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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an escalating public health issue, particularly among the elderly. High salt intake is a modifiable dietary risk factor suspected to accelerate CKD progression. However, large-scale evidence from Indonesia remains scarce. This study investigates the association between salty food consumption and CKD among older adults in Indonesia. Using data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia/SKI 2023), we analyzed 97,339 individuals aged 60 and above. Descriptive statistics outlined participant characteristics, while chi-square tests and binary logistic regression assessed associations and adjusted effects. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 14.1, with significance set at p < 0.05. Among participants, 89.3% reported consuming salty foods, and CKD prevalence was 0.5%. Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between CKD and sex, education, and salty food intake (p < 0.001). Multivariate results indicated that elderly individuals who did not consume salty food had significantly reduced odds of CKD (OR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.54–0.90; p = 0.006), suggesting a protective effect. These findings highlight a strong association between salty food consumption and CKD risk in Indonesia’s aging population. Reducing dietary salt intake may serve as an effective, low-cost intervention for CKD prevention. Urgent public health strategies focusing on dietary behavior change and nutrition education for the elderly are needed to curb the rising burden of kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an escalating public health issue, particularly among the elderly. High salt intake is a modifiable dietary risk factor suspected to accelerate CKD progression. However, large-scale evidence from Indonesia remains scarce. This study investigates the association between salty food consumption and CKD among older adults in Indonesia. Using data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia/SKI 2023), we analyzed 97,339 individuals aged 60 and above. Descriptive statistics outlined participant characteristics, while chi-square tests and binary logistic regression assessed associations and adjusted effects. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 14.1, with significance set at p < 0.05. Among participants, 89.3% reported consuming salty foods, and CKD prevalence was 0.5%. Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between CKD and sex, education, and salty food intake (p < 0.001). Multivariate results indicated that elderly individuals who did not consume salty food had significantly reduced odds of CKD (OR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.54–0.90; p = 0.006), suggesting a protective effect. These findings highlight a strong association between salty food consumption and CKD risk in Indonesia’s aging population. Reducing dietary salt intake may serve as an effective, low-cost intervention for CKD prevention. Urgent public health strategies focusing on dietary behavior change and nutrition education for the elderly are needed to curb the rising burden of kidney disease.

Traditional medicine has been believed for generations to be effective in treating various diseases and is recognized for its safety. One reason people opt for herbal medicine is its affordability compared to chemical drugs. Additionally, herbal medicine is required to be free of medicinal chemicals (BKO). However, a public warning issued between 2020 and 2025 indicated that some herbal preparations still contained substances like sildenafil citrate and caffeine. The aim of this research is to establish a validated analytical method to detect the presence of sildenafil citrate and caffeine in stamina-enhancing herbal medicines using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with densitometry. This method was selected due to its cost-effectiveness and its ability to separate two compounds. In this study, category II validation was conducted to identify impurities in the preparations, focusing on test parameters such as selectivity and Limit of Detection (LOD). The selected mobile phase for this study was a mixture of chloroform and ethanol (9.5:0.5 v/v). The TLC plate was analyzed with a densitometer at a wavelength of 254 nm. The Rf value for sildenafil citrate was found to be 0.32, while the Rf value for caffeine was 0.52, resulting in a separation (Rs) value of 2. The LOD for sildenafil citrate was determined to be 8.5418 μl/ml (equivalent to 0.0854 mg in a 600 mg sample), whereas the LOD for caffeine was 4.7987 μl/ml (or 0.0959 mg in a 600 mg sample).

Traditional medicine has been believed for generations to be effective in treating various diseases and is recognized for its safety. One reason people opt for herbal medicine is its affordability compared to chemical drugs. Additionally, herbal medicine is required to be free of medicinal chemicals (BKO). However, a public warning issued between 2020 and 2025 indicated that some herbal preparations still contained substances like sildenafil citrate and caffeine. The aim of this research is to establish a validated analytical method to detect the presence of sildenafil citrate and caffeine in stamina-enhancing herbal medicines using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with densitometry. This method was selected due to its cost-effectiveness and its ability to separate two compounds. In this study, category II validation was conducted to identify impurities in the preparations, focusing on test parameters such as selectivity and Limit of Detection (LOD). The selected mobile phase for this study was a mixture of chloroform and ethanol (9.5:0.5 v/v). The TLC plate was analyzed with a densitometer at a wavelength of 254 nm. The Rf value for sildenafil citrate was found to be 0.32, while the Rf value for caffeine was 0.52, resulting in a separation (Rs) value of 2. The LOD for sildenafil citrate was determined to be 8.5418 μl/ml (equivalent to 0.0854 mg in a 600 mg sample), whereas the LOD for caffeine was 4.7987 μl/ml (or 0.0959 mg in a 600 mg sample).

