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This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to explore the impact of users’ mental models on the implementation of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) as a strategy for mitigating password guessing risks in organizational environments. Amid the growing landscape of cyber threats, single-factor authentication has proven to be vulnerable, making MFA an essential layered security solution. However, the adoption of MFA remains slow. Existing studies indicate that expert users perceive MFA as a useful additional layer of verification, whereas non-expert users often view it as a burdensome task (a chore) and may even struggle to distinguish between different types of MFA. Dependence on mobile devices emerges as a common source of frustration for both groups. These findings emphasize that understanding users’ mental models is crucial for improving the implementation and usability of MFA. Innovations such as adaptive MFA or Single Input Multi-Factor Authentication (SIMFA) show potential as solutions to balance security requirements and user experience.

Infectious diseases remain a dynamic and evolving public health threat, requiring data-driven approaches for early detection and targeted policy planning. This study aims to model spatio-temporal trends and clustering patterns of HIV transmission in Bogor Regency during the period 2020–2023 by utilizing a combination of unsupervised and supervised machine learning techniques. The dataset was obtained from the Bogor Regency Health Office and includes annual data on the number of HIV cases across 40 sub-districts. The research methodology consists of data preprocessing stages, clustering using the K-Means algorithm, and classification using a Decision Tree model. The preprocessing steps include data integration, attribute selection, temporal aggregation, handling of missing data, and normalization using Z-score. K-Means clustering is applied to identify hidden patterns in the development of HIV cases, resulting in three distinct clusters based on multi-year trends. The resulting cluster labels are then used as target classes in the supervised classification process. The Decision Tree classification model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting cluster membership, indicating a strong relationship between the temporal patterns of HIV cases and cluster identity. The integration of clustering and classification techniques provides a robust analytical framework for understanding the dynamics of HIV transmission, while also supporting the formulation of more precise, evidence-based, and region-specific public health interventions.

Behind the success of the Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG), there are several problems related to the health factors of the program targets, namely, there are several cases of allergies that occur in schools, inadequate understanding of allergen management owned by food processing vendors, and the high cost of laboratory tests and the process that takes a long time. So, to overcome these problems, an application is proposed that can help detect allergens in food products using data mining and machine learning approaches. SVM and AdaBoost algorithms each have advantages that can be used to help build an optimal allergen detection model. This research uses a cross-validation model validation method with a value of K = 10 to help improve the performance of the model built. In this study, from the entire fold, an average accuracy value of 98.74% was obtained. To evaluate the model built, this research has also conducted several new data inputs, and in each new data input, the accuracy value is obtained above 99%. This indicates that the model built, namely the combination of SVM and AdaBoost algorithms with the cross-validation model validation method, produces high accuracy, so this model can greatly assist the allergen detection process in food products.

Communication is a fundamental aspect of human life. However, individuals with hearing and speech impairments often face barriers in communicating with the general public. The Indonesian Sign System (SIBI) serves as a communication solution for the deaf and speech-impaired community in Indonesia, yet public understanding of SIBI remains limited. To address this issue, this study aims to develop an automatic translation model from SIBI sign language into Indonesian text by utilizing Deep Learning technology, specifically the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm. CNN was chosen for its ability to effectively recognize visual patterns, making it suitable for processing hand gesture images in sign language. This research involved collecting and classifying a dataset of hand images based on the alphabet or words in SIBI, which were then used to train the CNN model. The designed CNN model was built to accurately classify hand signs and translate them into Indonesian text. The results of this study have the potential to serve as a supportive solution for inclusive communication between the deaf community and the wider public, and can be further developed for contextual sentence translation. Keywords: Indonesian Sign System (SIBI), CNN, Deep Learning, Automatic Translation, Inclusive Communication

The bodywork industry in Indonesia is under high competitive pressure, requiring companies to be more adaptive in understanding customer behavior in order to maintain business continuity. PT. Bengawan Karya Sakti as one of the national bodywork companies, has not optimally utilized historical transaction data to assess customer loyalty. This study aims to identify customer loyalty segmentation through the application of the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) method, which is used to analyze sales transaction data in 2022 and 2023. The study uses the CRISP-DM approach which includes the stages of business understanding, data exploration, data cleaning and processing, modeling, evaluation, and implementation of results. The transaction data analyzed includes attributes of transaction date, customer, number of transactions, and transaction value, which are then processed into RFM scores based on the transaction year and classified into categories such as Very Loyal, Loyal, At Risk, and others. The segmentation results show an increase in the number of very loyal customers from 2022 to 2023, as well as a significant decrease in inactive and at-risk customers. The chi-square statistical test shows that the difference in customer distribution between years is statistically significant (p-value <0.05), indicating a real influence from the company's strategy or external factors. The main conclusion of this study is that the RFM method is effective in the bodywork industry to support data-based marketing decision making and more targeted customer retention strategies.