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Preterm birth, defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation, is a significant global health problem, with rising rates in many regions worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 15 million babies are born prematurely every year, and this number continues to increase. Preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, making it an urgent issue for public health. This study aims to explore the various factors influencing the occurrence of preterm birth, including medical, social, and environmental factors. The study employed an observational analysis with a case-control design to identify and analyze these factors. Data were collected from medical records of deliveries that took place between January and December 2024. The study used a total sample size of 100 participants, consisting of 50 cases of preterm birth and 50 control cases. The control group was selected using simple random sampling to ensure unbiased selection. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, and logistic regression was applied to assess the strength of the relationships between identified factors and the occurrence of preterm birth. The findings of this study indicate that several factors significantly contribute to the likelihood of preterm birth, including parity, pregnancy spacing, infections, and blood pressure (p-value < 0.05). These factors were found to increase the risk of preterm birth. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for early intervention to identify and manage these risk factors, thus minimizing the incidence of preterm birth. It is also recommended that pregnant women receive education and support programs aimed at reducing risk factors. Further research, especially longitudinal studies, is suggested to explore the mechanisms underlying preterm labor and to develop more effective preventive strategies.

The consumption of iron tablets (Fe) among pregnant women in 2013 reached 90.32%, an increase from 82.09% in 2011, showing an improvement of 8.23 percentage points and meeting the target of 90%. Iron tablets are essential for preventing anemia during pregnancy, which can lead to adverse outcomes such as low birth weight and premature birth. This study aims to identify various factors that may influence pregnant women's knowledge about the benefits of iron tablet consumption at the Kotamobagu Small Motoboi Health Center in Mubago City, North Sulawesi. The research employs a cross-sectional descriptive analytical approach, using univariate analysis to examine primary data collected through questionnaires. A sample of 30 pregnant women was selected incidentally for the study. The results indicated a strong correlation between pregnant women's awareness of iron tablets and several demographic and socio-economic factors. Specifically, the chi-squared test revealed significant relationships between pregnant women’s knowledge and their age (p = 0.020), education level (p = 0.020), parity (p = 0.035), and source of information (p = 0.039). These findings suggest that demographic factors such as age and education, along with access to reliable information sources, significantly contribute to the level of knowledge about iron tablet consumption. The study's findings can be used to enhance public health strategies, particularly in increasing awareness among pregnant women about the importance of consuming iron tablets to prevent anemia and improve maternal and fetal health outcomes. Educating pregnant women and providing accessible sources of information are crucial in improving Fe tablet consumption rates and reducing related health risks

The incidence of labor complications is one of the main challenges in maternal health. With the rapid development of digital technology, many health facilities have begun to integrate digital systems into health services. According to data from the Ministry of Health, the number of labor complications is still high, especially in areas with limited access to quality health facilities. Various factors, such as maternal age, nutritional status, education, and access to health services, contribute to the risk of complications that can endanger the health of mothers and babies.Objective: This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of childbirth complications in the era of health digitalization.Method: This type of research uses a quantitative approach with the Cross-Sectional Survey method. The population in this study were mothers who gave birth in health facilities in Malang Regency. The research sample was taken using a purposive sampling technique, which included pregnant women with a history of childbirth complications and the use of digital health services in the period 2023-2024. Sample: A total of 50 pregnant women were taken. The results of this study indicate a significant relationship between sociodemographic factors and the incidence of childbirth complications in Malang Regency, with a p value = 0.030 (p <0.05). This finding is in line with various previous studies that identified education, maternal age, age of marriage, and parity as important determinants of the incidence of childbirth complications. These findings confirm that although digital technology is increasingly developing in health services, fundamental factors such as maternal sociodemographic characteristics remain important determinants of the incidence of childbirth complications.

