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Critically ill patients are individuals with unstable health conditions who require close monitoring of hemodynamic parameters. The high mortality rate among critically ill patients treated in intensive care units reaches 36.5% of 33,148 patients. Hemodynamic instability in critically ill patients can be influenced by underlying diseases, medical interventions, as well as physical and psychological stress responses during treatment. Therefore, in addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological interventions such as Asmaul Husna dhikr therapy are needed, as they can provide a relaxation effect and help stabilize hemodynamic parameters in critically ill patients. To determine the outcomes of the implementation of Asmaul Husna dhikr therapy. This study used a descriptive case study method involving two critically ill patients with unstable non-invasive hemodynamic parameters. Changes in non-invasive hemodynamic parameters were observed in both respondents after the implementation of Asmaul Husna dhikr therapy. In respondent 1, the hemodynamic status was initially categorized as increased and became stable after the intervention. Similarly, in respondent 2, the hemodynamic status changed from increased before the intervention to stable after the intervention. The implementation of Asmaul Husna dhikr therapy can be used as a complementary therapy to help stabilize hemodynamic parameters in critically ill patients.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in the upper trapezius muscle is one of the disorders commonly found in the neck area, characterized by myofascial trigger points (MTrP) in taut bands or tight muscle bands. Kinesio taping (KT) is a non-invasive therapy used in the management of MPS of the upper trapezius to improve neck disability measured using the Neck Disability Index (NDI). However, stronger evidence is still needed regarding the effectiveness of KT in reducing neck disability scores in MPS upper trapezius. This study aims to review and analyze the effectiveness of KT on NDI scores in MPS upper trapezius. The research method used is a systematic review employing PRISMA-P and the PICOS framework. The sample and population of the study consist of articles obtained from databases such as Crossref, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar. Keywords such as "Kinesio Taping," "Myofascial Pain Syndrome," and "Myofascial Trigger Point" were used. The results of the descriptive analysis of the selected articles showed that KT significantly reduced the NDI value in MPS upper trapezius. In conclusion, KT is effective in improving functional disability in the neck caused by MPS upper trapezius, and KT can be a therapeutic option either alone or in combination with other therapies.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus is one of the chronic diseases whose prevalence continues to increase and has become a global health issue. A common complication in patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus is peripheral circulatory disorders, which can be identified through the Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) examination—a non-invasive method used to detect peripheral artery disease. ABI testing is essential for early detection and prevention of serious complications such as diabetic ulcers.This study aims to describe the Ankle Brachial Index values in patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2025. This research used a descriptive quantitative method with purposive sampling technique. The study sample consisted of 52 respondents from a total population of 109 patients diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Data collection was conducted through observation sheets and measurement of systolic blood pressure in the upper and lower extremities using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. The ABI value was calculated based on the ratio between the highest ankle systolic pressure and the highest brachial systolic pressure. Data were analyzed using tabulation techniques and presented in tables and diagrams. The results showed that the majority of respondents had normal ABI values (>0.90), totaling 33 individuals (63.5%), while 19 individuals (36.5%) experienced abnormal ABI values (≤0.90).Conclusion:The study concludes that most patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan had ABI values within the normal range. However, a considerable proportion with abnormal ABI indicates the necessity of routine ABI screening as a preventive measure against peripheral vascular complications in diabetic patients. This study is expected to serve as a reference in developing nursing interventions aimed at improving the quality of life for patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus is one of the chronic diseases whose prevalence continues to increase and has become a global health issue. A common complication in patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus is peripheral circulatory disorders, which can be identified through the Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) examination—a non-invasive method used to detect peripheral artery disease. ABI testing is essential for early detection and prevention of serious complications such as diabetic ulcers.This study aims to describe the Ankle Brachial Index values in patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2025. This research used a descriptive quantitative method with purposive sampling technique. The study sample consisted of 52 respondents from a total population of 109 patients diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Data collection was conducted through observation sheets and measurement of systolic blood pressure in the upper and lower extremities using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. The ABI value was calculated based on the ratio between the highest ankle systolic pressure and the highest brachial systolic pressure. Data were analyzed using tabulation techniques and presented in tables and diagrams. The results showed that the majority of respondents had normal ABI values (>0.90), totaling 33 individuals (63.5%), while 19 individuals (36.5%) experienced abnormal ABI values (≤0.90).Conclusion:The study concludes that most patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan had ABI values within the normal range. However, a considerable proportion with abnormal ABI indicates the necessity of routine ABI screening as a preventive measure against peripheral vascular complications in diabetic patients. This study is expected to serve as a reference in developing nursing interventions aimed at improving the quality of life for patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Pregnancy is a period marked by significant emotional challenges for expectant mothers, with stress and anxiety being common issues that may adversely affect maternal well-being and fetal development. The limited availability of safe treatment options for pregnant women, particularly concerning pharmacological interventions, has prompted the exploration of more natural and non-invasive therapeutic alternatives. One increasingly popular method is aromatherapy, which utilizes essential oils to stimulate the limbic system in the brain, thereby promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety. This study aims to explore the effects of aromatherapy in lowering stress and anxiety among pregnant women through a literature review. The method employed involves collecting and analyzing findings from previous studies regarding the use of aromatherapy in pregnancy. Based on the available evidence, aromatherapy—particularly with lavender essential oil—has been proven effective in lowering levels of stress and anxiety in pregnant women. Several studies report a reduction in anxiety levels of up to 40% following the inhalation of lavender oil. However, factors such as the type of essential oil used, the method of application, and individual sensitivity may influence therapeutic outcomes. Despite its potential benefits, the safety of aromatherapy use remains a concern, particularly regarding essential oils that may be unsafe for use during pregnancy.

