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Diabetes Mellitus merupakan salah satu penyakit degeneratif dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat, terutama pada kelompok usia lanjut. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai pencegahan dan pengelolaan diabetes melitus melalui edukasi pola hidup sehat dan pemanfaatan tanaman obat. Kegiatan dilaksanakan di Desa Sambirata dengan sasaran ibu-ibu Posyandu Lansia. Metode yang digunakan meliputi penyuluhan kesehatan, pemeriksaan tekanan darah, pemeriksaan gula darah sewaktu, dan edukasi pemanfaatan tanaman obatantidiabetes. Sebanyak 44 peserta mengikuti kegiatan penyuluhan dan 71 peserta mengikuti pemeriksaan kesehatan. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan 29 peserta mengalami hipertensi, 3 peserta memiliki kadar gula darah di atas normal, dan 50 peserta memiliki faktor risiko diabetes melitus. Kegiatan ini meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat mengenai pentingnya pola hidup sehat serta penggunaan tanaman obat secara rasional dalam pencegahan diabetes melitus.

Diarrhea is a significant health issue that leads to a lot of illness and death, ranking third in Indonesia. The causes of diarrhea include inadequate environmental cleanliness, contaminated water sources, and insufficient knowledge in the community. When the community lacks knowledge, it can result in unsuccessful treatment outcomes. This ponder pointed to analyze how mother strengthening and family prosperity information influence loose bowels treatment in Karanganyar Kubu Karangasem Town, Bali. This think about executed a Pre Exploratory Plan, especially utilizing a one gather pre-post test arrange. The subjects of this ponder were moms chosen based on foreordained consideration and avoidance rules, centering on strengthening and family wellbeing. Data to assess the advancement of knowledge was gathered using questionnaires during the pretest, posttest I, and posttest II phases. Members included moms who were portion of family welfare activities in Karanganyar Kubu Karangasem town in Bali. Speculation testing was carried out to compare the comes about from the pretest to posttest I p <0.001, pretest to posttest II p <0.001, and posttest I to posttest II p <0.001, illustrating a noteworthy improvement in information after experiencing instruction through the CBIA strategy.

Diarrhea is a significant health issue that leads to a lot of illness and death, ranking third in Indonesia. The causes of diarrhea include inadequate environmental cleanliness, contaminated water sources, and insufficient knowledge in the community. When the community lacks knowledge, it can result in unsuccessful treatment outcomes. This ponder pointed to analyze how mother strengthening and family prosperity information influence loose bowels treatment in Karanganyar Kubu Karangasem Town, Bali. This think about executed a Pre Exploratory Plan, especially utilizing a one gather pre-post test arrange. The subjects of this ponder were moms chosen based on foreordained consideration and avoidance rules, centering on strengthening and family wellbeing. Data to assess the advancement of knowledge was gathered using questionnaires during the pretest, posttest I, and posttest II phases. Members included moms who were portion of family welfare activities in Karanganyar Kubu Karangasem town in Bali. Speculation testing was carried out to compare the comes about from the pretest to posttest I p <0.001, pretest to posttest II p <0.001, and posttest I to posttest II p <0.001, illustrating a noteworthy improvement in information after experiencing instruction through the CBIA strategy.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacterium that affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory mucosa, and eyes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a comorbidity that can worsen the course of leprosy. The female patient, Mrs. D, aged 55 years came to the emergency room of Cut Meutia Hospital with the main complaint of red bumps accompanied by pain on the face, hands, chest, and back since 3 days ago and additional complaints such as fever, joint pain, and numbness and loss of feeling in the legs, weakness, frequent thirst, and frequent urination. Dermatologic status is obtained in the facial region in the form of erythema nodules with firm boundaries with numular size, multiple. Laboratory examination showed anemia and leukocytosis. The therapy given was MDT MB package, ferrous sulfate 1x325 mg and PRC transfusion 3 kolf. Complaints arose acutely after the patient resumed taking MDT (multidrug therapy) leprosy drugs which had previously been stopped for more than 3 months. Based on the time of onset of symptoms, history of leprosy treatment, and the manifestation of systemic inflammatory lesions with signs of neurotropism, it can be suspected that the patient is experiencing a type 2 leprosy reaction or Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL).