The global healthcare landscape is undergoing a digital transformation, driven by the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and Telemedicine. These technologies have become essential not only in addressing immediate clinical demands but also in shaping long-term system-wide reforms. However, digital health adoption remains uneven across countries, influenced by variations in infrastructure, policy frameworks, and socioeconomic conditions. This study aims to explore how the integration of AI, Big Data, and Telemedicine contributes to healthcare system transformation through a comparative qualitative-descriptive analysis of four countries: the United States, India, Indonesia, and Rwanda. Secondary data were collected from peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and institutional publications from 2019 to 2024. Thematic analysis focused on policy direction, infrastructure readiness, implementation models, and observed outcomes. Findings reveal that while the U.S. leads with private-sector-driven innovation, India emphasizes national-scale integration, Indonesia navigates digital transformation in a geographically dispersed setting, and Rwanda demonstrates scalable solutions in low-resource environments. Despite different contexts, common challenges include interoperability gaps, ethical data governance, and disparities in digital literacy. The study synthesizes strategic insights and highlights the importance of inclusive, adaptable, and well-regulated digital ecosystems. It concludes that successful digital health implementation depends not only on technology, but also on governance, investment, and equity-focused design.

Stunting remains one of the major public health issues at the national level in Indonesia. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia faces unique challenges in tackling stunting, particularly in regions with limited access to healthcare services. Advances in information technology offer new opportunities to support stunting prevention efforts, including through the utilization of health data. Such data can be used to detect stunting risks early and to monitor children's nutritional status more effectively. The use of health data applications or systems by Posyandu cadres is influenced by various factors, including availability of time, cost, level of trust, and perceptions of ease of use and usefulness. This study aims to identify the determinants of health data utilization by Posyandu cadres for toddlers as a stunting prevention effort in Geneng Subdistrict, Ngawi Regency. This research is an analytical quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. A sample of 80 Posyandu cadres for toddlers in Geneng Subdistrict was selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression tests to identify the factors influencing the use of health data in stunting prevention. The results show that the significant determinants include the age of the Posyandu cadre, their education level, and the amount of time they dedicate to Posyandu activities. The determinants of age, education level, and time significantly influence the utilization of health data and thereby affect the optimization of stunting prevention. Strengthening cadre capacity in these aspects is necessary to support more effective stunting prevention.

The global healthcare landscape is undergoing a digital transformation, driven by the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and Telemedicine. These technologies have become essential not only in addressing immediate clinical demands but also in shaping long-term system-wide reforms. However, digital health adoption remains uneven across countries, influenced by variations in infrastructure, policy frameworks, and socioeconomic conditions. This study aims to explore how the integration of AI, Big Data, and Telemedicine contributes to healthcare system transformation through a comparative qualitative-descriptive analysis of four countries: the United States, India, Indonesia, and Rwanda. Secondary data were collected from peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and institutional publications from 2019 to 2024. Thematic analysis focused on policy direction, infrastructure readiness, implementation models, and observed outcomes. Findings reveal that while the U.S. leads with private-sector-driven innovation, India emphasizes national-scale integration, Indonesia navigates digital transformation in a geographically dispersed setting, and Rwanda demonstrates scalable solutions in low-resource environments. Despite different contexts, common challenges include interoperability gaps, ethical data governance, and disparities in digital literacy. The study synthesizes strategic insights and highlights the importance of inclusive, adaptable, and well-regulated digital ecosystems. It concludes that successful digital health implementation depends not only on technology, but also on governance, investment, and equity-focused design.