Mental health has become a major global issue, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly increased the prevalence of psychological disorders. Early detection of stress and other mental health problems remains a major challenge, as traditional methods are generally subjective and unable to provide real-time results. This study aims to design and test a wearable sensor based on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) as a physiological indicator for detecting stress levels. The research employed an experimental approach through the development of a wearable sensor prototype equipped with a stress detection algorithm based on HRV analysis, including both time-domain and frequency-domain parameters. The prototype was tested on 100 respondents with varying stress levels under controlled conditions. Instruments used in this study included the HRV sensor prototype, psychological questionnaires, and standard validation devices. Data were analyzed by comparing the sensor detection results with respondents’ psychological data and calculating prediction accuracy. The findings showed that the wearable sensor was able to predict stress conditions with an accuracy rate of 80%. The distribution of sensor detection results was generally consistent with psychological data, especially in the low-stress category, although slight deviations were observed in moderate and high-stress categories. These results demonstrate that an HRV-based wearable sensor can serve as a practical and non-invasive tool to monitor mental conditions in real time. The implications of this research highlight the potential of wearable technology as an innovative solution for mental health monitoring, both for individual use and as support for healthcare systems. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of adaptive and responsive health technologies in addressing global mental health challenges.

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can be identified through both electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography, with echocardiography recognized as the gold standard for the assessment of LVH. This imaging modality determines the presence of LVH by evaluating the left ventricular mass index (LVMI). For diagnostic purposes, LVH is defined in males as a left ventricular mass index greater than 115 g/m² and in females as greater than 95 g/m². Despite the high accuracy of echocardiography in diagnosing LVH, access to this examination is not universal across all healthcare facilities. Consequently, electrocardiography, a widely available, non-invasive, and cost-effective diagnostic tool, serves as an alternative for the diagnosis of LVH. Several criteria exist for the electrocardiographic assessment of LVH, including the Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell voltage criteria. However, the sensitivity of these electrocardiographic methods remains relatively low, with reported sensitivities of 17% for the Sokolow-Lyon criteria and 35% for the Cornell criteria. In left ventricular hypertrophy, the interstitium experiences changes characterized by fibrosis and other deposits. These alterations can reduce the expression of hypertrophic myocardial tension and limit the diagnostic capabilities of surface electrocardiograms. Additionally, several factors influence electrical tension, including variations in chest wall thickness, heart muscle activity, the distance of the electrode from the left ventricle, and lung activity. The presence of these limiting factors can increase the rate of false negatives in diagnosis. In 2017, Peguero and Lo Presti introduced novel criteria for the diagnosis of LVH, defined by evaluating the deepest S wave and summing it with the S wave in lead V4. According to these new criteria, LVH is identified as ≥ 2.8 mV in men and ≥ 2.3 mV in women. The Peguero-Lo Presti criteria demonstrate improved sensitivity when compared to traditional criteria such as Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell, offering enhanced diagnostic accuracy.