The use of medicinal plants has been an important part of people's lives since the time of our ancestors. Before the advent of modern medicine, people used various types of plants to treat mild to severe illnesses, such as fever, cough, wounds, digestive disorders, and skin diseases. Inventory of medicinal plants plays a very important role in exploring the potential of existing natural resources, especially as an effort to support the development of traditional medicine. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of medicinal plants used by local communities in traditional medicine. The method used in this study is a descriptive method through direct surveys at the research location. The findings obtained in the field concluded that all types of plants mentioned in this study are very beneficial for the people of Duhiadaa District, because they can help in treating various types of diseases experienced by the community. The types of diseases that can be treated include hypertension, gout, stomach acid, cholesterol, kidney disease, diabetes, inflammation, cancer, wounds, diarrhea and digestive disorders.

Canker sores are an inflammation of the oral tissues, generally caused by bacterial and fungal infections. They can cause pain and discomfort and reduce the sufferer's quality of life. Treatment for canker sores has been dominated by synthetic drugs, but they are less popular among the public, especially children, due to discomfort and concerns about side effects. Therefore, we need safer and more easily accepted alternative treatments based on culturally derived materials. This study is to investigate the potential of pineapple and melon stems formulated in the form of gummy candy nanosimplicia as a complementary therapy in the treatment of canker sores. The research method was carried out through a literature review by collecting scientific articles from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, then analyzed using VOSviewer software to map emerging research trends and potential. The analysis results indicate that there are approximately 600 articles discussing the active metabolite content in pineapple and melon stems that have antibacterial and antifungal activity, as well as the development of innovative preparations such as gummy candy as a delivery medium for bioactive compounds. The implications of this study indicate that the combination of pineapple stem and melon nanosimplisia has the potential to be developed as a safe, attractive, and effective natural herbal candy product for the prevention and treatment of mouth ulcers, especially in children.

Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK) merupakan penyakit progresif yang ditandai oleh hambatan aliran udara yang tidak sepenuhnya reversibel, serta memiliki tingkat kepatuhan pengobatan yang rendah. Salah satu strategi yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan adalah melalui konseling oleh apoteker. Tujuan dari tinjauan literatur ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh konseling apoteker terhadap tingkat kepatuhan pengobatan pada pasien PPOK. Pencarian data dilakukan melalui beberapa basis data, yaitu Google Scholar, Springer, ScienceDirect, dan PubMed dengan topik yang relevan. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa konseling apoteker secara signifikan meningkatkan pemahaman pasien mengenai penyakit PPOK, manajemen eksaserbasi, dan teknik penggunaan inhaler yang benar. Selain itu, konseling juga berperan dalam mengurangi kecemasan, meningkatkan kepercayaan diri, efikasi diri, dan pengelolaan terapi yang lebih baik. Dengan demikian, implementasi konseling apoteker dalam praktik klinis sangat dianjurkan sebagai upaya meningkatkan kepatuhan pengobatan dan memperbaiki kualitas hidup pasien PPOK.

Pemanfaatan tanaman obat sebagai sumber agen neurofarmakologis alami semakin mendapat perhatian seiring meningkatnya prevalensi gangguan sistem saraf dan keterbatasan penggunaan obat sintetis. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi namun masih terbatas kajian ilmiahnya adalah Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa), yang secara tradisional digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan pengobatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh variasi konsentrasi ekstrak daun Kesambi terhadap efek neurofarmakologi, serta mengidentifikasi pola respons dosis dan konsentrasi paling efektif dalam memodulasi sistem saraf pusat dan otonom. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental dengan hewan uji yang dibagi ke dalam kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Ekstrak daun Kesambi diperoleh melalui metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut akuades dan diberikan secara per oral pada konsentrasi 1%, 2%, dan 4%. Evaluasi efek neurofarmakologis dilakukan melalui skrining perilaku terhadap delapan parameter, yaitu parasimpatomimetik, stimulasi sistem saraf pusat, depresi sistem saraf pusat, simpatolitik, relaksasi otot, simpatomimetik, parasimpatiolitik, dan analeptik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Kesambi menimbulkan variasi respons neurofarmakologis yang dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi. Konsentrasi 4% memberikan efek paling dominan pada sebagian besar parameter, khususnya depresi sistem saraf pusat, relaksasi otot, dan modulasi sistem saraf otonom, sedangkan konsentrasi 2% menunjukkan efek stimulasi sistem saraf pusat yang optimal. Temuan ini menunjukkan potensi ekstrak daun Kesambi sebagai neuromodulator.  