Stunting remains one of the major public health issues at the national level in Indonesia. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia faces unique challenges in tackling stunting, particularly in regions with limited access to healthcare services. Advances in information technology offer new opportunities to support stunting prevention efforts, including through the utilization of health data. Such data can be used to detect stunting risks early and to monitor children's nutritional status more effectively. The use of health data applications or systems by Posyandu cadres is influenced by various factors, including availability of time, cost, level of trust, and perceptions of ease of use and usefulness. This study aims to identify the determinants of health data utilization by Posyandu cadres for toddlers as a stunting prevention effort in Geneng Subdistrict, Ngawi Regency. This research is an analytical quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. A sample of 80 Posyandu cadres for toddlers in Geneng Subdistrict was selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression tests to identify the factors influencing the use of health data in stunting prevention. The results show that the significant determinants include the age of the Posyandu cadre, their education level, and the amount of time they dedicate to Posyandu activities. The determinants of age, education level, and time significantly influence the utilization of health data and thereby affect the optimization of stunting prevention. Strengthening cadre capacity in these aspects is necessary to support more effective stunting prevention.

Indonesia's healthcare system continues to face significant challenges in delivering equitable services across diverse and remote regions. The digital transformation of healthcare—through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, and telemedicine—offers promising solutions to overcome disparities in access, infrastructure, and service delivery. This study aims to comprehensively analyze global and national research trends related to the digital transformation of healthcare using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, supported by bibliometric analysis through the VOSviewer software. Following the PRISMA protocol, a total of 30 relevant articles published between 2020 and 2025 were identified and analyzed. The network and overlay visualizations generated reveal four major thematic clusters: digital transformation and service quality, big data and pandemic response, AI and data privacy, and community engagement in digital health services. Overlay visualization also shows a clear shift in research focus—from early pandemic responses toward system optimization, ethical governance, and technological inclusivity in recent years. The study concludes that the integration of AI, big data, and telemedicine not only enhances healthcare efficiency but also requires strong regulatory frameworks, infrastructure readiness, and public engagement. Future research should incorporate co-citation and cross-country comparative analyses to enrich the understanding of digital health transformation in a global context.

Stunting is a serious nutritional problem in Indonesia, affecting the growth and development of children under five years of age. Non-ideal pregnancy spacing is one of the factors that can contribute to stunting, as closely spaced pregnancies can lead to inadequate maternal nutrition, which affects the child’s development. This study aims to analyze the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of stunting in children under five. The research design employed is observational analytic with a case-control approach. Data collection was conducted from February to October 2024, focusing on children with stunting and children with normal growth as control cases. The case-control study involved a total sample size of 60 children, with 30 stunted children as cases and 30 non-stunted children as controls. The control cases were selected using simple random sampling to ensure unbiased representation. The primary analysis technique used was the chi-square test to examine the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of stunting. The results indicated that children born with a pregnancy spacing of less than 24 months had a 1.5 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to those born with a pregnancy spacing of more than 24 months. Statistical analysis using the chi-square test yielded a significant p-value of 0.002 (< 0.05), which confirms a strong association between short pregnancy spacing and stunting. This study concludes that insufficient pregnancy spacing is a significant factor contributing to the incidence of stunting in children under five. Therefore, it is recommended that public health campaigns and education programs on family planning and reproductive health be strengthened to reduce the risk of stunting in Indonesia. Such initiatives will help prevent future generations from experiencing the negative effects of inadequate growth and development.

The consumption of iron tablets (Fe) among pregnant women in 2013 reached 90.32%, an increase from 82.09% in 2011, showing an improvement of 8.23 percentage points and meeting the target of 90%. Iron tablets are essential for preventing anemia during pregnancy, which can lead to adverse outcomes such as low birth weight and premature birth. This study aims to identify various factors that may influence pregnant women's knowledge about the benefits of iron tablet consumption at the Kotamobagu Small Motoboi Health Center in Mubago City, North Sulawesi. The research employs a cross-sectional descriptive analytical approach, using univariate analysis to examine primary data collected through questionnaires. A sample of 30 pregnant women was selected incidentally for the study. The results indicated a strong correlation between pregnant women's awareness of iron tablets and several demographic and socio-economic factors. Specifically, the chi-squared test revealed significant relationships between pregnant women’s knowledge and their age (p = 0.020), education level (p = 0.020), parity (p = 0.035), and source of information (p = 0.039). These findings suggest that demographic factors such as age and education, along with access to reliable information sources, significantly contribute to the level of knowledge about iron tablet consumption. The study's findings can be used to enhance public health strategies, particularly in increasing awareness among pregnant women about the importance of consuming iron tablets to prevent anemia and improve maternal and fetal health outcomes. Educating pregnant women and providing accessible sources of information are crucial in improving Fe tablet consumption rates and reducing related health risks