Stunting is a serious nutritional problem in Indonesia, affecting the growth and development of children under five years of age. Non-ideal pregnancy spacing is one of the factors that can contribute to stunting, as closely spaced pregnancies can lead to inadequate maternal nutrition, which affects the child’s development. This study aims to analyze the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of stunting in children under five. The research design employed is observational analytic with a case-control approach. Data collection was conducted from February to October 2024, focusing on children with stunting and children with normal growth as control cases. The case-control study involved a total sample size of 60 children, with 30 stunted children as cases and 30 non-stunted children as controls. The control cases were selected using simple random sampling to ensure unbiased representation. The primary analysis technique used was the chi-square test to examine the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of stunting. The results indicated that children born with a pregnancy spacing of less than 24 months had a 1.5 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to those born with a pregnancy spacing of more than 24 months. Statistical analysis using the chi-square test yielded a significant p-value of 0.002 (< 0.05), which confirms a strong association between short pregnancy spacing and stunting. This study concludes that insufficient pregnancy spacing is a significant factor contributing to the incidence of stunting in children under five. Therefore, it is recommended that public health campaigns and education programs on family planning and reproductive health be strengthened to reduce the risk of stunting in Indonesia. Such initiatives will help prevent future generations from experiencing the negative effects of inadequate growth and development.

Anemia is a global health problem that often occurs in pregnant women. Inadequate pregnancy spacing can contribute to the risk of anemia. This study aims to analyze the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. This type of research is observational analytic with a case-control design. This study was conducted from February to October 2024 at a selected health center in the region. The case-control design was chosen to investigate the causes of anemia during pregnancy, particularly focusing on the effects of pregnancy spacing. The number of samples used was 30 cases, while 30 control cases were selected by simple random sampling from a larger pool of eligible pregnant women. The analysis employed the chi-square test to determine the statistical significance of the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of anemia. Results showed that 21.7% of respondents had anemia, with a significantly higher prevalence in those with a pregnancy spacing of less than two years. After conducting the chi-square test, the result yielded a significant p-value of 0.002, indicating a strong association between short pregnancy intervals and anemia. This finding highlights the potential risks associated with inadequate pregnancy spacing, emphasizing the importance of family planning and prenatal care in preventing anemia in expectant mothers. The study suggests that adequate pregnancy spacing may reduce the incidence of anemia, thus promoting healthier pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, it underscores the need for educational programs aimed at raising awareness of the benefits of proper pregnancy planning. Such initiatives would not only help prevent anemia but also improve maternal and fetal health. Comprehensive health policies promoting spacing between pregnancies can have long-term positive effects on maternal well-being.

The consumption of iron tablets (Fe) among pregnant women in 2013 reached 90.32%, an increase from 82.09% in 2011, showing an improvement of 8.23 percentage points and meeting the target of 90%. Iron tablets are essential for preventing anemia during pregnancy, which can lead to adverse outcomes such as low birth weight and premature birth. This study aims to identify various factors that may influence pregnant women's knowledge about the benefits of iron tablet consumption at the Kotamobagu Small Motoboi Health Center in Mubago City, North Sulawesi. The research employs a cross-sectional descriptive analytical approach, using univariate analysis to examine primary data collected through questionnaires. A sample of 30 pregnant women was selected incidentally for the study. The results indicated a strong correlation between pregnant women's awareness of iron tablets and several demographic and socio-economic factors. Specifically, the chi-squared test revealed significant relationships between pregnant women’s knowledge and their age (p = 0.020), education level (p = 0.020), parity (p = 0.035), and source of information (p = 0.039). These findings suggest that demographic factors such as age and education, along with access to reliable information sources, significantly contribute to the level of knowledge about iron tablet consumption. The study's findings can be used to enhance public health strategies, particularly in increasing awareness among pregnant women about the importance of consuming iron tablets to prevent anemia and improve maternal and fetal health outcomes. Educating pregnant women and providing accessible sources of information are crucial in improving Fe tablet consumption rates and reducing related health risks