Penyimpanan obat merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek yang berperan besar dalam menjamin kualitas, stabilitas, dan keamanan obat sampai ke tangan pasien. Khususnya pada obat-obatan yang termasuk kategori High Alert dan Look-Alike Sound-Alike (LASA), penyimpanan yang tidak sesuai standar dapat meningkatkan risiko kesalahan penggunaan obat (medication error) yang berpotensi menimbulkan efek samping serius hingga membahayakan nyawa pasien. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sistem penyimpanan yang sesuai dengan standar yang berlaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengocok penyimpanan obat High Alert dan LASA di Apotek Kaligelang, Kabupaten Pemalang, berdasarkan standar yang tercantum dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 73 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Apotek. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan observasional langsung dan wawancara terstruktur kepada tenaga kefarmasian yang bekerja di apotek. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap aspek identifikasi, penandaan khusus, dan pemisahan fisik pada penyimpanan obat High Alert dan LASA. Hasil pengamatan Kesesuaian penyimpanan obat High Alert dan obat LASA di Apotek Kaligelang yang mengacu pada Permenkes RI No. 73 Tahun 2016, diperoleh bahwa sebagian besar aspek penyimpanan telah sesuai. Untuk obat High Alert, diperoleh Jumlah Total Prosentase 80% sudah sesuai, Sedangkan untuk obat LASA, diperoleh Jumlah Total Prosentase 75% sudah sesuai. Secara keseluruhan, tingkat kesesuaian penyimpanan obat High Alert dan LASA di Apotek Kaligelang mencapai rata-rata 77,5%, menunjukkan bahwa sistem pengelolaan obat berisiko tinggi di apotek ini telah berjalan dengan baik. Namun demikian, masih diperlukan beberapa perbaikan untuk meningkatkan keselamatan pasien (patient safety) serta mencegah terjadinya kesalahan pengobatan di lingkungan Apotek.

Drug storage is not only carried out in health facilities but can also be done independently by the community that consumes drugs, either as an emergency supply or leftover medication from previous use. Drug storage is often done without paying attention to the condition after the packaging is opened or understanding the drug's usage limit/Beyond Use Date (BUD). The community generally only looks at the expiration date/Expired Date (ED) on the drug packaging as a reference for safe drug use, and does not understand the safe usage limit for drugs after the primary packaging is opened. The purpose of this community service is to evaluate the community's knowledge and practices regarding the implementation of BUD/ED, as well as to provide education. This community service was carried out with an educational approach involving 21 people in Rejosari Village. This activity was carried out by distributing questionnaires to the community about the knowledge and practice of BUD/ED daily, then continued with the delivery of education using posters. The results of this activity indicate that the community has good knowledge of ED and BUD, but has not yet implemented ED and BUD in the storage and use of drugs independently.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in Indonesia. Despite the implementation of national TB control programs through the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) strategy, treatment success continues to face significant challenges, particularly related to patient adherence to anti-tuberculosis drug (ATD) therapy. Non-adherence to TB treatment can lead to treatment failure, disease relapse, and the development of drug-resistant tuberculosis, thereby increasing the overall burden of the disease.Treatment adherence in TB patients is influenced not only by medical factors but also by social and behavioral determinants. Family support plays a crucial role in encouraging patients to comply with treatment regimens by providing motivation, reminding medication schedules, and offering emotional support throughout the long duration of therapy. Patients who receive adequate family support tend to demonstrate higher levels of treatment adherence compared to those with limited support.In addition, the use of herbal medicine as a preventive and supportive health measure is common among the Indonesian population. Herbal medicine is often utilized to enhance immune function, reduce medication side effects, and improve patient comfort during TB treatment. However, the use of herbal remedies without proper medical guidance may lead to misconceptions regarding standard TB therapy.Therefore, it is important to examine the relationship between family support and the use of herbal medicine as preventive measures with treatment adherence among pulmonary TB patients in primary healthcare settings. Such evidence is expected to support a comprehensive family medicine approach and strengthen TB control programs in primary care services.

