain their ecological functions.

Slum upgrading is a strategic step in improving the quality of life of urban communities, where its success is largely determined by the active involvement of local residents. This study aims to analyze the level of community involvement in the implementation of slum upgrading in Mantuil Village, South Banjarmasin District. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 98 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted descriptively to measure the level of participation in four stages of the activity. The results show that community involvement is in the good category, but has an uneven distribution. The highest average scores were found in the utilization stage (30.44) and maintenance stages (30.23), indicating that community participation is driven by the principle of direct benefit from the infrastructure being built. Conversely, participation in the planning and implementation stages tends to be lower due to structural barriers such as time constraints and respondents' economic burdens. These findings confirm that sustainable settlement upgrading requires synergy between community social capital and government policies that are adaptive to the geographic characteristics of the region, particularly related to tidal flooding vulnerability in riverbank areas.

This study aims to analyze the phytochemical profile of Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens) leaves as a potential herbal candidate for mild hypertension therapy using in silico methods. Plant samples were examined to identify active compounds documented in the PubChem database. The identified compounds were further analyzed using PASS Online to predict their pharmacological activities, ProTox-II to evaluate toxicity levels, and pkCSM to assess ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) characteristics. The findings reveal that several bioactive compounds present in Sambung Nyawa leaves demonstrate strong predicted anti-hypertensive activity accompanied by minimal toxicological risk. PASS Online analysis indicates potential mechanisms of action, including vascular receptor modulation and mild diuretic properties that may support blood pressure regulation. ProTox-II classification places most compounds in the low-toxicity category, while pkCSM predictions confirm acceptable bioavailability and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Overall, these results provide a preliminary scientific foundation for the development of Gynura procumbens as an alternative herbal therapy for mild hypertension and support the need for further validation through in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.