The incidence of labor complications is one of the main challenges in maternal health. With the rapid development of digital technology, many health facilities have begun to integrate digital systems into health services. According to data from the Ministry of Health, the number of labor complications is still high, especially in areas with limited access to quality health facilities. Various factors, such as maternal age, nutritional status, education, and access to health services, contribute to the risk of complications that can endanger the health of mothers and babies.Objective: This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of childbirth complications in the era of health digitalization.Method: This type of research uses a quantitative approach with the Cross-Sectional Survey method. The population in this study were mothers who gave birth in health facilities in Malang Regency. The research sample was taken using a purposive sampling technique, which included pregnant women with a history of childbirth complications and the use of digital health services in the period 2023-2024. Sample: A total of 50 pregnant women were taken. The results of this study indicate a significant relationship between sociodemographic factors and the incidence of childbirth complications in Malang Regency, with a p value = 0.030 (p <0.05). This finding is in line with various previous studies that identified education, maternal age, age of marriage, and parity as important determinants of the incidence of childbirth complications. These findings confirm that although digital technology is increasingly developing in health services, fundamental factors such as maternal sociodemographic characteristics remain important determinants of the incidence of childbirth complications.

Stunting is a serious nutritional problem in Indonesia, affecting the growth and development of children under five years of age. Non-ideal pregnancy spacing is one of the factors that can contribute to stunting, as closely spaced pregnancies can lead to inadequate maternal nutrition, which affects the child’s development. This study aims to analyze the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of stunting in children under five. The research design employed is observational analytic with a case-control approach. Data collection was conducted from February to October 2024, focusing on children with stunting and children with normal growth as control cases. The case-control study involved a total sample size of 60 children, with 30 stunted children as cases and 30 non-stunted children as controls. The control cases were selected using simple random sampling to ensure unbiased representation. The primary analysis technique used was the chi-square test to examine the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of stunting. The results indicated that children born with a pregnancy spacing of less than 24 months had a 1.5 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to those born with a pregnancy spacing of more than 24 months. Statistical analysis using the chi-square test yielded a significant p-value of 0.002 (< 0.05), which confirms a strong association between short pregnancy spacing and stunting. This study concludes that insufficient pregnancy spacing is a significant factor contributing to the incidence of stunting in children under five. Therefore, it is recommended that public health campaigns and education programs on family planning and reproductive health be strengthened to reduce the risk of stunting in Indonesia. Such initiatives will help prevent future generations from experiencing the negative effects of inadequate growth and development.

Anemia is a global health problem that often occurs in pregnant women. Inadequate pregnancy spacing can contribute to the risk of anemia. This study aims to analyze the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. This type of research is observational analytic with a case-control design. This study was conducted from February to October 2024 at a selected health center in the region. The case-control design was chosen to investigate the causes of anemia during pregnancy, particularly focusing on the effects of pregnancy spacing. The number of samples used was 30 cases, while 30 control cases were selected by simple random sampling from a larger pool of eligible pregnant women. The analysis employed the chi-square test to determine the statistical significance of the relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of anemia. Results showed that 21.7% of respondents had anemia, with a significantly higher prevalence in those with a pregnancy spacing of less than two years. After conducting the chi-square test, the result yielded a significant p-value of 0.002, indicating a strong association between short pregnancy intervals and anemia. This finding highlights the potential risks associated with inadequate pregnancy spacing, emphasizing the importance of family planning and prenatal care in preventing anemia in expectant mothers. The study suggests that adequate pregnancy spacing may reduce the incidence of anemia, thus promoting healthier pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, it underscores the need for educational programs aimed at raising awareness of the benefits of proper pregnancy planning. Such initiatives would not only help prevent anemia but also improve maternal and fetal health. Comprehensive health policies promoting spacing between pregnancies can have long-term positive effects on maternal well-being.

