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This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to explore the impact of users’ mental models on the implementation of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) as a strategy for mitigating password guessing risks in organizational environments. Amid the growing landscape of cyber threats, single-factor authentication has proven to be vulnerable, making MFA an essential layered security solution. However, the adoption of MFA remains slow. Existing studies indicate that expert users perceive MFA as a useful additional layer of verification, whereas non-expert users often view it as a burdensome task (a chore) and may even struggle to distinguish between different types of MFA. Dependence on mobile devices emerges as a common source of frustration for both groups. These findings emphasize that understanding users’ mental models is crucial for improving the implementation and usability of MFA. Innovations such as adaptive MFA or Single Input Multi-Factor Authentication (SIMFA) show potential as solutions to balance security requirements and user experience.

Since 2022, the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the healthcare sector has grown significantly, marked by the increasing adoption of wearable technology, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and blockchain integration. Research highlights India and China as leading contributors in this domain. IoT enables real-time monitoring of chronic diseases, tracking of patient vital signs, and detection of health protocol compliance. Integrated systems such as Monit4Healthy and RADAR-IoT support personalized medical recommendations and cross-platform interoperability. However, key challenges persist, including patient data privacy and security, system interoperability issues, data fragmentation, and barriers to user acceptance due to cost, digital literacy, and device comfort. Proposed solutions include blockchain for secure data sharing, adaptive congestion control for network performance, and user training to improve technology adoption. Therefore, successful IoT deployment in healthcare requires a comprehensive approach that addresses technological, social, ethical, and sustainability aspects to achieve an effective and inclusive transformation of health services.

This research examines the application of the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) in a blockchain system as a security solution for digital payment systems in Indonesia. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach based on literature review and conceptual simulations using Python, this study discusses the working principles of ECDSA, its advantages over other digital signature algorithms, and the challenges of its adoption in Indonesia. The results show that ECDSA provides high cryptographic efficiency, maintains transaction authenticity and integrity, and supports a transparent decentralized system. The academic simulations include not only KYC processes, top-ups, transactions, validation by validators, and block recording, but also demonstrates the formation of an interconnected multi-level blockchain and tests scenarios for rejecting manipulated or invalid transactions. The contribution of this research lies not only in the theoretical review but also in the implementation illustrations that can be used as a basis for education and the initial development of blockchain-based digital payment systems. The research results show that ECDSA is capable of providing a high level of efficiency in the encryption and transaction verification process, maintaining data integrity and authenticity, and supporting a decentralized and transparent system. The academic simulations included the KYC process, wallet creation using ECDSA keys, balance top-ups through bank integration, transaction creation and validation, and block recording in the blockchain. Specifically, the simulations successfully demonstrated how new blocks are added to the chain by referencing the previous block's hash, as well as how transactions with corrupted signatures, manipulated amounts, or insufficient balances are automatically rejected by the validator consensus mechanism, maintaining system integrity. This research contributes not only theoretically, but also through conceptual representations that can be used as an educational foundation and for the initial development of blockchain-based digital payment systems in Indonesia.

Deteksi nyeri secara objektif merupakan tantangan penting dalam dunia medis, terutama bagi pasien yang tidak mampu menyampaikan rasa sakitnya secara verbal, seperti bayi, lansia, atau penderita gangguan komunikasi. Teknologi non- invasif berbasis sensor menjadi solusi potensial untuk mengatasi keterbatasan metode subjektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan meninjau secara sistematis literatur terkini mengenai penerapan Radar MIMO dan algoritma kecerdasan buatan dalam deteksi nyeri non-invasif. Metode yang digunakan adalah Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan pedoman PRISMA 2020, melalui penelusuran basis data IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, dan SpringerLink untuk periode 2021– 2025. Dari hasil seleksi diperoleh 17 artikel inklusi yang mencakup penggunaan Radar MIMO, UNBC-McMaster, BioVid, Medical Imaging (CT/MRI), Radar SISO, serta studi review, survey, bibliometrik, dan teoretis. Dari sisi algoritma, CNN dan SVM menjadi pendekatan paling dominan, diikuti Neural Network dan metode lain, dengan tren yang mengarah pada penggunaan multimodal untuk meningkatkan akurasi. Hasil penilaian kualitas dengan GRADE menunjukkan mayoritas studi berkualitas sedang, dengan keterbatasan utama pada ukuran sampel kecil, pelabelan nyeri yang belum konsisten, bias populasi, serta kurangnya validasi klinis nyata. Kesimpulannya, Radar MIMO dan algoritma deep learning memiliki potensi besar untuk deteksi nyeri non-invasif. Namun, penelitian lanjutan perlu difokuskan pada pembangunan dataset yang lebih inklusif, standarisasi pelabelan nyeri, serta pengujian dalam konteks klinis, dengan memperhatikan aspek etika dan privasi agar teknologi ini dapat diimplementasikan secara luas dalam layanan kesehatan.

Deteksi nyeri objektif merupakan tantangan dalam dunia medis, terutama bagi pasien yang tidak mampu mengungkapkan rasa sakit secara verbal. Dengan kemajuan teknologi sensor dan kecerdasan buatan, sistem otomatis untuk mendeteksi nyeri berbasis sinyal fisiologis dan ekspresi wajah mulai dikembangkan. Studi ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi tren, metode, dan kualitas metodologis dari penelitian yang menggunakan database publik seperti BioVid Heat Pain, UNBC-McMaster, dan SenseEmotion dalam pengembangan sistem deteksi nyeri berbasis sensor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan Systematic Literature Review (SLR) berdasarkan protokol PRISMA 2020 melalui pencarian artikel di Google Scholar dalam rentang tahun 2015–2024. Setelah seleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, 26 studi dimasukkan ke dalam sintesis naratif. Data dianalisis berdasarkan jenis sensor, metode algoritma, akurasi, dan ukuran sampel, serta dievaluasi menggunakan pendekatan GRADE. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa BioVid dan UNBC-McMaster adalah database paling sering digunakan, dengan sensor EDA, EMG, dan ekspresi wajah sebagai modalitas dominan. Metode klasifikasi umum mencakup CNN, SVM, dan Random Forest. Studi menyimpulkan bahwa pendekatan multimodal dan deep learning meningkatkan akurasi deteksi nyeri, namun validasi klinis dan perhatian terhadap keragaman demografis masih dibutuhkan.