Chronic and degenerative diseases have a profound effect on patients' overall well-being, often accompanied by psychological distress such as anxiety and chronic stress. While pharmacological treatments are commonly used, they may have limitations, including accessibility issues and side effects, which have prompted interest in non-pharmacological interventions. This scoping review aims to systematically map and synthesize the empirical evidence on the physiological and psychological effects of the 4-7-8 breathing technique, a structured slow-breathing method that involves inhaling for 4 seconds, holding the breath for 7 seconds, and exhaling for 8 seconds. The review adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines and included 15 studies published between 2013 and 2024. These studies examined diverse populations and employed various methodological approaches. The findings were categorized into five major themes: (1) the 4-7-8 technique's effectiveness in reducing stress and anxiety, (2) improvements in cardiovascular markers such as heart rate variability and blood pressure, (3) its adaptability in both clinical and community-based multimodal interventions, (4) its preventive benefits for healthy individuals, and (5) its impact on parasympathetic activity via vagal pathways, enhancing autonomic regulation and emotional stability. The technique is supported by both theoretical and empirical evidence, positioning it as an accessible, low-cost psychoregulatory intervention. The results suggest that the 4-7-8 breathing technique could play a key role in holistic nursing care, health education, and public health promotion strategies, offering a simple yet effective approach to managing stress, improving mental health, and enhancing cardiovascular health. Future studies could explore long-term benefits and its integration into more diverse health interventions.

Anaemia among teenagers is a significant public health concern that can adversely affect their quality of life, cognitive function, and academic performance. Nutritional status, commonly assessed using Body Mass Index (BMI), is suspected to influence the risk of developing anaemia. This study aims to analyse the relationship between BMI and the incidence of anaemia among students at Senior High School II Rilamuta. The primary objective is to determine whether there is a statistically significant association between BMI and anaemia occurrence in this population. A quantitative correlational research design was employed, involving a purposive sample of 30 students. Data collection comprised measuring each student’s BMI and examining haemoglobin levels to assess anaemia status. The BMI was calculated based on height and weight measurements, while haemoglobin concentrations were measured using standard clinical laboratory techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test to evaluate the strength and direction of the relationship between BMI and anaemia incidence.The results revealed a significant positive correlation between BMI and anaemia, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.746 and a p-value of 0.000, indicating strong statistical significance. This finding suggests that students with higher BMI tend to have a lower risk of anaemia, highlighting the protective role of adequate nutritional status. The study confirms that BMI is a relevant factor in predicting anaemia risk among teenagers. Based on these findings, the study recommends promoting healthy nutritional habits and improving nutritional status as crucial strategies to prevent anaemia in school-aged adolescents. School health programs should emphasize balanced diets and nutritional education to address this issue effectively. Future research with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs is encouraged to further explore causal relationships and additional factors influencing anaemia in this population.

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is one of the most valuable investments in a child’s health, growth, and intelligence, yet ensuring sufficient breast milk production can be a challenge for some mothers. The banana heart, or banana flower, is an inexpensive and easily accessible part of the banana plant traditionally used to enhance lactation. Rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, it is believed to support maternal health and stimulate milk production. This study aimed to determine the effect of banana heart consumption on the average increase in breast milk production among breastfeeding mothers in the Bahari Health Center Working Area. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group was employed, involving breastfeeding mothers divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group consumed banana heart preparations, while the control group maintained their regular diet. Breast milk production was measured before and after the intervention. Results indicated that, before treatment, the average breast milk production in the treatment group ranged from 401–500 cc, with a mean of 496.67 cc. After consuming banana heart, production significantly increased to 801–900 cc, with a mean of 816.67 cc. In contrast, the control group’s production remained between 401–500 cc, with a mean of 453.33 cc, showing no significant change. Statistical analysis confirmed the positive effect of banana heart consumption on increasing breast milk production. In conclusion, banana heart can be considered an effective, low-cost, and locally available dietary intervention to improve lactation outcomes, supporting the practice of exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Public health initiatives could promote the use of banana heart as a natural approach for mothers experiencing lactation challenges.