Abortion remains a significant reproductive health issue worldwide, with around 20 million cases recorded annually, leading to approximately 70,000 maternal deaths each year. In Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, approximately 4.2 million abortion cases occur annually. In Indonesia, spontaneous abortion accounts for 10-15% of all pregnancies, while induced (provoked) abortion is estimated to range from 750,000 to 1.5 million cases per year. Several factors can influence the incidence of abortion, one of which is parity the number of previous pregnancies a woman has carried to a viable gestational age. This study aims to analyze the relationship between parity and the incidence of abortion, contributing to a better understanding of how reproductive history impacts abortion rates. The research used an analytical design with a cross-sectional approach, involving a sample of 122 mothers selected through simple random sampling. The findings revealed that 45.9% of the mothers had safe parity, while 54.1% had unsafe parity. Regarding the type of abortion, 97.5% of respondents experienced spontaneous abortion, while 2.5% underwent induced abortion. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05, which produced a p-value of 0.562, indicating no significant relationship between parity and the incidence of abortion. These results suggest that parity is not a significant factor influencing abortion incidence in this sample. While other factors may contribute to abortion risk, further research is needed to explore additional variables that may play a role. This study underscores the complexity of abortion incidents and highlights the need for broader investigations to understand the diverse influences on reproductive health outcomes, beyond parity alone.

Preterm birth, defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation, is a significant global health problem, with rising rates in many regions worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 15 million babies are born prematurely every year, and this number continues to increase. Preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, making it an urgent issue for public health. This study aims to explore the various factors influencing the occurrence of preterm birth, including medical, social, and environmental factors. The study employed an observational analysis with a case-control design to identify and analyze these factors. Data were collected from medical records of deliveries that took place between January and December 2024. The study used a total sample size of 100 participants, consisting of 50 cases of preterm birth and 50 control cases. The control group was selected using simple random sampling to ensure unbiased selection. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, and logistic regression was applied to assess the strength of the relationships between identified factors and the occurrence of preterm birth. The findings of this study indicate that several factors significantly contribute to the likelihood of preterm birth, including parity, pregnancy spacing, infections, and blood pressure (p-value < 0.05). These factors were found to increase the risk of preterm birth. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for early intervention to identify and manage these risk factors, thus minimizing the incidence of preterm birth. It is also recommended that pregnant women receive education and support programs aimed at reducing risk factors. Further research, especially longitudinal studies, is suggested to explore the mechanisms underlying preterm labor and to develop more effective preventive strategies.

This study aims to identify the factors that influence the first antenatal visit (K1) among pregnant women. The study employed a descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach, utilizing a total sampling technique. A total of 49 respondents, all of whom made the K1 visit, were included in the study. The variables examined in this research included maternal age, parity, and gestational age at the time of the K1 visit. Secondary data obtained from medical records were used for analysis. The results revealed that the majority of pregnant women who made the K1 visit were in the non-risk age group (20–35 years), accounting for 84% of the respondents. Regarding parity, most participants were multiparous, making up 53% of the total sample. In terms of gestational age, 43% of respondents made their K1 visit during the first trimester of pregnancy (0–12 weeks). The study found that the first antenatal visit was predominantly conducted by pregnant women in the non-risk age group (20–35 years) and the multiparous group. Additionally, the K1 visits were most frequently made when the gestational age was in the first trimester, reflecting early engagement with antenatal care. These findings highlight the importance of maternal age, parity, and gestational age in influencing the timing of the first antenatal visit, which plays a critical role in ensuring early and adequate prenatal care for pregnant women. These insights can be used to improve strategies for encouraging timely K1 visits, particularly for pregnant women who may be at risk of delayed prenatal care.