Background: Constipation is a common health problem among infants aged 6–12 months, which can lead to discomfort, feeding difficulties, and reduced quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as the I Love You (ILU) massage, have been suggested to improve bowel regularity and reduce gastrointestinal discomfort in infants. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of ILU massage on reducing constipation in infants aged 6–12 months at the South Bulango Health Center. Methods: A pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach was applied. Data on bowel movement frequency, stool consistency, and abdominal discomfort were collected before and after the intervention using structured observation sheets and caregiver questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The results showed a significant increase in bowel movement frequency from 2.1 ± 0.8 times per week before the intervention to 4.5 ± 1.0 times per week after the intervention (p = 0.000). Stool consistency improved from a mean Bristol score of 2.0 ± 0.6 to 4.0 ± 0.7 (p = 0.000), and abdominal discomfort decreased from 3.5 ± 1.0 to 1.2 ± 0.8 (p = 0.000). These findings indicate that ILU massage effectively alleviates constipation symptoms in infants. Conclusion: ILU massage is an effective, safe, and non-invasive method to reduce constipation in infants aged 6–12 months. Involving caregivers in the intervention enhances its effectiveness and supports parent–child bonding, making it suitable for integration into routine infant care at community health centers.

Magnetic Resonance Cholangio Pancreatography (MRCP) is an important non-invasive imaging technique for the diagnosis of abnormalities in the biliary and pancreatic systems, including pancreatic mass and colletiasis. The use of an additional sequence of Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) with b-value variations and image segmentation is thought to improve the accuracy of mass limit measurements on MRCP checks. This study aims to analyze the effect of b-value variation and image segmentation on the additional sequence of DWI in the MRCP examination of the accuracy of the mass limit measurement. The research used quantitative methods with MRCP image data capture equipped with a DWI sequence with b-value variations, using the matlab method. Image segmentation is performed to identify mass boundaries. Measurement accuracy is analyzed and compared between the variation in b-value and the segmentation techniques used. Research results show that variation of b-value 800 and image segmentation in additional DWI sequences have a significant effect on the improvement of accuracy of mass limit measurement on MRCP examinations. The b-value 800 variation is more optimal than the b-value 50 and the appropriate segmentation method can clarify the mass limit so that it supports a more accurate diagnosis. Sequence variations in b-value and image segmentation in the additional DWI sequences in MRCP examinations play an important role in improving the accuracy of mass limit measurements, which can aid in the diagnosis and management of diseases especially in lesion cases.