In Indonesia, stroke is the leading cause of illness and death among the elderly. Dietary habits, especially fatty food intake, have been identified as changeable risk factors. Nonetheless, there is a scarcity of national data on this relationship among older Indonesian adults. This study sought to investigate the relationship between fatty food intake and stroke occurrence in elderly Indonesians, utilizing data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (Survey Kesehatan Indonesia or SKI). This cross-sectional study was performed using secondary data from SKI 2023, encompassing 97,339 participants aged 60 years and above. The primary outcome was whether a stroke diagnosis was present (yes/no) and the key independent variable was the consumption of fatty foods (yes/no). Additional variables considered were age, gender, education, marital status, employment, residence, and alcohol use. Weighted descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression were conducted using STATA 14.1, with sampling weights applied. The stroke prevalence among elderly participants was 3.2%. The bivariate analysis revealed a significant association between fatty food consumption and stroke (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that elderly individuals who avoided fatty foods had a notably reduced risk of stroke (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.45–0.58, p < 0.001). Alcohol consumption also had a protective effect (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.12–0.43, p < 0.001). There is a significant association between fatty food consumption and stroke among the elderly population in Indonesia. Public health strategies encouraging healthier eating habits could potentially lower the stroke risk in this susceptible group

Chronic and degenerative diseases have a profound effect on patients' overall well-being, often accompanied by psychological distress such as anxiety and chronic stress. While pharmacological treatments are commonly used, they may have limitations, including accessibility issues and side effects, which have prompted interest in non-pharmacological interventions. This scoping review aims to systematically map and synthesize the empirical evidence on the physiological and psychological effects of the 4-7-8 breathing technique, a structured slow-breathing method that involves inhaling for 4 seconds, holding the breath for 7 seconds, and exhaling for 8 seconds. The review adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines and included 15 studies published between 2013 and 2024. These studies examined diverse populations and employed various methodological approaches. The findings were categorized into five major themes: (1) the 4-7-8 technique's effectiveness in reducing stress and anxiety, (2) improvements in cardiovascular markers such as heart rate variability and blood pressure, (3) its adaptability in both clinical and community-based multimodal interventions, (4) its preventive benefits for healthy individuals, and (5) its impact on parasympathetic activity via vagal pathways, enhancing autonomic regulation and emotional stability. The technique is supported by both theoretical and empirical evidence, positioning it as an accessible, low-cost psychoregulatory intervention. The results suggest that the 4-7-8 breathing technique could play a key role in holistic nursing care, health education, and public health promotion strategies, offering a simple yet effective approach to managing stress, improving mental health, and enhancing cardiovascular health. Future studies could explore long-term benefits and its integration into more diverse health interventions.

Preterm birth, defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation, is a significant global health problem, with rising rates in many regions worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 15 million babies are born prematurely every year, and this number continues to increase. Preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, making it an urgent issue for public health. This study aims to explore the various factors influencing the occurrence of preterm birth, including medical, social, and environmental factors. The study employed an observational analysis with a case-control design to identify and analyze these factors. Data were collected from medical records of deliveries that took place between January and December 2024. The study used a total sample size of 100 participants, consisting of 50 cases of preterm birth and 50 control cases. The control group was selected using simple random sampling to ensure unbiased selection. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, and logistic regression was applied to assess the strength of the relationships between identified factors and the occurrence of preterm birth. The findings of this study indicate that several factors significantly contribute to the likelihood of preterm birth, including parity, pregnancy spacing, infections, and blood pressure (p-value < 0.05). These factors were found to increase the risk of preterm birth. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for early intervention to identify and manage these risk factors, thus minimizing the incidence of preterm birth. It is also recommended that pregnant women receive education and support programs aimed at reducing risk factors. Further research, especially longitudinal studies, is suggested to explore the mechanisms underlying preterm labor and to develop more effective preventive strategies.