This study aims to identify the factors that influence the first antenatal visit (K1) among pregnant women. The study employed a descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach, utilizing a total sampling technique. A total of 49 respondents, all of whom made the K1 visit, were included in the study. The variables examined in this research included maternal age, parity, and gestational age at the time of the K1 visit. Secondary data obtained from medical records were used for analysis. The results revealed that the majority of pregnant women who made the K1 visit were in the non-risk age group (20–35 years), accounting for 84% of the respondents. Regarding parity, most participants were multiparous, making up 53% of the total sample. In terms of gestational age, 43% of respondents made their K1 visit during the first trimester of pregnancy (0–12 weeks). The study found that the first antenatal visit was predominantly conducted by pregnant women in the non-risk age group (20–35 years) and the multiparous group. Additionally, the K1 visits were most frequently made when the gestational age was in the first trimester, reflecting early engagement with antenatal care. These findings highlight the importance of maternal age, parity, and gestational age in influencing the timing of the first antenatal visit, which plays a critical role in ensuring early and adequate prenatal care for pregnant women. These insights can be used to improve strategies for encouraging timely K1 visits, particularly for pregnant women who may be at risk of delayed prenatal care.

Hypertension in pregnancy is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Risk factors such as parity, age, and level of knowledge of pregnant women can contribute to the incidence of hypertension, including Severe Pre-Eclampsia (PEB). This study aims to analyze the relationship between parity and the incidence of PEB in pregnant women. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 20 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Data were collected through interviews using a questionnaire and blood pressure measurements before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed with the Shapiro-Wilk test for data normality and the Spearman test to measure the relationship between variables. The results showed that all respondents were in the age range of 20-35 years, with a balanced distribution of parity between primigravida and multigravida. The average blood pressure before the intervention was 162.75 mmHg, indicating hypertension, while after the intervention it decreased to 114.55 mmHg. In addition, there was a significant increase in knowledge level after the intervention (p=0.000). Analysis showed that parity had a correlation with the incidence of PEB, where primigravida had a higher tendency to develop hypertension than multigravida. Demographic factors such as education level and occupation also play a role in increasing pregnant women's knowledge and awareness of the risk of PEB. The conclusion of this study is that educational interventions are effective in increasing the knowledge of pregnant women and contributing to lower blood pressure. In addition, parity can be a risk factor in the incidence of PEB so prevention efforts are needed through education and regular pregnancy monitoring.

Hypertension in pregnancy is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Risk factors such as parity, age, and level of knowledge of pregnant women can contribute to the incidence of hypertension, including Severe Pre-Eclampsia (PEB). This study aims to analyze the relationship between parity and the incidence of PEB in pregnant women. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 20 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Data were collected through interviews using a questionnaire and blood pressure measurements before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed with the Shapiro-Wilk test for data normality and the Spearman test to measure the relationship between variables. The results showed that all respondents were in the age range of 20-35 years, with a balanced distribution of parity between primigravida and multigravida. The average blood pressure before the intervention was 162.75 mmHg, indicating hypertension, while after the intervention it decreased to 114.55 mmHg. In addition, there was a significant increase in knowledge level after the intervention (p=0.000). Analysis showed that parity had a correlation with the incidence of PEB, where primigravida had a higher tendency to develop hypertension than multigravida. Demographic factors such as education level and occupation also play a role in increasing pregnant women's knowledge and awareness of the risk of PEB. The conclusion of this study is that educational interventions are effective in increasing the knowledge of pregnant women and contributing to lower blood pressure. In addition, parity can be a risk factor in the incidence of PEB so prevention efforts are needed through education and regular pregnancy monitoring.