Background: Urinary catheter insertion is an invasive medical procedure that often causes pain due to friction between the catheter and the urethra. This pain can lead to discomfort and stress for the patient. Based on initial observations in the Emergency Department (ED) over a period of three days, it was found that all patients undergoing urinary catheter insertion complained of pain. As an alternative pain management approach, one non-pharmacological method that can be used is a combination of Quranic murotal therapy and deep breathing relaxation techniques. This therapy is chosen because it is believed to have a calming effect and can reduce the perception of pain without the need for medication. Objective: This study aims to determine the difference in pain levels before and after the application of the combination of Quranic murotal therapy with deep breathing relaxation techniques during urinary catheter insertion in the ED. Method: This research uses a descriptive case study design involving two respondents. Both patients received an intervention consisting of Quranic murotal therapy played during the procedure, accompanied by instructions to practice deep breathing relaxation techniques. The therapy was applied during the urinary catheter insertion to assess changes in pain levels experienced by the patients. Results: The results showed that the pain level of the first respondent decreased from moderate pain to mild pain after the intervention. The second respondent experienced a reduction in pain from severe to moderate after the combined therapy was applied. Both respondents reported improved comfort after the therapy. Conclusion: The combination of Quranic murotal therapy with deep breathing relaxation techniques was proven effective in reducing pain levels in patients undergoing urinary catheter insertion in the ED. This therapy can serve as a beneficial non-pharmacological alternative for reducing pain during invasive medical procedures.

Grobogan Regency is an agricultural region that frequently faces chronic drought, particularly during extended dry seasons. This situation significantly affects the agricultural sector and the availability of clean water for the population. This study aims to identify the subsurface geological conditions, lithological characteristics of the bedrock, and the distribution and potential of groundwater aquifers using a resistivity-based geoscanner method. This geophysical approach was chosen for its ability to map subsurface structures non-invasively. The research was conducted at six measurement points in Grobogan from July to September 2020. The resistivity data were analyzed using Res2Dinv software to generate two-dimensional subsurface profiles. The results revealed that rock resistivity values ranged from 0.06 to 821 ohm-meters, indicating lithological variations such as clay, sand, calcareous sandstone, marl, and hard limestone. Five distinct aquifer zones were identified with varying depths and thicknesses. One promising site indicated a productive groundwater zone at a depth of 30–70 meters, with a thickness exceeding 20 meters. These findings are expected to serve as a scientific foundation for planning groundwater exploration and sustainable water resource management in Grobogan, particularly in drought-prone areas. Furthermore, the use of geoscanner-based techniques presents a promising application of geophysical methods in the broader context of water resource planning in regions with similar geological settings.

Back pain is one of the most common complaints experienced by pregnant women, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy. This discomfort is generally caused by physiological and biomechanical changes in the body, such as an increase in body weight, a shift in the center of gravity, and hormonal changes that affect muscle and joint flexibility. If not managed properly, back pain can reduce mobility, interfere with daily activities, and impact the quality of life of pregnant women. One safe and non-pharmacological method to reduce back pain is prenatal massage therapy. This study aimed to determine the effect of prenatal massage on reducing back pain among pregnant women in the third trimester at Primary Health Care (PHC) Bulango. This research used a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women in their third trimester who were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using observation and interviews with a numerical pain rating scale administered before and after the prenatal massage intervention. The massage sessions were performed following standardized prenatal massage procedures focusing on the lower back area. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test with the assistance of SPSS software. The results showed a statistically significant difference in back pain scores before and after the intervention, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This finding indicates that prenatal massage effectively reduces back pain in third-trimester pregnant women. Based on these results, prenatal massage can be recommended as a safe, non-invasive, and beneficial complementary therapy to improve maternal comfort during pregnancy. Incorporating prenatal massage into routine antenatal care could enhance the overall well-being and quality of life of expectant mothers.

Back pain is one of the most common complaints experienced by pregnant women, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy. This discomfort is generally caused by physiological and biomechanical changes in the body, such as an increase in body weight, a shift in the center of gravity, and hormonal changes that affect muscle and joint flexibility. If not managed properly, back pain can reduce mobility, interfere with daily activities, and impact the quality of life of pregnant women. One safe and non-pharmacological method to reduce back pain is prenatal massage therapy. This study aimed to determine the effect of prenatal massage on reducing back pain among pregnant women in the third trimester at Primary Health Care (PHC) Bulango. This research used a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women in their third trimester who were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using observation and interviews with a numerical pain rating scale administered before and after the prenatal massage intervention. The massage sessions were performed following standardized prenatal massage procedures focusing on the lower back area. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test with the assistance of SPSS software. The results showed a statistically significant difference in back pain scores before and after the intervention, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This finding indicates that prenatal massage effectively reduces back pain in third-trimester pregnant women. Based on these results, prenatal massage can be recommended as a safe, non-invasive, and beneficial complementary therapy to improve maternal comfort during pregnancy. Incorporating prenatal massage into routine antenatal care could enhance the overall well-being and quality of life of expectant mothers.