Antenatal care (ANC) is critical for ensuring the health and well-being of pregnant women and their fetuses, particularly in reducing maternal mortality rates, which remain high in Indonesia. One of the contributing factors to this issue is a lack of knowledge and non-compliance with ANC visits. The goal of this study is to examine the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women towards ANC services at Puskesmas Siko, a health center located in Indonesia. The study used a descriptive quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 34 pregnant women was selected using purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding ANC services. Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test. The results indicated a significant relationship between pregnant women’s knowledge and their adherence to ANC visits, with a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05). Similarly, the study found a significant relationship between the attitudes of pregnant women and their participation in ANC visits, with a p-value of 0.004 (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that pregnant women who possess more knowledge and have a positive attitude toward ANC are more likely to utilize these services. The study highlights the critical role that improving knowledge and attitudes plays in increasing ANC utilization, which is essential for preventing pregnancy-related complications and improving overall maternal health outcomes. Given the significant impact of ANC on reducing maternal and fetal health risks, it is crucial to implement targeted health education programs that aim to enhance pregnant women’s understanding of ANC’s importance and encourage positive attitudes towards attending these visits. The findings from this study call for greater emphasis on health education interventions that can improve the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women, thereby contributing to a reduction in maternal mortality and improved pregnancy outcomes in the region.

Traditional medicine has been trusted for generations as an effective remedy for various health conditions and is widely recognized for its safety when compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals. One of the main reasons individuals choose herbal medicines is their relative affordability and the perception that they are free from harmful chemical additives. However, recent public warnings issued between 2020 and 2025 have revealed the presence of hazardous medicinal chemicals (Bahan Kimia Obat/BKO) such as sildenafil citrate and caffeine in some stamina-enhancing herbal products. This study aims to develop and validate an analytical method using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) coupled with densitometry for the detection of sildenafil citrate and caffeine in herbal medicines. The method was chosen due to its simplicity, low operational cost, and ability to effectively separate these two compounds. A category II validation was performed to determine the presence of impurities, with a focus on parameters including selectivity and the Limit of Detection (LOD). The mobile phase employed was a combination of chloroform and ethanol (9.5:0.5 v/v), and detection was carried out at 254 nm using a densitometer. The TLC results showed that sildenafil citrate and caffeine had Rf values of 0.32 and 0.52, respectively, with a resolution (Rs) of 2, indicating a good separation. The LOD for sildenafil citrate was 8.5418 μl/ml (0.0854 mg per 600 mg sample), while the LOD for caffeine was 4.7987 μl/ml (0.0959 mg per 600 mg sample). These findings highlight the importance of routine quality control testing to ensure the safety and authenticity of herbal medicines in the market.

Indonesia's healthcare system continues to face significant challenges in delivering equitable services across diverse and remote regions. The digital transformation of healthcare—through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, and telemedicine—offers promising solutions to overcome disparities in access, infrastructure, and service delivery. This study aims to comprehensively analyze global and national research trends related to the digital transformation of healthcare using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, supported by bibliometric analysis through the VOSviewer software. Following the PRISMA protocol, a total of 30 relevant articles published between 2020 and 2025 were identified and analyzed. The network and overlay visualizations generated reveal four major thematic clusters: digital transformation and service quality, big data and pandemic response, AI and data privacy, and community engagement in digital health services. Overlay visualization also shows a clear shift in research focus—from early pandemic responses toward system optimization, ethical governance, and technological inclusivity in recent years. The findings highlight that digital healthcare transformation has increasingly evolved from emergency responses to COVID-19 into a strategic framework for long-term system improvement. Moreover, AI and big data have played pivotal roles in enhancing diagnostics, predicting outbreaks, and improving resource allocation. However, concerns related to privacy, digital literacy, and unequal technological access remain prominent. The study concludes that the integration of AI, big data, and telemedicine not only enhances healthcare efficiency but also requires strong regulatory frameworks, infrastructure readiness, and public engagement. Future research should incorporate co-citation and cross-country comparative analyses to enrich the understanding of digital health transformation in a global context, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia.