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This article discuss research progress and future opportunities for modeling consumer choice on the Internet using clickstream data and also to compare the nature of Internet choice (as captured by clickstream data) with supermarket choice (as captured by UPC scanner panel data). Though the application of choice models to clickstream data is relatively new, and review existing early work and provide a two-by-two categorization of the applications studied to date (delineating search versus purchase on the one hand and within-site versus across-site choices on the other). The article discusses additional opportunities afforded by clickstream information, including personalization, data mining, automation, and customer valuation and also offers directions for further research in these areas. Notwithstanding the numerous challenges associated with clickstream data research.

When creating databases for GIS-applications often existing maps are scanned and vectorised for used. However, vectorisation becomes obsolete when GIS-objects can be referred to both in theme and geometry in a raster environment. This article shows to use model spatial data raster and vector for GIS - applications in both the graphical and image structure. Geographical data must first be converted into a computer- readable format before it can be used in a GIS. Spatial data are "elements that can be stored in map form." These elements correspond to a uniquely defined location on the Earth's surface. Spatial data have also been describe as “any data concerning phenomenon a really distributed” in two or more dimensions. (Peuquet and Marble, I990.) Data model is the rules to convert real geographical variation into discrete objects. There are two main GIS data models - vector and raster. Each of the two data models has specific types of data, analysis and displays that can handle better than the other system. The vector model represents geographical reality as a series of discrete objects or features, classified as points, line's or areas (polygons). The geographical co-ordinates describing the locations of these features are stored in the computer database which lies at the heart of the GIS. In the raster model a regular grid of cells, or pixels, is used to encode the features found on the earth's surface. Each pixel has a number associated with it representing; the value of a geographical phenomenon, such as terrain elevation, soil type or biomass. Layers of raster grids covering the same region can be built up to represent further variables.

This article is based on the research that has just been conducted by the writer. It is proposed to  find out the correlation between students' motivation and English proficiency, further more this article will describe store about the students' motivation. Applying the Karl Pearson's product moment theory, the writer could find the positive correlation. The respondents of this research is the SI degree students of the Information Technology Faculty.

Decision support systems based on fuzzy logic may be used to solve problems to find optimum solution on  fuzziness environmental. The differences with old decision support system is we can find optimum solution that more realities, because in fuzzy logic not use absolute  truthful right or false. Goal of this article is how to construct model base on decision support system based on  fuzzy logic.