Infant anxiety following routine immunizations, such as DPT vaccination, can lead to distress, prolonged crying, and negative behavioral responses, affecting both the child and caregivers. Non-pharmacological interventions, including aromatherapy, have been explored to alleviate such anxiety. This study aimed to examine the effect of lavender aromatherapy inhalation on anxiety levels in infants after DPT immunization at Puskesmas Rum Balibunga Tidore. A quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements was employed, involving 30 infants aged 2–6 months. Anxiety was assessed using a validated observational scale, focusing on behavioral indicators such as crying duration, facial expressions, and body movements. Lavender essential oil was administered via inhalation for five minutes immediately after immunization. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests to evaluate changes in anxiety scores before and after the intervention. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in infant anxiety following lavender inhalation, with mean scores decreasing from 14.5 ± 2.8 to 9.3 ± 2.1 (p < 0.001). Behavioral indicators, including the frequency and duration of crying, were also markedly reduced, supporting the effectiveness of the intervention. These findings align with prior research indicating that lavender essential oil can modulate the autonomic nervous system, promoting relaxation and reducing stress responses. In conclusion, inhalation of lavender aromatherapy effectively decreases post-immunization anxiety in infants. Incorporating this intervention into routine vaccination procedures at community health centers offers a safe, non-invasive, and culturally acceptable method to improve infant comfort and enhance the overall immunization experience.

Introduction: Subcutaneous fat distribution in adult women changes significantly with age, particularly during menopausal transition. This modulation is closely linked to hormonal alterations and may be reflected through blood biomarkers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the relationship between age and blood biomarkers (hemoglobin, fasting glucose, HDL, and uric acid) with subcutaneous fat thickness at three body sites (biceps, triceps, and suprailiac) in adult women. Pearson correlation tests were used to assess associations between variables. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between age and biceps fat thickness (r = 0.112; p = 0.044). Hemoglobin showed a consistent positive correlation with fat thickness across all sites. Fasting glucose correlated positively with triceps fat (r = 0.109; p = 0.050), and uric acid was positively associated with triceps and suprailiac fat. HDL exhibited a significant negative correlation with suprailiac fat (r = -0.180; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Blood biomarkers hold potential as non-invasive indicators for tracking age-related subcutaneous fat redistribution. This approach could enhance early detection of metabolic risk in adult women and support preventive and integrative clinical strategies.

Introduction: Subcutaneous fat distribution in adult women changes significantly with age, particularly during menopausal transition. This modulation is closely linked to hormonal alterations and may be reflected through blood biomarkers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the relationship between age and blood biomarkers (hemoglobin, fasting glucose, HDL, and uric acid) with subcutaneous fat thickness at three body sites (biceps, triceps, and suprailiac) in adult women. Pearson correlation tests were used to assess associations between variables. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between age and biceps fat thickness (r = 0.112; p = 0.044). Hemoglobin showed a consistent positive correlation with fat thickness across all sites. Fasting glucose correlated positively with triceps fat (r = 0.109; p = 0.050), and uric acid was positively associated with triceps and suprailiac fat. HDL exhibited a significant negative correlation with suprailiac fat (r = -0.180; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Blood biomarkers hold potential as non-invasive indicators for tracking age-related subcutaneous fat redistribution. This approach could enhance early detection of metabolic risk in adult women and support preventive and integrative clinical strategies.

A hernia is a protrusion of the abdominal wall into another body cavity (hip or pelvis, chest or thorax). One of the procedures performed in cases of hernia is surgery called herniorrhaphy. Surgery is an invasive treatment procedure through incisions to open the part of the body that will be treated surgically, which will cause pain. The pain felt after surgery is acute pain. Acute pain can complicate the healing process which can hinder the patient's ability to mobilize, rehabilitate and be hospitalized. One of the non-pharmacological therapies used to reduce pain is finger-hold relaxation therapy. Finger grip relaxation is a simple technique that combines breathing and holding a hand on each finger which can help control emotions and stress. It is hoped that this method can stimulate the brain to produce positive hormones and reduce cortisol secretion so that pain is reduced. Finger grip therapy intervention can help patients reduce the scale of pain felt after surgery. The case study used a descriptive method with a nursing process approach which was carried out on 3 respondents aged 67 - 76 using a One Group Pretest Posttest research design which was measured using the NRS instrument for 3 days. The results showed that there was a decrease in the pain scale in respondents after being given finger grip relaxation therapy.

Birth balls can assist mothers during the first stage of labor by promoting labor progress. Their benefits include increasing blood flow to the uterus, placenta, and baby, widening the pelvic outlet, reducing knee and ankle discomfort, providing counter-pressure on the perineum and thighs, and utilizing gravity to aid fetal descent. This process facilitates cervical dilation and shortens labor duration. This study examines the effect of birth ball therapy on first-stage labor progress in women giving birth at the Putri May Sarah Clinic, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency, in 2024. A quasi-experimental method with a two-group design was used, involving 20 participants. Data analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney test. Results showed a significant difference between the intervention and control groups, with a sig value of 0.029 (<0.05) and a z-table value of 2.189. These findings indicate that birth ball therapy positively influences first-stage labor progress. Women who used birth balls experienced faster cervical dilation and fetal descent compared to those who did not. This study highlights the benefits of birth ball therapy as a non-invasive method to improve labor outcomes. The Putri May Sarah Clinic is encouraged to promote birth ball use as a supportive measure for laboring mothers. By implementing birth ball therapy, the clinic can enhance maternal comfort and facilitate a smoother, shorter first stage of labor. 

Tooth extraction often triggers anxiety in patients due to the use of invasive medical instruments. Anxiety management can be addressed pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically. Aromatherapy using red ginger essential oil (Gingiber Officinale var. Rubrum) is a non-pharmacological method that has the potential to reduce anxiety effectively. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of red ginger essential oil in reducing the anxiety levels of patients undergoing tooth extraction. This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest design on 96 tooth extraction patients at RSKDGM Makassar. Anxiety levels were measured using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questionnaire before and after inhaling red ginger essential oil aromatherapy for 10 minutes. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with SPSS 26. The results showed a significant decrease in patients' anxiety levels after inhalation of red ginger essential oil aromatherapy. Before the intervention, the majority of patients had moderate anxiety (58.3%), while after the intervention, mild anxiety increased to 59.4% (p-value = 0.000). Red ginger essential oil (Gingiber Officinale var. Rubrum) is effective in reducing patients' anxiety during tooth extraction procedures.

Sinusitis is a health disorder commonly caused by factors such as air pollution, dust exposure, cold air, and smoking. With the rapid development of technology, there are now healing methods that do not rely on conventional medications, such as laser therapy. This research aims to develop a laser therapy clock equipped with sinusitis therapy using Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT). The system utilizes Arduino Nano as the main controller, an IR laser for the nose and hand, a DS18B20 temperature sensor to monitor the patient's temperature, and an OLED 0.96V display to show laser intensity and temperature values. This system aims to improve patient interaction with the device, providing a convenient and effective way to perform sinusitis therapy at home. The goal is to create a non-invasive, user-friendly solution for individuals suffering from sinusitis, with the potential to enhance treatment effectiveness, accessibility, and convenience, offering a promising alternative to traditional treatments.