Abortion remains a significant reproductive health issue worldwide, with around 20 million cases recorded annually, leading to approximately 70,000 maternal deaths each year. In Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, approximately 4.2 million abortion cases occur annually. In Indonesia, spontaneous abortion accounts for 10-15% of all pregnancies, while induced (provoked) abortion is estimated to range from 750,000 to 1.5 million cases per year. Several factors can influence the incidence of abortion, one of which is parity the number of previous pregnancies a woman has carried to a viable gestational age. This study aims to analyze the relationship between parity and the incidence of abortion, contributing to a better understanding of how reproductive history impacts abortion rates. The research used an analytical design with a cross-sectional approach, involving a sample of 122 mothers selected through simple random sampling. The findings revealed that 45.9% of the mothers had safe parity, while 54.1% had unsafe parity. Regarding the type of abortion, 97.5% of respondents experienced spontaneous abortion, while 2.5% underwent induced abortion. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05, which produced a p-value of 0.562, indicating no significant relationship between parity and the incidence of abortion. These results suggest that parity is not a significant factor influencing abortion incidence in this sample. While other factors may contribute to abortion risk, further research is needed to explore additional variables that may play a role. This study underscores the complexity of abortion incidents and highlights the need for broader investigations to understand the diverse influences on reproductive health outcomes, beyond parity alone.

Background: Adolescents undergo changes where In Indonesia, the incidence of LBW is still relatively high, this is evidenced by the presence of data which shows that the birth rate of babies with normal weight is still below the expected rate. The global prevalence of LBW is 15.5%. A total of around 20 million LBW are born every year and 95.5% of them come from developing countries. The infant mortality rate (IMR) in Indonesia increased in 2012 from 19 per 1,000 live births to 22.23% per 1,000 live births (SUPAS, 2015). Based on the results of the East Java National Socio- Economic Survey (Susenas) 2011–2013, the infant mortality rate (IMR) in East Java in 2013 was 27.23% per 1,000 live births (East Java Province Health Profile, 2014). Purpose: This study aims to determine the factors that influence the incidence of low birth weight babies. Method: This type of research is analytic observational. With the analytical design of the case study study (case study) and using a retrospective approach. The sample used in this study was an accidental sample of all babies born at Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency with birth weight less than 2,500 grams, as many as 34 babies. Result: From the results of research conducted at Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency, the results of the factors that influence the occurrence of low birth weight in Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency, namely, the nutritional factors of pregnant women with a result of 58.8%, Parity of a mother who experiences pregnancy> 4 times tends to experiencing low birth weight with a percentage of 29.4%, followed by maternal age as much as 14.7%. Conclusion: It is expected that pregnant women with high risk factors for pregnancy in the categories of pregnant women <20 years, parity of pregnant women> 4x, and nutritional status (LILA <23.5cm) can reduce the incidence of low birth weight at Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency.    

Background: Adolescents undergo changes where In Indonesia, the incidence of LBW is still relatively high, this is evidenced by the presence of data which shows that the birth rate of babies with normal weight is still below the expected rate. The global prevalence of LBW is 15.5%. A total of around 20 million LBW are born every year and 95.5% of them come from developing countries. The infant mortality rate (IMR) in Indonesia increased in 2012 from 19 per 1,000 live births to 22.23% per 1,000 live births (SUPAS, 2015). Based on the results of the East Java National Socio- Economic Survey (Susenas) 2011–2013, the infant mortality rate (IMR) in East Java in 2013 was 27.23% per 1,000 live births (East Java Province Health Profile, 2014). Purpose: This study aims to determine the factors that influence the incidence of low birth weight babies. Method: This type of research is analytic observational. With the analytical design of the case study study (case study) and using a retrospective approach. The sample used in this study was an accidental sample of all babies born at Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency with birth weight less than 2,500 grams, as many as 34 babies. Result: From the results of research conducted at Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency, the results of the factors that influence the occurrence of low birth weight in Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency, namely, the nutritional factors of pregnant women with a result of 58.8%, Parity of a mother who experiences pregnancy> 4 times tends to experiencing low birth weight with a percentage of 29.4%, followed by maternal age as much as 14.7%. Conclusion: It is expected that pregnant women with high risk factors for pregnancy in the categories of pregnant women <20 years, parity of pregnant women> 4x, and nutritional status (LILA <23.5cm) can reduce the incidence of low birth weight at Bangil Hospital, Pasuruan Regency.