ABSTRACT Background: Traditional medicinal plants play a significant role in public health in Indonesia, particularly in Bali, where the local wisdom of Usada is upheld. One of the commonly used plants is sandalwood (Santalum album L.), which is empirically believed to treat skin issues and minor injuries. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the community's perceptions of sandalwood in Perean Tengah Village using the HBM approach. Method: A qualitative method with an ethnographic study design was employed, and five informants (four sandalwood users and one traditional healer) were purposively selected. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation, and they were analyzed thematically using NVIVO software. Results: The results indicated that the community recognizes their susceptibility to minor injuries resulting from daily physical activities and uses sandalwood as a form of first aid. Sandalwood is perceived as beneficial because it provides a cooling sensation, reduces pain and swelling, and is considered safe and practical for use. However, the main barriers to its use include the limited availability of sandalwood in the local area and reliance on supplies from other regions. Conclusion: The tradition of using sandalwood is preserved through intergenerational practices and positive personal experiences. This study emphasizes the significance of sandalwood for health applications, cultural identity, and the local wisdom of the Balinese community.

Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit metabolik kronis yang ditandai oleh peningkatankadar glukosa darah (hiperglikemia) akibat gangguan sekresi atau kerja insulin. Di Indonesia,diabetes mellitus menjadi perhatian serius dengan jumlah penderita yang diprediksi meningkatdari 19,5 juta pada 2021 menjadi 28,6 juta pada 2045. Penyuluhan ini mengenai pemanfaatan Penyuluhan Pemanfaatan Tanaman Herbal Untuk Pengobatan Diabetes Mellitus DalamMeningkatkan Pengetahuan Kader Posyandu 2 JURAI: Jurnal ABDIMAS Indonesia - VOLUME 1, NO. 2, Juni 2023tanaman herbal sebagai alternatif pengobatan diabetes mellitus dilakukan di Desa Gununglurah,Kecamatan Cilongok, Kabupaten Banyumas. Tujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan kaderposyandu dan masyarakat. Metode penelitian dalam program penyuluhan ini menggunakan duapendekatan utama, yaitu penyuluhan dan pemeriksaan dini.Kegiatan ini meliputi penyuluhantentang etiologi, gejala, pencegahan, dan pengobatan diabetes menggunakan tanaman herbal,serta pemeriksaan kesehatan gratis untuk mengecek kadar gula darah dan tekanan darah. Hasildari 25 peserta yang diperiksa, 15 menunjukkan hasil normal, 8 pra-diabetes, dan 2 terindikasidiabetes. Hasil penyuluhan menunjukkan antusiasme tinggi dari peserta, yang diharapkan dapatmengubah pola hidup sehat dan meningkatkan kesadaran akan pentingnya pengelolaan diabetes.

Wanita memiliki banyak masalah  pada  area  vagina.  Kebanyakan  kasus  yang  terjadi  adalah  keputihan.  Keputihan  atau  dalam bahasa  medis  disebut  dengan  flour  albus  merupakan  keluarnya  cairan  yang  berlebihan  dari vagina  yang  bukan  darah  haid. Pengobatan  keputihan  non  farmakologis  dapat  dilakukan  dengan  perubahan  tingkah  laku  personal  hygiene,  psikologis,  serta menggunakan daun sirih. Daun sirih telah terbukti secara ilmiah dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans pada berbagai konsentrasi (20-100%).  Berdasarkan  data  yang  didapat  di  Desa Majungan Kecamatan Pademawu kabupaten Pamekasan  pada  tanggal  18  Juli  2025  terdapat remaja usia reproduktif yang mengalami keputihan sejumlah 8 orang, rata –rata usia 18-22 tahun. Berdasarkan data yang didapat di Desa Majungan Kecamatan Pademawu Kabupaten Pamekasan pada tanggal 18 Juli 2025 terdapat remaja usia reproduktif yang mengalami keputihan sejumlah 8 orang dari 35 remaja lainnya,  rata –rata  usia  18-22  tahun  wanita  usia  reproduktif  di  Desa Majungan Kecamatan Pademawu Kabupaten Pamekasan ini belum pernah mengetahui banyak manfaat pada daun sirih hijau, sehingga tim  pengabdian  kepada  Masyarakat  tertarik  untuk  melakukan  Pendidikan  Kesehatan dalam  bentuk  penyuluhan  terkait  manfaat  air  rebusan  daun  sirih  terhadap  fluor  albus pada wanita usia reproduktif di Desa Majungan Kecamatan Pademawu.

Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit gangguan metabolisme yang disebabkan oleh defisiensi sekresi insulin, kerusakan sel Beta pankreas, atau resistensi insulin sebagai akibat insulin yang tidak digunakan. DM secara progresif menyebabkan terjadinya komplikasi makrovaskuler, mikrovaskuler, dan neuropatik kronis yang mengancam jiwa. Selain berdampak pada masalah kesehatan, DM juga memiliki konsekuensi ekonomi yang besar. Biaya pengobatan meningkat khususnya apabila terjadi komplikasi jangka panjang dan pilihan pengobatan modern. Perubahan gaya hidup dapat meningkatkan kesehatan dan kualitas hidup sehingga penderita tidak mengalami komplikasi. Modifikasi gaya hidup dilakukan dengan mengurangi asupan energi, meningkatkan aktivitas fisik sebagai terapi utama untuk pasien DM yang obesitas. Penurunan berat badan dikombinasikan dengan peningkatan aktivitas dapat meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin dan kontrol glikemik serta mencegah perkembangan DM tipe 2 terhadap risiko tinggi gangguan toleransi glukosa. Target pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan, dan kemampuan penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dalam melakukan modifikasi gaya hidup guna mencegah komplikasi diabetes. Kegiatan  ini dilakukan di layanan kesehatan praktik mandiri bidan (LKPMB) dengan melibatkan mitra dari lahan yaitu bidan dan tim kesehatan terkait dalam bentuk pemberian edukasi dan pelatihan keterampilan mengenai cara melakukan menejemen gaya hidup. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan pemahaman peserta menjadi lebih baik tentang modifikasi gaya hidup dan memiliki motivasi untuk diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

Hipertensi merupakan salah satu kondisi medis yang dapat menyebabkan berbagai komplikasi serius, seperti penyakit jantung koroner, stroke, dan gagal ginjal . Manajemen perawatan diri (self-care management) menjadi faktor penting dalam mengontrol tekanan darah pada penderita hipertensi . Self-care management mencakup regulasi diri, kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan, pemantauan tekanan darah, serta interaksi dengan tenaga medis . Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif korelasional dan metode cross-sectional . Sampel penelitian berjumlah 159 pasien hipertensi yang berobat di RS Islam Sultan Agung Semarang. Dari analisis univariat, mayoritas responden berada dalam rentang usia 45-59 tahun, berpendidikan terakhir SD, bekerja sebagai wiraswasta, serta memiliki tekanan darah tinggi selama rata-rata 3 tahun. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat hubungan signifikan antara self-care management dan tekanan darah sistolik (p = 0,035) serta tekanan darah diastolik (p = 0,041) . Kesimpulannya terdapat hubungan antara self-care management dengan tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi . Dengan meningkatkan self-care management, pasien dapat mengelola tekanan darah secara lebih efektif.

Prevelensi penderita DM sebanyak 10.3 juta jiwa dari 90% total tersebut merupakan diabates tipe 2. Kadar glukosa tidak terkendali memicu komplikasi makrovaskular dan mikrovaskular. Kunci keberhasilan pengendalian diabates melitus adalah self-management, agar mencapai perilaku self -management yang baik dukungan keluarga sangat berperan penting pada manajemen penatalaksanaan DM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga dengan self-management pada Pasien Diabetes melitus Tipe 2 di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif, dengan desain penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 93 penderita DM tipe 2. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Kendal Tau. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dukungan keluarga dengan kategori sedang yaitu 57 orang (61.3%). Self mnagement dengan  kategori sedang sebanyak 62 orang (66.7%). Ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan self-management p= 0,000 (nilai p<0,05). Simpulan dan Saran: Terdapat hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan self-management pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa keterlibatan keluarga memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung pelaksanaan manajemen mandiri diabetes melitus. Oleh karena itu, melibatkan keluarga dalam setiap aspek penatalaksanaan dan perawatan diabetes melitus sangat penting untuk meningkatkan hasil pengobatan dan memastikan kepatuhan jangka panjang terhadap rencana terapi.

. Indonesian National Police (Polri) members are state officials who play a strategic role in maintaining security, order, law enforcement, and providing protection, care, and service to the community. As civil servants of the Indonesian National Police (POLRI), Polri members are required to be in excellent health to optimally carry out their duties and responsibilities. One of the challenges faced is adherence to medication, especially for Polri members undergoing medical treatment. Medication adherence is a crucial factor in successful treatment, and one determinant that can influence adherence is family support. This study aims to describe the relationship between medication adherence and family support among Polri members undergoing treatment at the Papua Regional Police Medical and Health Unit. The research method used is descriptive quantitative, namely research that focuses on describing social phenomena through numerical data obtained from measurements and analyzed statistically. This study does not aim to test hypotheses, but rather to explain the characteristics and trends that emerge from the data obtained. The results show that of the 24 respondents with high medication adherence, 17 (70.8%) received high family support. These findings confirm that family support significantly contributes to the level of compliance of Indonesian National Police (Polri) members with their medication. Therefore, the role of the family needs to be given greater attention in efforts to improve the success of treatment, particularly among Polri members. The study concluded that the better the family support received, the higher the level of medication compliance, which ultimately positively impacts the health of Polri members.  

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease that attacks the respiratory system and is classified as an infectious disease. This disease can be caused by various types of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi, but most cases of ARI are caused by viral infections. ARI includes conditions such as the common cold, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia. In developing countries, ARI is a leading cause of death, especially in children under the age of five. Lack of access to health services, poor sanitation, and malnutrition are factors that contribute to this condition. Therefore, efforts to prevent and treat ARI are crucial, both through conventional and alternative medicine. One herbal plant that has long been used in complementary therapy for ARI is Echinacea, which comes from the flowering plant Echinacea purpurea and is native to the United States. Echinacea is believed to have immunostimulant properties, meaning it can stimulate the immune system, thereby helping to prevent and accelerate the healing of upper respiratory tract infections. Several studies have shown that the use of Echinacea can reduce the duration and severity of ARI symptoms, as well as reduce the risk of recurrent infections. However, research findings on the effectiveness and safety of Echinacea continue to show significant variation. Some clinical trials report significant benefits, while others find no significant effect compared to placebo. Therefore, a systematic review aims to gather the latest evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of Echinacea in the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI). This approach is expected to yield stronger and more reliable conclusions to support the use of Echinacea as a safe and effective alternative therapy.

Pedada leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris), a type of mangrove plant that grows in tropical and subtropical coastal areas, have high ecological and pharmacological value. In addition to functioning as coastal protection from abrasion and seawater intrusion, this plant is also known to contain various secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. These compounds have been widely reported to have important biological activities, one of which is as an antimicrobial agent. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of pedada leaf ethanol extract in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, especially bacteria that cause infections. The extraction process was carried out using 96% ethanol solvent through the maceration method, namely soaking the material in the solvent for a certain time to optimally obtain active compounds. The obtained extract was then tested for its antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method against test bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The inhibition zone formed around the disc was measured as an indicator of the antibacterial effectiveness of the extract. The results showed that pedada leaf extract was able to produce inhibition zones with varying diameters depending on the concentration used. The higher the extract concentration, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone formed. This indicates a positive relationship between extract concentration and its antibacterial strength. This activity is believed to originate from the ability of compounds such as flavonoids and tannins to damage bacterial cell walls or disrupt microbial metabolic processes. This study provides initial evidence that pedada leaves have potential as an environmentally friendly and sustainable source of natural antibacterials. This potential is highly relevant in efforts to develop alternative antibacterial materials based on local plants, especially amidst increasing bacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics.